国外棕地价值评估的方法与实践综述

在我国日益推进的城市化进程中,土地污染问题日益凸显,污染对于土地造成的价值损失也越来越引起人们的关注。因此,在土地的价值评估中如何纳入环境因素成为当前亟待解决的技术问题。而国外的棕地(即污染土地)价值评估起步较早,实践较为丰富,本文在参考大量外文文献的基础上,结合国外评估师的实践经验,对主要的国外棕地价值评估方法进行系统梳理总结,并针对市场比较法、收益还原法、成本逼近法和内涵定价法等四种不同方法的具体实践应用,筛选出有代表性的国外案例进行探讨,以期为国内的棕地价值评估提供方法与实践的参考。在此基础上,本文也就学术界的争论对棕地价值评估方法中的污名、清理期间和风险评估等三个方面的问题进行了总结和讨论,提出棕地价值评估对我国四个方面的启示和借鉴:重视环境因素,为促进和激励土地环境整治提供依据;出台相关政策,加强土地用途转换过程中的环境风险评估;公开环境数据,为棕地价值评估提供数据支撑;积累和借鉴经验,提高评估结果的准确性。     

区域系统碳循环的土地调控机理及政策框架研究

土地利用活动是区域碳循环的重要影响因素,区域土地利用方式及其组合格局的改变会影响区域碳循环的规模和强度。开展区域系统碳循环的土地调控研究,有助于从区域开发、产业调整、土地规划、城镇布局及城市发展模式等方面促进区域低碳发展,是区域可持续发展的必然要求和重要途径。本文分析了土地利用对区域系统碳循环的影响机理,探讨了土地利用活动对区域自然和人为碳循环过程的影响;从土地利用方式、结构、规模和强度等方面分析了区域土地利用碳循环的土地调控机理,并提出了从价格、规划、税收和供地计划入手选择调控手段、确定调控对象,从而改变区域系统运行状况,以实现对区域碳循环进行调控的总体思路;最后从低碳土地利用技术、规划、模式和政策等四个方面提出了区域系统碳循环的土地调控的政策框架和实施策略:①低碳土地利用技术:包括低碳土地利用规划评价技术、土地节约集约利用技术和土地循环利用技术;②低碳土地利用规划:包括低碳型城镇土地利用规划、区域绿地系统规划、低碳交通用地系统规划、低碳土地利用结构布局规划及低碳主体功能区规划;③低碳土地利用模式:包括区域生态建设模式、环境友好型土地利用模式、紧凑型城市模式与低碳生态工业园模式;④低碳土地利用政策:包括土地碳补偿制度、土地用途管制制度、低碳土地金融制度、土地利用碳核算制度及低碳土地调控体系。通过构建区域系统碳循环的土地调控政策体系,不仅为区域土地利用活动提供指导,也可以为区域低碳土地利用调控提供参考。     

GIS支持下土地整理中未利用地适宜性评价--以广西柳城县为例

土地适宜性评价是土地开发整理的基础,而未利用地作为土地开发整理的主要对象,本身就具有自然和经济上的特殊性,显然土地整理中未利用地适宜性评价更是土地开发整理中的关键性工作。结合GIS技术设计了土地整理中未利用地适宜性评价的总技术路线,进而对具体评价过程从以下四个方面进行阐述：(1) 未利用地评价单元的划分方法及在计算机中的生成技巧;(2) 评价因子的选取和评价指标体系的建立;(3) 运用特尔斐法与数学模型相结合的方法确定各评价因子的权重;(4) 评价结果生成过程。以广西柳城县为例运用本评价系统对其未利用地进行适宜性评价,能以较快的速度得到适宜性评价结果和各类适宜性用途的空间分布,并对全县未利用地的合理利用提出了可行性建议。     

"两型城市"的框架研究

本文从"两型城市"内涵研究入手,建立了包括内涵、目标、测度工具、领域和政策体系的"两型城市"研究框架.在内涵研究方面,确定了"两型城市"的实质就是实现与物质消耗脱钩的城市发展,即实现城市发展的同时减少资源消耗和污染排放,走出一条新型的低物质化的城市发展道路.在目标设定方面,通过情景分析,提出中国未来城市发展的适宜目标.在测度工具方面,建立了可以真实反映城市发展与资源环境脱钩关系的"两型城市"生态效率指标体系,及针对三个关键领域的拓展模型.在领域建设方面,确立城市建设、城市产业、城市消费是实现城市脱钩发展的三个关键领域,建议开展有针对性的土地集约化与城市土地空间的脱钩发展、物质循环化与城市生产领域的脱钩发展、消费服务化与城市生活方式的脱钩发展.在对策保障方面,提出依据治理理论创新"两型城市"的政策体系.     

江苏省13城市土地利用集约度时空变异及驱动因素

城市土地的高效集约化利用是城市可持续发展的客观要求。从城市土地集约利用的内涵入手，依据城市土地集约利用评价的原则，从土地利用投入水平、土地利用程度、土地利用效率、土地利用生态环境质量等方面构建了一个具有三级层次结构的城市土地集约利用度评价的指标体系，并在此基础上采用多因素综合评价，秩相关系数和聚类分析的方法以江苏省13个地级市为例进行了实证分析，结果表明：（1）1997～2006年，江苏省13城市土地利用集约度都得到了提高，但是提高的幅度和方式不同；（2）不同城市，苏南、苏中和苏北之间城市土地利用集约度呈现出明显的城市和地域差异，其中，省会南京最高，苏北的宿迁最低。最后，对造成这种时空差异的现象从区域经济环境、经济发展水平、城市性质职能与规模等方面进行了驱动力分析。     

我国生态工业园发展的SWOT分析

当前，世界上大部分园区经济进入了生态工业园的发展时期。我国生态工业园的建设也方兴未艾，但都还不是真正意义上的生态工业园。首先介绍了国内外生态工业园的发展现状，进而阐述了真正意义上的生态工业园的概念和特点。在此基础上，运用SWOT分析方法论述了我国生态工业园建设和发展中存在的经济、环境、社会效益优势和潜在不经济、失利的连锁反应等劣势，入世后我国社会经济转向可持续发展的机遇，以及面临的制度、技术、组织等方面挑战的问题。最后提出在学习其他国家和地区的最新经验并吸取其教训基础上，生态工业园的规划与建设宜采用PDCA循环模式，按照“互动循环”和“协调发展”的实施原则，全面发挥政府、市场、企业、社会团体和个人的综合作用。     

江苏省13城市土地利用集约度时空变异及驱动因素

城市土地的高效集约化利用是城市可持续发展的客观要求。从城市土地集约利用的内涵入手，依据城市土地集约利用评价的原则，从土地利用投入水平、土地利用程度、土地利用效率、土地利用生态环境质量等方面构建了一个具有三级层次结构的城市土地集约利用度评价的指标体系，并在此基础上采用多因素综合评价，秩相关系数和聚类分析的方法以江苏省13个地级市为例进行了实证分析，结果表明：（1）1997～2006年，江苏省13城市土地利用集约度都得到了提高，但是提高的幅度和方式不同；（2）不同城市，苏南、苏中和苏北之间城市土地利用集约度呈现出明显的城市和地域差异，其中，省会南京最高，苏北的宿迁最低。最后，对造成这种时空差异的现象从区域经济环境、经济发展水平、城市性质职能与规模等方面进行了驱动力分析。     

城市未来发展持续性评价决策支持系统构建和设计

城市作为一定区域内的政治、经济和文化教育等中心，具有明显的集聚能力和辐射带动作用，其可持续发展是区域及整个国家可持续发展的前提。开发和构建城市未来发展持续性评价决策支持系统（UFDADSS），对加强城市发展可持续性动态监测和科学评价、提高城市可持续发展战略规划及决策水平具有重要意义。本文主要根据城市可持续发展的系统性、多样性、空间性、动态性等特征，从体系结构、功能模块、集成方式等几个方面，对UFDADSS的构建和设计进行了初步探讨。     

基于能值计算的循环农业发展个例分析

能值分析能够更好地量化分析和评价循环农业。利用该方法对湖北省武汉银河生态有限公司的循环农业进行了实证分析。结果表明，实施循环农业后的集约养殖场结合农地流转发展起来的“猪-沼（能）肥-地-菜（藕、果、粮）-鱼-村”六位一体的循环农业典型模式，与实施循环农业前当地分离的水稻、小麦、油菜、棉花、蔬菜、柑橘、猪、鱼的农业生产系统相比，在能值转化率、可更新率、能值投资率、能值自给率、净能值产出率、环境负载率、能值交换比率方面均表现出明显优势，并从能值的角度提出了完善循环农业体系的对策建议     

"循环经济"概念辨析

基于对循环经济在德国、日本产生和发展状况的考察和我国目前关于循环经济的着干代表性定义的分析，指出循环经济是相对于传统的“资源-产品-废弃物”单向流动的线形经济而言的，是建立在生态学规律之上的一种以“减量化、再利用、资源化”为原则。以资源（特别是物质资源）的节约和循环利用为核心，以低消耗、低排放、高效率为基本特征，以避免、减少、再利用、资源化、热回收、无害化处置作为处理废弃物的先后次序，构造上高度接近于“资源-产品-再生资源”反馈式闭路循环，符合可持续发展理念的经济增长模式，是解决我国资源环境与经济发展之间矛盾的重要途径之一。最后分析了循环经济与节约型社会、清洁生产、节约能源、资源综合利用等概念之间的分析，进而提出支持我国建设节约型社会的法律体系至少应当包括《循环经济与资源综合利用促进法》、节约型社会的基本目标、原则和法律制度。以此为基础，再考虑进一步制定针对包装物、电子垃圾、废旧汽车等的法律法规。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.