集中式饮用水源地邻苯二甲酸酯类物质分布特征与健康风险评估

以某地区7个集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,采用固相萃取气相色谱-质谱法(SPE-GC-MS)对水体中16种邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征和溯源进行了研究,并利用健康风险评估模型对水体PAEs进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯在所有PAEs同系物中含量丰富,而所有样品均无邻苯二甲酸二(2-甲氧基)乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二戊酯的检出;二水厂和亨达水务断面Σ_(16)PAEs浓度最高,四水厂和五水厂断面Σ_(16)PAEs浓度最低;水体12种PAEs共提出3个主成分,揭示了91%的影响因子;层次聚类分析表明:7个采样断面聚为2类,分别代表了内河和长江水体。水体中PAEs的致癌风险值和非致癌风险值均远低于参考值,说明研究水体PAEs不会对居民构成致癌风险或其他明显的健康风险,但需加强该地区PAEs使用的规范与监管,强化末端处理,以规避风险。     

荆江航道整治河段饮用水源水酞酸酯健康风险评价

以长江中游荆江航道整治河段范围5处取水口为采样目标,沿相应工程干流采集水样。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS)法和美国环保局推荐健康风险评价法(HRA),分析了5处取水口水中3种酞酸酯(PAEs)的含量及健康风险性。结果表明,荆江河段航道整治范围5处取水口水中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)均可检出,且丰水期仅DEHP含量显著高于枯水期,但含量均未超过中国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)集中式地表水水源地特定项目标准限值;水中DEHP、DBP、DEP经饮水途径非致癌风险小于1,DEHP致癌风险小于10~(-6),均满足USEPA推荐的健康风险可接受水平(健康风险值小于10~(-6)),亦未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平(5. 0×10~(-5)a~(-1))。荆江河段航道整治范围饮用水源水中DEHP、DBP、DEP污染风险较小。由于PAEs是一类典型的环境内分泌干扰物,在长江水体普遍可检出,存在着一定潜在的风险性,在航道整治过程水源地环境风险管理中需加强监测和防控。     

梁子湖水体和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态健康风险评价

对枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体和沉积物中7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究,并评价了其健康风险和生态风险。结果表明,枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体中7种PAEs总量（∑PAEs）分别为0.10~3.56、0.16~1.78、0.57~2.16 μg/L,沉积物中∑PAEs分别为0.10~0.41、0.21~0.66、0.12~4.49 μg/g,3个水期的水体和沉积物中均以邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）占主要组分。与国内外其他河流/湖泊相比,梁子湖水体和沉积物中各PAE单体的含量均处于中等偏低水平。健康风险评价结果表明,梁子湖水体中PAEs的总非致癌风险值均远低于1,不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;3个水期绝大部分或全部采样点位中DEHP对人体存在潜在的致癌风险。生态风险评价结果表明,枯水期和丰水期沉积物中PAEs总量对水藻类和鱼类达到中等风险程度,对其存在较大的毒性。     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定饮用水源地水中SVOCs

采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷混合溶剂（体积比为2∶1）对饮用水源地水中阿特拉津、林丹、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和滴滴涕（含4种）等8种半挥发性有机物进行1次水样萃取，用气质联用法同时测定。试验表明，方法在25．0μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好；检出限在0．006μg/L ～0．028μg/L 之间；空白水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为87．6％～109％，平行测定6次的 RSD＜5．1％；测定集中式生活饮用水源地的实际水样，未检出目标化合物，加标回收率为98．6％～109％。     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中邻苯二甲酸酯健康风险评价

采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价。结果显示,乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地的2种PAEs[邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二四酸二丁酯(DBP)]浓度全部达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)特定项目标准限值要求,DEHP总检出率达58.3%~100.0%,DBP总检出率达100%,DEHP通过饮水途径引起的致癌和非致癌总风险数量级达10^(-10)~10^(-8),DBP通过饮水途径引起的非致癌风险数量级达10^(-13)~10^(-11)。乌鲁木齐市地下饮用水源地的DEHP浓度全部达到《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)中Ⅰ类标准限值要求,总检出率达66.7%~100.0%,通过饮水途径引起的总风险数量级分布中,城市集中式饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-9),县城(区)饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-8)。地表和地下饮用水源地的致癌和非致癌总风险均低于US EPA和国际癌症机构(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平,并低于瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署以及英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险水平,处于Ⅰ级,低风险状态。     

垃圾渗滤液中DEHP与DBP的迁移演化规律研究

采用一维土柱下渗实验和垂向入渗模型相结合的方式，研究垃圾渗滤液中邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）在土壤中的垂向迁移演化规律。结果表明：原状土和混有石英砂土的土柱对DBP的吸附能力均强于DEHP，而混有石英砂的土柱中DEHP、DBP均出现不同程度的穿透现象，且DEHP的穿透速度比DBP要快2倍；做或不做防渗处理，DEHP和DBP渗出量均呈前期快速增长而后期归于稳定的趋势，防渗对DBP效果较DEHP好；垂向入渗模型与一维土柱实验结果一致，该模型可用于其他区域有机污染物在土壤中垂向迁移的研究。     

江苏某县地下水邻苯二甲酸酯类的检测与风险评价

在江苏某癌症高发区对地下水进行布点,采用固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定深层地下水和浅层地下水中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)的浓度。检测结果表明,地下水中PAEs污染程度较严重,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)均有超标现象,其中,丰水期深层地下水和枯水期浅层地下水中DBP超标率达到100%,最大超标10.7倍。PAEs总质量浓度均值为10 034.56~14 872.91 ng/L,丰水期总浓度均值大于枯水期,浅层地下水的总浓度均值大于深层地下水。采用优化的USEPA风险评价模型,对PAEs进行人体健康风险评价,评价结果表明,该地区52.5% 地下水的PAEs总致癌风险超过10^-6的水质监控值,总非致癌风险在可接受范围内。     

“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势

利用2016—2020年宁波市生态环境质量各要素监测结果，分析了“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况、变化趋势以及存在的主要问题。结果表明，“十三五”期间，宁波市生态环境质量总体向好。2020年中心城区环境空气质量优良天数比例比2016年提升了4.6个百分点；除臭氧外，各项污染物浓度均呈下降趋势；酸雨污染程度持续减轻。地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好，其中：2020年Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例为86.3%,比2016年提升了37.5个百分点；劣Ⅴ类断面比例下降了3.8个百分点。集中式饮用水水源地、声环境、辐射环境等环境要素质量总体保持稳定。但环境空气质量、地表水环境质量后续改善难度较大，饮用水水源地存在较高的水华风险，生态安全屏障需要进一步巩固。     

长江干流江苏段水质中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定及分布现状

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水质中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs),方法在0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为15 ng/L~20 ng/L。将该方法用于2014年长江干流江苏段4个断面的水质样品的采集与测定,并讨论PAEs的分布现状。结果表明,6种PAEs的测定均值为8.56μg/L~21.1μg/L,其中DBP与DEHP含量占比超过50%,PAEs总质量浓度与其他河流相比基本处于同一水平。     

长江南京段水体及市政自来水中多种OPEs的分布特征

采用HPLC-MS/MS法监测长江南京段横断面水、水源水、出厂水中12种有机磷酸酯类化合物(OPEs)残留,考察其分布特征及自来水厂对其处理效果。结果表明:12种OPEs在采集的横断面水和水源水水样中8种被检出,自来水出厂水水样中除TEHP外其余11种OPEs均为检出,OPEs暴露于水源水与地表水程度相似;除TCPP、TDCP、TCEP浓度出现降低外,其余OPEs浓度水平均未出现明显的处理效果;生态风险评估显示长江南京段横断面水、水源水、出厂水主要检出物质OPEs的风险熵值均低于1,表明不具有环境生态高风险。     

兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

Long-term changes in acidity and DOC in throughfall and soil water in Finnish forests

The main objective of this study was to examine if any detectable trends in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphate (SO₄-S) concentrations and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in throughfall (TF) and soil water (SW) could be found during 1990–2010 and to relate them to recent changes in decreased acid deposition. The study was conducted in seven boreal coniferous forest sites: four of which are managed and three unmanaged forests sites. Generally, temporal trend showed a significant decrease in SO₄-S concentrations in bulk precipitation (BP), TF and SW. At some of the sites, there was an increasing tendency in BP and TF in the DOC concentrations. This feature coincides with decreasing SO₄-S concentration, indicating that SO₄-S may be an important driver of DOC release from the canopy. However, a slightly increased temperature, larger senescing needle mass and consequently increased decaying activity in the canopy may partly explain the increasing trend in DOC. In SW, no consistent DOC trend was seen. At some sites, the decreased base cation concentrations mostly account for the decrease in the ANC values in SW and TF.     

太原市冬、夏季醛酮化合物污染特征及来源分析

针对太原市空气臭氧污染较为严重的问题,开展臭氧主要前体物醛酮化合物质量浓度及其变化规律研究.利用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法,通过对太原市2019年冬季和夏季大气的醛酮化合物进行分析,发现太原市冬季总醛酮化合物的平均质量浓度为13μg/m3,低于夏季的27μg/m3.其中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮质量浓度最高,且...     

Pesticides and Nitrate in Groundwater and Rainwater in the Province of Limburg in The Netherlands

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence ofhigh levels of pesticides in groundwater and rainwater in TheProvince of Limburg in The Netherlands. In groundwater samplesin particular the presence of triazines – atrazine, simazine and propazine – was observed; besides these pesticides, dieldrin has also been observed. Atrazine and simazine were found to exceed the groundwater standard of 100 ng L^-1. In the rainwater samples, the presence of 13 of 23 different analyzed pesticides was observed. A number of pesticides werefound in high concentrations; e.g. atrazine (>200 ng L^-1). Two pesticides detected in rainwater (+-HCH and atrazine) were found to exceed the groundwater standard. Seven pesticides in rainwater were found to exceed the target value and three pesticides the maximum tolerable risk value (DDT, heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide A), which are used as ecotoxicological standards in The Netherlands.Nitrate in 15 of 16 analyzed natural springs was found toexceed the guideline value for nitrate in drinking waterof 50 mg L^-1, up to levels of about 200 mg L^-1. Nitrate concentrations in rainwater samples were observed up to 4.5 mg L^-1. A risk analysis of exposure to high pesticide levels in groundwater or rainwater has been performed using the model HESP. For atrazine levels due todeposition of rainwater in two different locations, exceedance of the T.D.I. level of 0.5 g kg^-1 day^-1 based on WHO criteria was observed for children using both an urban and a rural scenario and use of groundwater as drinking water.     

Organochlorine insecticide residues in drinking and ground water in and around Delhi

A multiresidue method was developed for the estimation of 15organochlorine pesticides in water. 50 samples of drinking watersupplied by the Municipal Corporation to the residential areasof Delhi and 20 ground water samples from nearby villages usedfor irrigation were monitored for the presence of organochlorineinsecticides by the method developed. Although, organochlorinepesticides were detected in the ground water and irrigationwater samples, the levels of pesticides were below the MaximumContaminant Level as prescribed by WHO. No organochlorineinsecticides were detected in any of the drinking water samples.     

郑州大气及颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源解析

对2012年郑州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源进行了分析。结果表明,ρ(∑PAHs)(包括气相与颗粒相)为23.27~194.61 ng/m3,气相中∑PAHs高于颗粒相,四环以下的PAHs大都存在于气态中;在夏、春2季,较小分子质量(≤178)的PAHs占比较高,冬季,较大分子质量(≥252)的PAHs占比明显较高;各功能区ρ(PAHs)排序为工业区交通密集区医疗、文化、行政混合区。郑州大气和颗粒物中PAHs可能主要来自煤和液体燃料(汽油柴油)的燃烧。     

宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析

用ICP-MS测定了辽宁宽甸23个土壤样品中的硼。背景地区和污染地区的土壤硼含量分别在 39.2～82.4mg/kg和133～1195mg/kg之间。其中硼矿开采区的土壤硼含量高达1195mg/kg。还用同样的方法分析了背景地区和污染地区几种农作物中硼的含量,结果表明,背景地区的大豆、土豆、玉米和豆角的硼含量(干基)分别为:37.4～47.9、5.8～6.3、24.4～25.5和1.24～2.74mg/kg,而污染地区相应农作物的硼含量分别为:34.0、12.0～12.8、40.7和2.48～2.64mg/kg。     

DDT residue in soil and water in and around abandoned DDT manufacturing factory

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) belongs to one of the most hazardous groups of chemicals called persistent organic pollutants. Many organochlorine pesticides including p,p(')-DDT are long lasting due to their non-degradability can travel to distant places and being fat soluble can accumulate in animals and human bodies. Due to the persistent nature of p,p(')-DDT, its adverse environmental and health impacts, the present study was undertaken to examine the residual p,p(')-DDT in and around abandoned p,p(')-DDT manufacturing factory in Amman Gharh, Nowshera, NWFP. Samples of soil, sediments and water were collected in and around the factory area, nearby p,p(')-DDT stores, main factory drain leading to river Kabul and nearby villages. Standard procedures were used for the collection, transportation and storage of samples for analyses. Extraction of each sample for p,p(')-DDT analyses was carried out in triplicates using Soxhelt extraction. p,p(')-DDT contents in the samples were analyzed by capillary GC with electron capture detector. Most of the samples collected up to half kilometer distance from the site of the DDT factory were found contaminated. Further the level of p,p(')-DDT decreased with increasing depth from top to bottom and with distance from the site. The results indicate that there is no immediate threat to underground water reservoirs.     

大同市地表水及工业废水中氯苯和酚类化合物的监测

对流经大同市的主要河流和重点工业污染源所排放废水中的氯苯和酚类化合物做了分析测定.对酚类化合物的测定方法进行了改进.研究表明,大同市污染源对御河氯苯类污染物贡献较小,焦化厂酚类化合物排放量较高.