环境污染及其防治 海洋污染及其防治

X55200701725厦门西海域综合整治后表层沉积物污染状况/胡忠(汕头大学生物学系)…∥海洋环境科学/国家海洋局海洋环保所.-2006,25(4).-4~6环图X-14根据2003年11月的厦门西海域表层沉积物污染状况的现场调查资料,对2002年综合整治后厦门西海域重金属含量及异养细菌、粪大肠肝菌等的分布特点进行了研究.结果表明,厦门西海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、As含量的平均值分别为:67.4、283.8、9.8×10-6(干重),各站位沉积物中的Cu、Zn离子含量都超标.员当湖排污口附近的污染最为严重,粪大肠杆菌、弧菌、多环芳烃降解菌和油脂降解菌数都为最高值,在沉积…     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属含量对大型底栖生物的影响

2009年4月对长江口及其邻近海域的31个站位进行了大型底栖生物调查,结合同期进行的海域表层沉积物中重金属含量的调查数据,分析了长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属含量对大型底栖生物的影响。结果表明,本次调查共获得大型底栖生物129种,多毛类为主要类群。平均生物量、丰度、多样性指数均较低,分别为11.55 g/m2、220.74 ind/m2、1.64。表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd和Hg的含量平均值分别为30.36×10-6、25.75×10-6、100.44×10-6、11.85×10-6、0.18×10-6、0.03×10-6。除Cu的含量有37.03%样品超出国家第一类海洋沉积物质量标准限值外,其它Pb、Zn、As、Cd和Hg均未有样品超标。应用Bivariate和BIOENV分析表明,长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd的含量已对大型底栖生物产生显著的影响,但重金属含量对群落结构的影响不显著。     

厦门贝类养殖区重金属的含量分布特征与潜在生态危害评价

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物中重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为1.06 μg/L,1.23 μg/L, 0.05 μg/L,6.28 μg/L,0.033 μg/L,1.01 μg/L;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6,39.5×10-6,0.07×10-6,97.3×10-6,0.05×10-6,7.20×10-6.生态质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,处于清洁水平.养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Hg、As和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu、Pb、Zn,表明和Hg、As、Cd的潜在危害大于Cu、Pb、Zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.     

杭州湾表层沉积物中重金属空间分布特征与污染状况评价

本文对杭州湾海域2018年8－9月25个沉积物样品中的7种重金属含量进行了研究,结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量平均值分别为22.50×10?6、21.93×10?6、63.39×10?6、0.10×10?6、48.32×10?6、0.05×10?6、5.45×10?6,所有评价因子的含量平均值均低于全国海岸带重金属的背景值。单因子污染指数法的评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,7种重金属的污染程度依次为:Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。重金属富集程度分析结果显示,Cd、Hg和As的富集程度较低,Pb和Zn的富集程度相对较高。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,杭州湾海域潜在生态风险等级为“较低”,海洋生态环境状况较好。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析结果显示,该海域表层沉积物TOC含量与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量具有一定的正相关性。主成分分析法结果表明,前两个主成分的贡献率分别为64.42%和16.59 %;结合相关性分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr主要的来源为工业生产与生活污水。     

舟山近岸海域沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

对舟山附近海域沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）、同步提取重金属（SEM）和5种重金属的分布进行了调查,并用（SEM-AVS）差值法对上述重金属的生物有效性进行了研究。结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中AVS和SEM含量均较低,AVS含量范围为0.005~4.21 μmol/g,平均含量为0.546 μmol/g,SEM含量范围为0.3356~1.614 μmol/g,平均含量为0.7998 μmol/g;表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别为24.65×10-6、27.21×10-6、114.5×10-6、58.26×10-6和0.142×10-6。（SEM-AVS）差值法的结果表明除5个站位外,其余站位沉积物中重金属对生物可能具有中等毒性。     

厦门海域正构烷烃组成特征及石油烃污染情况研究

本文对厦门海域水体及表层沉积物的正构烷烃含量及水体中的石油烃含量进行检测,通过正构烷烃的组成特征和特征比值分析其来源,并对石油烃污染情况进行评价。结果表明,厦门海域水体中石油烃含量符合国家一类海水水质标准,正构烷烃含量与1995年厦门海域的水体正构烷烃含量相比有较明显的升高,石油烃污染有加重的可能性。沉积物正构烷烃含量为1.80~4.27 μg/g,对姥鲛烷和植烷比值（Pr/Ph）、长短链比值（L/H）、碳优势指数（CPI）和主峰碳数等特征比值的分析,表明厦门海域沉积物环境为还原性,厦门西海域、同安湾和九龙江口海域正构烷烃组成为双峰型,陆源贡献大于海洋贡献且有受到石油烃污染的可能性;东海域和大嶝海域正构烷烃组成表现为单峰型,主要体现为海洋生物贡献,但是无法排除石油烃污染的可能性。     

辽东湾西北部海域表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征与污染状况评价

对2013年秋季和2014年春季两季辽东湾西北部海域共26个采样站位7种重金属含量的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Hg、Zn和Cd含量的平均值均高于渤海工业化前沉积物重金属背景值。单因子污染指数和重金属地质累积指数评价结果显示,Cd属于"轻度"污染,Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、As和Cr属于无污染程度。重金属潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区的综合潜在生态风险"较低"。单金属潜在危害系数程度较高的是Cd、Hg。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:TOC含量与重金属Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr和As含量具有一定的正相关性。进一步通过主成分分析表明该海域沉积物重金属有3个来源,即有机质降解;工业废水、城市排污及养殖自身污染;岩石的自然风化和侵蚀过程。本研究结果揭示了辽东湾西北部海域沉积物中重金属的分布特征,初步推断了重金属污染来源,可为辽东湾海洋生态环境保护、修复提供依据。     

舟山附近海域表层沉积物粒度及重金属研究

以舟山附近海域表层沉积物2016年8月的监测资料为基础,对沉积物粒度特征和重金属含量及其影响因素进行了研究,对重金属污染程度进行了评价,旨在为舟山附近海域沉积环境的研究提供地球化学资料。结果表明:舟山附近海域表层沉积物粒度组成均以粉砂和粘土为主;沉积物类型以粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土为主;各重金属元素平均含量顺序依次为Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg;空间分布波动程度顺序依次为Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn > Cr > Hg;Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn具有相似污染源;有机碳是控制表层沉积物中重金属含量分布的重要因素;重金属污染程度依次为Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr,趋向中度污染水平。     

厦门西港及闽江口表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯污染物的含量及分布

参考美国EPA标准方法对厦门西港和闽江口的表层沉积物样品中持续性有机污染物PAHs、PCBs和DDTs的含量及分布进行分析和考察，并对若干污染特征及成因进行探讨,结果表明，厦门西港沉积物样品中总PAHs含量（ng/g（干重））较闽江口海域为高，其中厦门样品测值范围是425.3-1522.4，大多高于1000，推断主要来源于石油类污染；闽江口为316.8-1260.7，大多低于1000，化石燃料燃烧可能是其主要来源。PCBs和DDT的分析结果表明，PCBs并非两海域的主要污染物，其含量（ng/g（干重））测值范围是厦门西港9.72-33.72 ,闽江口8.71-30.55；DDT类含量测值（ng/g（干重））厦门西港高于闽江口，范围分别为8.61-73.70和6.17-30.70(河口高值站位为63.88，空间分布呈0近岩高于远岸趋势，同时表明，在厦门海域表层沉积物中DDD是主要降解产物，而在闽江口DDE为主要降解产物。     

湛江湾表层沉积物重金属分布及污染评价

利用ICP-MS分析测定了湛江湾表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等重金属含量。各站位中Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等元素全海湾平均含量分别为(84.84±3.86)×10-6、(29.51±1.44)×10-6、(110.02±10.14)×10-6、(0.205±0.003)×10-6、(56.49±1.31)×10-6。各站位表层沉积物中重金属含量较高及其富集系数较大的区域大多集中在人类活动较频繁的港口、码头等海域,体现了人类活动加速重金属沉积过程的痕迹。相关性分析结果表明,Cr与Cu、Pb、Zn等元素的沉积行为差异较大,可能与其在沉积物中主要赋存形态为氧化态和残渣态,而Zn、Cd和Pb等元素在各相中都有富集有关。与已有结果比较,湛江湾表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等引起的污染呈逐渐加重的演变趋势,须采取有效的预防措施。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.