黄铁矿氧化酸化及含铊重金属的迁移释放

矿山酸性排水(ARD)导致严重的重金属污染.本文用动态浸滤试验方法研究了黄铁矿氧化产酸的特征及重金属和金属铊在黄铁矿氧化产酸过程中向环境迁移释放的特征.研究表明:(1)受碳酸盐控制,前16周浸滤液呈中性;20周后受硫化物的氧化反应控制,浸滤液pH＜4,开始酸性排放.(2)硫化物的氧化速率是非线性变化的,并随pH值下降而加快.(3)黄铁矿酸化过程中金属表现出不同的迁移释放特征:铊向环境的迁移随pH值下降而增强,而镉、铅、锌、铜等重金属呈现峰值,pH＜3时,Fe3+参与金属硫化物的氧化反应,进一步促使镉、铅、锌、铜等重金属的释放.     

黄铁矿产酸成分与中和酸成分的消耗及其有效成分的确定

动态浸滤法研究黄铁矿氧化产酸过程中产酸成分(AP)和中和酸成分(NP)的消耗,讨论了有效NP、AP的确定.50周实验结果表明:(1)中和酸成分NP和产酸成分AP消耗速率呈非线性变化.酸性排放(ARD)前,即pH=4前,AP、NP平均消耗速率VAP与VNPp基本相同;ARD开始释放后,VAP＞2VNP;(2)排放液pH＜...     

模拟风化过程硫铁矿尾矿的产酸性及污染物的释放行为

以广东某硫铁矿为研究对象,静态评价了3个尾矿的产酸潜力,结合40周左右氧化淋滤风化实验,揭示出硫铁矿尾矿在风化过程中的地球化学行为.静态结果显示其中两个尾矿具有强产酸潜力,一个为产酸不确定.动态氧化淋滤实验结果表明:(1)受CaCO3的缓冲作用控制,产酸潜力尾矿淋滤液pH值从初始7.2缓慢阶梯式下降到5.2,并呈现酸化趋势;(2)pH 6.5左右氧化还原电位Eh出现拐点,从负值转变为正值,体系氧化性增强;(3)可溶物在氧化淋滤初期表现出较强的释放能力,pH值降到6.5、Eh转向正值后急剧减弱并趋于平缓.风化产物硫酸钙及铁氧化物对金属离子的吸附与共沉淀作用可能是导致含金属离子固溶物溶解释放减弱的主要原因.     

含铜多金属复杂矿区的一株浸矿细菌的分离与鉴定

为寻找新的浸矿细菌,从江西城门山矿区硫化矿矿坑水中使用平板分离法得到了一株能够浸矿的细菌,命名为CMS.经电镜和生理生化试验,鉴定该菌株为革兰氏阴性细菌,短杆状,菌体大小为(0.4±0.1)靘祝±0.5)靘, 最适生长温度为25～30 ℃,最适pH值为2.0,化能自养型,能利用亚铁、单质硫和葡萄糖生长,不能利用硫代硫酸钠、蛋白胨生长.16S rRNA系统发育树的结果表明,CMS菌株与嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)AFY菌株位于系统发育树一个同的分支中,相似度99.72%.克隆其代谢系统关键基因亚铁氧化酶(Iro protein)基因并测定其序列,与其他相关菌株比对,结果显示编码区的核酸序列与报道序列完全一致.另外,其铁闪锌矿(ZnFe)S摇瓶浸出试验显示,在浸出28 d后,含菌株的摇瓶的锌离子质量浓度即达到615.50 mg·L-1,而无菌浸出仅有392.25 mg·L-1.     

金顶铅锌矿区铅锌氧化矿石中镉的风化淋滤实验

云南金顶铅锌矿是中国较为典型的高镉铅锌矿区之一。通过模拟常温条件下天然雨水的自然淋滤过程,对矿区两个典型的富镉氧化矿石样品进行了长时淋滤实验研究。初步结果表明:随着淋滤时间的延长,滤液中pH值(pH=7.2～8.5)和SO42-浓度无显著变化。滤液中Cl-离子浓度随时间呈显著增大趋势。溶解态镉和其它主要元素铅、锌、铜和锰质量浓度变化随时间呈降低趋势。铅锌氧化矿石易淋出而释放出镉等有害元素,滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹,其能力表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。两个不同矿石镉的淋失量有所差别,矿石中菱锌矿质量分数是影响镉淋失的主要因素。矿区富镉岩石和矿物的自然风化对矿区流域水生态环境造成潜在危害。     

酸胁迫条件下对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了酸胁迫对番茄的生长、产量和品质影响.结果表明:在一定的酸胁迫强度下,番茄生长期明显延长;除5号处理(pH<3.5时)番茄的生长发育受到严重的抑制外,其余各处理植株的株高、茎叶干重和根长均高于对照植株;随着酸胁迫强度的加强,各处理植株的产量、成熟果率和维生素C含量随之下降,但番茄的可溶性糖量却增加;果实的总酸度与酸胁迫强度关系不大.     

油脂去除对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化的影响

采用常温（25℃）厌氧消化工艺,通过设计两种不同的进料浓度和4个处理方式,研究了油脂的去除对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化产沼气的影响,并考察了消化过程中典型工艺参数pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、CODCr、总磷等的变化规律.试验结果表明油脂对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化的产气前期有一定的抑制作用,但是整体抑制不明显.处理T1（未隔油餐厨垃圾滤液800 mL）、T2（隔油餐厨垃圾滤液800 mL）、T3（未隔油餐厨垃圾滤液500 mL）、T4（隔油餐厨垃圾滤液500 mL）的产气总量分别为：84357、55539、45031和31033 mL,其中T1的产气总量是T2的1.52倍;T3的产气总量是T4的1.45倍,结果表明餐厨垃圾滤液不需要经过隔油处理而直接可以用于厌氧消化产沼气.同时,当压滤液低浓度（T3、T4）时,产气差异小;高浓度（T1、T2）时,产气差异大.此外,在整个厌氧消化过程中,处理T1、T2、T3和T4的CODCr总去除率分别为80.44%、78.53%、79.67%和80.7%.     

矽卡岩型钼矿尾砂中重金属Mo的淋滤实验研究

运用动态淋滤法实验研究了辽宁葫芦岛地区矽卡岩型辉钼矿浮选法产生的尾矿中重金属钼的淋滤行为(15 ℃和35 ℃,淋溶液pH值4～9).结果表明:淋滤液均呈碱性,钼的质量浓度为7.5～14.2 mg·L-1,淋滤累积质量为54～69 mg,占总钼的12.56%～16.54%;与Pb、Cu和Zn等重金属随酸性排水淋滤迁移不同,钼在碱性环境中具有较强迁移性;尾砂中斜长石和钠长石等矿物因具有较强的产碱能力形成了尾砂内部的碱性环境;尾矿中MoS2和MoO3在碱性环境下转化为MoO42-是迁移的主要机制.pH值为5～9时,淋滤累积质量与pH值正相关.因酸可溶态钼发生溶解,pH值为4淋滤累积质量大于pH值为5时的淋滤累积质量,排水仍为碱性.温度能够加速淋滤速率,35 ℃淋滤液中钼质量浓度比15 ℃的高7%～10%.因此,对该区尾砂应该设置标准尾矿库封存管理,否则将对环境造成严重影响.     

餐厨垃圾与污泥联合两步厌氧发酵产酸阶段条件优化试验

以污水处理厂活性污泥为接种物,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物进行两步厌氧发酵产气试验,考察了产酸阶段初始pH值、温度及发酵物的预处理方法对两步发酵产气的影响.结果表明,产酸阶段的初始pH值以5.0最佳,气体的累计产气量最大,为13.69 mL·g-1TVS,产酸阶段的温度以65℃最佳,产气的累计产气量最大,为74.35 mL·g...     

有机酸对珠江三角洲水稻土镉解吸行为的影响

用批平衡实验方法,研究了3种有机酸及其两两混合酸在一系列pH值梯度下(pH3~7)对珠江三角洲沉积型水稻土镉(Cd)解吸的影响.结果表明,只有柠檬酸及含柠檬酸的混合酸在较低酸度区(pH>5)可以显著促进Cd的解吸,这一效应与浓度成正相关,而苹果酸、草酸及二者的混合酸在所试验酸度范围均促进了Cd吸附,特别是草酸,促进作用随浓度的升高而增强.在较低pH区(pH<5),苹果酸最有利于Cd解吸,在高pH区(pH≥5),柠檬酸最有利于Cd解吸,草酸的Cd解吸能力最低.混合有机酸交互作用不显著,对Cd解吸的影响约等于各个单独酸的作用之和,但在一些酸度条件下,可存在颉颃作用.图3表2参22     

云浮黄铁矿废渣中铊的模拟淋滤试验

本文模拟广东地区酸雨的几种要素，分别对粤西云黄铁硫酸厂两种类型、两种粒径的废渣进行淋滤试验，考察废渣中的铊的释放规律，结果表明：粒径０．５－０．２５ｍｍ的炉底渣和沉灰渣分别在ＰＨ．１１和ＰＨ４．０２的硫酸介质中，铊的释放率最高。铊的释放率，滤出液的ＰＨ值与淋滤介质的ＰＨ值和离子强度密切相关。     

Assessment of Young Dong tributary and Imgok Creek impacted by Young Dong coal mine, South Korea

An initial reclamation of the Young Dong coal mine site, located in northeastern South Korea, was completed in 1995. Despite the filling of the adit with limestone, acid rock drainage (ARD) enters Young Dong tributary and is then discharged to Imgok Creek. This ARD carries an average of 500 mg CaCO(3)/l of mineral acidity, primarily as Fe(II) and Al. Before spring runoff, the flow of Imgok Creek is 3.3-4 times greater than that of the tributary and has an alkalinity of 100 mg CaCO(3)/l, which is sufficient to eliminate the mineral acidity and raise the pH to about 6.5. From April through September 2008, there were at least two periods of high surface flow that affects the flow of ARD from the adit. Flow of ARD reaches 2.8 m(3)/min during spring runoff. This raised the concentrations of Fe and Al in the confluence with Imgok Creek. However, by 2 km downstream the pH of the Imgok Creek is 6.5 and only dissolved Fe is above the Korean drinking water criteria (0.30 mg/l). This suggests only a minor impact of Young Dong Creek water on Imgok Creek. Acid digestion of the sediments in Imgok Creek and Young Dong Tributary reveals considerable abundances of heavy metals, which could have a long-term impact on water quality. However, several water-based leaching tests, which better simulate the bioavailable metals pool, released only Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn at concentrations exceeding the criteria for drinking water or aquatic life.     

The effect of limestone treatments on the rate of acid generation from pyritic mine gangue

Surface water enters the Haile Gold Mine, Lancaster County, South Carolina by means of a small stream and is ponded behind a dam and in an abandoned pit. This water is affected by acidic drainage. In spite of the large exposures of potentially acid producing pyritic rock, the flux of acid to the water is relatively low. Nevertheless, the resulting pH values of the mine water are low (around 3.5) due to negligible buffering capacity. In view of the observed low release of acidity, the potential for acid drainage abatement by limestone ameliorants appears feasible. This study investigated the effects of limestone treatment on acid generation rates of the Haile mine pyritic rocks through a series of leaching experiments. Below a critical alkalinity threshold value, solutions of dissolved limestone were found consistently to accelerate the rate of pyrite oxidation by varying degrees. The oxidation rates were further accelerated by admixing solid limestone with the pyritic rock. However, after a period of about a month, the pyrite oxidation rate of the admixed samples declined to a level lower than that of untreated pyrite. Leachates produced by the pyrite and limestone mixtures contained little if any iron. Further, in the mixtures, an alteration of the pyrite surface was apparent. The observed behaviour of the treated pyrite appears to be related to the immersion of the pyrite grains within a high alkalinity/high pH environment. The high pH increases the rate of oxidation of ferrous iron which results in a higher concentration of ferric iron at the pyrite surface. This, in turn, increases the rate of pyrite oxidation. Above a threshold alkalinity value, the precipitation of hydrous iron oxides at the pyrite surface eventually outpaces acid generation and coats the pyrite surface, retarding the rate of pyrite oxidation.     

Assessment of Young Dong tributary and Imgok Creek impacted by Young Dong coal mine,South Korea

An initial reclamation of the Young Dong coal mine site, located in northeastern South Korea, was completed in 1995. Despite the filling of the adit with limestone, acid rock drainage (ARD) enters Young Dong tributary and is then discharged to Imgok Creek. This ARD carries an average of 500 mg CaCO₃/l of mineral acidity, primarily as Fe(II) and Al. Before spring runoff, the flow of Imgok Creek is 3.3–4 times greater than that of the tributary and has an alkalinity of 100 mg CaCO₃/l, which is sufficient to eliminate the mineral acidity and raise the pH to about 6.5. From April through September 2008, there were at least two periods of high surface flow that affects the flow of ARD from the adit. Flow of ARD reaches 2.8 m³/min during spring runoff. This raised the concentrations of Fe and Al in the confluence with Imgok Creek. However, by 2 km downstream the pH of the Imgok Creek is 6.5 and only dissolved Fe is above the Korean drinking water criteria (0.30 mg/l). This suggests only a minor impact of Young Dong Creek water on Imgok Creek. Acid digestion of the sediments in Imgok Creek and Young Dong Tributary reveals considerable abundances of heavy metals, which could have a long-term impact on water quality. However, several water-based leaching tests, which better simulate the bioavailable metals pool, released only Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn at concentrations exceeding the criteria for drinking water or aquatic life.

     

Assessment of Young Dong tributary and Imgok Creek impacted by Young Dong coal mine,South Korea

An initial reclamation of the Young Dong coal mine site, located in northeastern South Korea, was completed in 1995. Despite the filling of the adit with limestone, acid rock drainage (ARD) enters Young Dong tributary and is then discharged to Imgok Creek. This ARD carries an average of 500 mg CaCO₃/l of mineral acidity, primarily as Fe(II) and Al. Before spring runoff, the flow of Imgok Creek is 3.3–4 times greater than that of the tributary and has an alkalinity of 100 mg CaCO₃/l, which is sufficient to eliminate the mineral acidity and raise the pH to about 6.5. From April through September 2008, there were at least two periods of high surface flow that affects the flow of ARD from the adit. Flow of ARD reaches 2.8 m³/min during spring runoff. This raised the concentrations of Fe and Al in the confluence with Imgok Creek. However, by 2 km downstream the pH of the Imgok Creek is 6.5 and only dissolved Fe is above the Korean drinking water criteria (0.30 mg/l). This suggests only a minor impact of Young Dong Creek water on Imgok Creek. Acid digestion of the sediments in Imgok Creek and Young Dong Tributary reveals considerable abundances of heavy metals, which could have a long-term impact on water quality. However, several water-based leaching tests, which better simulate the bioavailable metals pool, released only Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn at concentrations exceeding the criteria for drinking water or aquatic life.     

Laboratory weathering studies of coal refuse

Coal refuse samples from Staunton, Illinois, were continuously leached in soxhlet extractors at 97, 65, 55 and 45°C for up to 192 hr. An identical refuse sample was leached once a week for 11 weeks using a humidity cell at approximately 25°C. Leachate collected from the soxhlet and humidity cell apparatus was analysed for pH, EC, SO₄, Fe, Mn, Al and total acidity.The data indicate that concentrations of SO₄, Fe and Mn increased rapidly as the leaching temperature in the soxhlets increased. Soxhlet extractors removed virtually all soluble Fe and Mn species within 64 hr of leaching. A comparison of the leachate characteristics of the low-temperature soxhlet and humidity cell showed that the soxhlet removed 50% more total Fe and SO₄ for the complete leaching cycle. Pyrite oxidation in the soxhlet extractors was observed near the end of the extraction sequence, but pyrite oxidation in the humidity cell was masked by the release of soluble iron sulphates. Thus, the origin of leachate acidity in the humidity cell could not be distinguished between the soluble mineral phase and the acidity resulting from the oxidation of pyritie minerals.The results of this experiment suggests that the use of the soxhlet extractor for leaching coal refuse may produce a faster and more accurate representation of water quality impacts than would the use of the humidity cell. Long-term leaching studies must be completed to further clarify the role of both these leaching methods for predicting water quality impacts.Contribution of the Land Reclamation Program at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439.     

Acid mine drainage attenuation by inhibition of pyrite bioleaching using limestone and olive pomace

The control and inhibition of pyrite bioleaching involved in the generation of acid mine drainage was studied. Inhibition of pyrite bioleaching was performed by varying the pyrite concentration in the medium (substrate inhibition) and/or by addition of limestone (inhibition by pH increase) and olive pomace (inhibition by organic compounds). Inhibition tests of pyrite bioleaching were performed according to a full factorial design with three factors (pyrite, limestone and olive pomace) taken at two levels. Preliminary pyrite bioleaching tests showed the ability of the available inoculum to oxidise the mineral. Subsequently, experimental data for total soluble iron denoted strong inhibition under all the different operating conditions of the factorial design, except when larger pyrite concentrations were used. In particular, inhibition by limestone was due to the increase in pH which negatively affects microorganisms, while inhibition by olive pomace may be related to the antioxidant properties of polyphenols. Interactions among operating conditions were specifically assessed by analysis of variance. Only limestone and/or pomace addition resulted in a significant (95%) diminution of iron extraction.     

云浮硫铁矿区土壤剖面的磁学性质研究

广泛分布的硫铁矿在开采利用过程中可通过多种途径对矿区及周边环境产生严重影响,污染物产生的机制和迁移途径等成为学术界关注的焦点。近年来,环境磁学以其快速、经济、无损等优点被广泛应用于环境污染、物源分析等研究领域。本文对云浮硫铁矿矿区附近一个菜地土壤剖面进行详细的磁学测试,得到低频磁化率、频率磁化率、非磁滞剩磁磁化率、饱和等温剩磁及S比值等一系列磁学指标结果,并分析这些指标的剖面变化特征及指标间的相关关系,探讨影响土壤剖面磁学性质变化的主要因素,结果表明：低频磁化率、非磁滞剩磁磁化率和饱和等温剩磁在剖面底部（30 cm以下）基本稳定并且其值保持在较低的水平,其平均值分别为5.32×10-8m3·kg-1、13.70×10-8m3·kg-1和3.66×10-3Am2·kg-1;上述指标在表层30 cm的平均值分别为32.97×10-8m3·kg-1、86.21×10-8m3·kg-1和5.39×10-3Am2·kg-1,土壤剖面30 cm以上部分土壤明显受外来细颗粒磁性矿物的影响,磁性被显著增强。不同深度土壤中磁性矿物种类存在明显区别,剖面中部的高SIRM/χ值（70～100 kA·m-1）指示有胶黄铁矿等铁硫化物的存在。磁学参数之间的相关分析发现,剖面土壤中的铁硫化物及其中的单畴磁性颗粒是影响土壤磁学性质的主要因素。由于磁性矿物可通过吸附、共沉积、晶格置换等多种形式使多种重金属在土壤中富集,较大范围、多手段针对多种环境介质的磁学深入研究有望为硫铁矿周边重金属污染的产生机制和迁移路径研究开拓新途径。     

模拟酸雨对南方红壤镉释放的影响

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨对2种红壤镉释放的影响。结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中镉的释放。在pH4.5的酸雨作用下,镉的平均释放水平是对照的1.6～1.7倍,在pH3.5的酸雨作用下,镉的平均释放水平是对照的2.0～6.5倍。经过相当于9150～10650mm降水量的淋溶后,pH4.5的酸雨使红壤镉的累积释放量提高63.0%～80.0%,pH3.5的酸雨使其提高102.7%～630.6%。红壤镉的释放与铝、铁的释放具有极显著或显著相关性。酸雨对镉释放的影响可增加水体中镉的负荷,从而加重镉对人类的直接或潜在危害。     

模拟降水对碱性盐化土壤中镉的淋滤及形态变化的影响

采用人工模拟方式,试验研究了不同pH值的降水对碱性盐化土壤中镉的连续淋滤效果,分析了淋洗后土壤中镉的形态变化特征。结果表明,在不同pH值降水对土壤中镉的淋滤过程中,12h内基本上达到高峰,12h后镉的淋滤量较低,随着时间的延续镉的淋洗量基本保持不变;降水有利于土壤中的镉释放,且pH值越低,镉的释放量越高。土壤盐化对降水淋洗镉的效果有一定影响,氯化物的存在,有利于镉的淋滤,淋滤量增加值在18%～94%之间,随着淋洗液pH值的增加,镉的淋滤量增加幅度减少;与对照组土壤样品相比,淋洗液pH降低利于增大硫酸盐型盐化土壤中镉的淋滤量,当pH值为中性时,镉的淋滤量减少;苏打型盐化土壤镉的淋洗效果与硫酸盐型土壤相似。模拟降水淋洗后,土壤中镉的形态发生明显变化,与淋洗前相比,土壤中镉的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态的质量分数降低,随着淋洗液酸性的增加,降低幅度增大;镉的铁锰氧化态相对质量分数在淋洗后有所增加。