长江干流江苏段水质中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定及分布现状

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水质中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs),方法在0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为15 ng/L~20 ng/L。将该方法用于2014年长江干流江苏段4个断面的水质样品的采集与测定,并讨论PAEs的分布现状。结果表明,6种PAEs的测定均值为8.56μg/L~21.1μg/L,其中DBP与DEHP含量占比超过50%,PAEs总质量浓度与其他河流相比基本处于同一水平。     

气相色谱法同时测定指甲油中的苯系物和邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立指甲油中苯系物、邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(DMP,DEP,DBP,BBP,DEHP,DNOP)多种有毒有害成分同时检测技术: 用毛细管柱气相色谱分离,外标法定量,苯系物的线性范围为1×10^-2~100μg,邻苯二甲酸酯类为5×10^-2~20μg;苯系物的回收率为90%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)的范围为0.13%~0.92%;邻苯二甲酸酯类的回收率为92%~109%,相对标准偏差(RSD)的范围为0.44%~2.54%。结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏、精密度好。     

北京公园水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定及其分布特征

为了正确评估北京市公园水体受PAEs污染的程度,采集了北京11个公园湖水的水样,采用固相萃取-气相色谱联用技术检测了其中六种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的含量,该方法加标回收率在73%～89.3%,RSD为5.9%～18.1%,检出限在0.40～4.58mg/L。实验结果为北京公园水体中总PAEs浓度在6.4～138.1μg/L,平均值为27.9μg/L,证明北京公园水体受到不同程度的PAEs污染,主要的污染物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP),其中东南部以及西北部的公园污染较严重。分析了PAEs在公园湖水底泥中和水体中的分布特征,结果显示,PAEs在湖水底泥中的含量明显大于在水体中的含量。     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水源地水中SVOCs

采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷混合溶剂（体积比为2∶1）对饮用水源地水中阿特拉津、林丹、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和滴滴涕（含4种）等8种半挥发性有机物进行1次水样萃取，用气质联用法同时测定。试验表明，方法在25．0μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好；检出限在0．006μg/L ～0．028μg/L 之间；空白水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为87．6％～109％，平行测定6次的 RSD＜5．1％；测定集中式生活饮用水源地的实际水样，未检出目标化合物，加标回收率为98．6％～109％。     

典型覆膜作物土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染的初步研究

对青岛市典型覆膜作物花生和棉花土壤进行调查采集,利用高效液相色谱法分析了土壤中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)4种优控的邻苯二甲酸酯化合物。结果表明,覆膜花生和棉花土壤中4种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物的总含量分别为33.36 mg/kg和25.59 mg/kg,DEHP分别占2种土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯总量的63.89%和59.43%。DEHP和DBP在所有土壤样品中均被检出,覆膜花生土壤中含量较高。按照美国土壤控制标准,4种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物均存在不同程度的超标,所有样品DBP的超标倍数均在110以上,甚至超过治理标准,表明覆膜土壤在一定程度上已经受到邻苯二甲酸酯污染。     

长江流域饮用水水源地及国控断面邻苯二甲酸酯赋存状况调查及生态风险评估

于2022年9月,对长江流域饮用水水源地及重要国控断面共37个点位的16种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）残留开展了监测调查及生态风险评估。结果显示,长江流域饮用水水源地和国控断面中检出的PAEs质量浓度为0.499~6.018 μg/L,其中,邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）为主要检出物质。不同地区的PAEs赋存水平呈现差异,其中湖南省饮用水水源地的PAEs检出浓度最高。此外,PAEs质量浓度与监测点位所在地区的人口数量和国内生产总值（GDP）存在一定的正相关性。生态风险评估结果表明,DBP处于低风险等级,DIBP对鱼类具有中、高风险影响;而DEHP生态风险水平最高,对藻类、甲壳类和鱼类均表现出中、高风险水平。已有文献研究比对分析发现,2009—2022年长江流域大部分地区的PAEs残留浓度随时间呈下降趋势,且饮用水水源地的PAEs质量浓度比地表水环境更低。研究结果可为长江流域饮用水水源地保护和地表水环境改善提供决策依据。     

顶空/气相色谱-质谱法测定固废浸出液中苯系物

本方法以实验用水和醋酸缓冲溶液作为浸提剂,利用零顶空萃取法提取固废浸出液,并应用顶空-气相色谱质谱法测定,内标法定量分析,对其检出浓度,加标回收率和精密度进行了研究,结果显示:每个化合物RF的相对标准偏差均小于20%,测定得到最低检出浓度分别为0.1~0.3μg/L和0.1~0.4μg/L;加标回收率范围分别在95.7%~108%和101%~105%之内;RSD分别为1.7%~9.8%和4.4%~7.6%。     

地表水中SVOCs和氨基甲酸酯类农药同步萃取技术的探讨

采用大体积固相萃取富集地表水中SVOCs和氨基甲酸酯类农药,再以气相色谱-质谱和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用对目标物定性定量。通过优化固相萃取条件,使SVOCs在0.500 mg/L~10.0 mg/L之间,氨基甲酸酯类农药在1.00μg/L~100μg/L之间线性良好,方法检出限为0.002μg/L~0.009μg/L,加标回收率分别为70.5%~105%和78.5%~124%。用该方法测定某流域地表水,结果邻苯二甲酸酯类物质、多环芳烃类、酚类、硝基苯环类化合物等SVOCs,以及克百威、仲丁威等氨基甲酸酯类农药检出。     

南疆棉田土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的测定

采用超声萃取和柱分离技术,利用气相色谱法,对棉田环境激素类污染物质邻苯二甲酸酯进行了表层土壤(0～20 cm)分布测定.结果表明,棉田土壤中DMP、DEP、DIBP、DBP、DAP、DEHP 6种环境激素类污染物均被检出,土壤中PAEs的总含量为1 532.987 mg/kg,其中DEHP的含量最高,DIBP、DBP次...     

化工废水中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究

对北京市五个化工厂的废水中8种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素进行分析和调查研究.在化工废水中普遍检出的邻苯二甲酸酯有邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP),其中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丙酯(DPrP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DAP)和邻苯二甲酸二正己酯(DHP)4种物质未检出.废水中DEHP和DBP的浓度均低于排放标准.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).