浑河冲洪积平原土壤及浅层地下水中铅的分布特征

为探讨浑河冲洪积扇土壤及浅层地下水中铅的含量、来源及其分布特征,对研究区50个土壤样品、5个地表水样品和22个浅层地下水样品进行了铅含量分析.结果表明,研究区土壤、地表水和浅层地下水均受到了一定程度的铅污染.表层土壤铅含量较高,在17.72—114.46 mg.kg-1之间,受人为污染影响较大;随土壤深度的增加铅含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,其迁移规律与铬、砷、铜等重金属密切相关,受土壤性质和有机质含量的影响较大,为研究区土壤和浅层地下水环境风险评价及污染防治提供了科学依据.     

苏南某农业区浅层地下水DDTs污染特征分析

针对苏南某农业区浅层地下水中DDTs的污染特征进行了初步分析,结果表明,浅层地下水中DDTs最大检出质量浓度为1.04 μg·L-1,最大检出率为36.67％.浅层地下水DDTs污染呈散状分布,浓度高值点集中在研究区东北部,污染范围大,且表现出丰水期、平水期和枯水期含量依次递减的季节性变化特征.该地区包气带防污性能良好,黏土矿物和有机碳对DDTs吸附作用较强,可阻滞其向浅层地下水环境中迁移,是造成部分地段浅层地下水未检出DDTs污染的重要原因.受污染地表水体的垂向入渗是导致浅层地下水DDTs污染的直接原因,其侧向补给可能是浅层地下水DDTs污染的重要来源之一,且污染范围往往局限于地表水体附近地带.     

重庆市万州区浅层地下水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水作为重庆市万州区居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要来源,是推动该区社会经济可持续发展和维持区域生态环境稳定的重要保障.为研究重庆市万州区浅层地下水化学特征及控制因素,于2021年10月采集浅层地下水样品56组.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例关系、Pearson相关性分析、因子分析和水文地球化学模拟等方法,对万州区浅层地下水化学特征、离子来源和控制因素进行分析.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水以淡软水为主,且呈弱碱性,阴阳离子以HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺为主,浅层地下水类型以HCO₃-Ca为主;由研究区中部至边缘地区,阴离子类型由HCO₃型向HCO₃·SO₄、HCO₃·Cl·SO₄和Cl·SO₄型演变,阳离子类型由Ca型向Ca·Mg、Na·Ca和Na·Ca·Mg型演变;浅层地下水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩和岩盐溶滤;浅层地下水化学组分受岩石...     

采煤沉陷积水区地表水与浅层地下水的氮、磷动态及相关性

根据2012年11月至2013年9月的9次监测数据,分析了淮南潘集开放型和封闭型沉陷区地表水与浅层地下水中氮、磷时间分布特征;通过相关性分析揭示了各类水体内氮、磷之间的响应关系和运移特征;通过各形态氮、磷比对研究区水体营养状态进行了限制性分析.结果表明,两类沉陷积水区内氮、磷时间分布存在一定差异,主要影响因素有降雨、周围农业面源输入、外部河流的互相补给等;各类水体内氮、磷之间均存在不同程度的响应,封闭型沉陷区地表水与浅层地下水中氮、磷响应关系更强;两类沉陷积水区均属磷限制性水体.     

粤西典型崩岗侵蚀剖面可蚀性因子初步分析

广东崩岗侵蚀区土壤可蚀性研究是认识崩岗侵蚀机制的重要环节,而不同粒级土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量与可蚀性因子K又是评价土壤可蚀性的重要参数.针对粤西典型红壤侵蚀区的两种不同侵蚀强度的花岗岩风化壳侵蚀土壤剖面,从垂向上研究了两种剖面中土壤颗粒组成特性、有机质空间变化,并利用USLE模型中的土壤可蚀性K因子修正方程计算了两种不同侵蚀程度剖面的可蚀性K因子,分析了三个指标与土壤侵蚀的关系,发现典型花岗岩区土壤侵蚀剖面的土壤颗粒组成、有机质和可蚀性K因子呈现较好的规律性,表现为:自剖面上部至下部,土壤颗粒组成逐渐变粗,土壤有机质质量分数递减,可蚀性K因子逐渐升高,三个指标在红土层与砂土层过渡区(剖面2～3 m深度范围)分界明显,界面上下含量相差悬殊;相同层位对比研究发现,强侵蚀剖面相对于弱侵蚀剖面,土壤的黏粒与土壤有机质质量分数更低,可蚀性K因子值更大;两剖面中三个指标的相关性研究表明,土壤黏粒、粉粒、有机质质量分数与土壤可蚀性K因子具有显著相关性.综合分析认为,在广东崩岗侵蚀区,不同粒级土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量及可蚀性K因子的空间变化均可有效地反映来源于花岗岩风化壳的土壤之可蚀性.     

降雨与植被耦合关系对土壤侵蚀的影响分析——以密云水库上游为例

基于TRMM降雨降雨资料时间序列数据和MODIS-NDVI16d合成产品的时间序列数据,分析密云水库上游降雨与植被的耦合关系对侵蚀的影响。结果表明：（1）侵蚀将发生在降雨强度大,同时植被覆盖差的时段,而密云水库上游地区植被的年内生长曲线形态与降雨的分布形态相似性较大,表明研究区的植被具有较好的保护水土能力;（2）研究区侵蚀主要发生在7—8月,而在1—3月以及11—12月几乎不会发生侵蚀;（3）研究区侵蚀的发生与植被覆盖有很紧密的联系,大部分的侵蚀发生在植被覆盖差的＂其他＂类内。研究方法可以清楚地了解研究区内降雨与植被的耦合关系及对侵蚀的影响,研究的结果将为在年内选择具有代表性的时段分析侵蚀状况提供很好的参考资料。     

典型油田回注水区浅层地下水环境评估研究

近年来,国家和石油化工行业积极推进地下水污染防治,防止回注采油生产等对地下水造成污染.通过研究评估胜利油田典型采油厂注水区浅层地下水质量,调查发现地下水中石油类含量较低;溶解性总固体与氯化物含量很高,表现出明显的咸水水化学特征;地下水无机离子构成比例与回注水相似度较高,但回注水中无机盐浓度显著低于大部分地下水样品;回注...     

新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水演化的主要水文地球化学过程分析

地下水资源是焉耆盆地生活、生产及生态用水的主要供水水源.深入研究焉耆盆地地下水演化特征及水文地球化学过程对合理开发地下水资源及保护地下水环境具有重要意义.利用Gibbs图阐明了焉耆盆地平原区地下水所经历的水文地球化学作用(大气降水、蒸发浓缩和岩石风化作用等),平原区采样点主要分布在Gisbbs图的右上角及中部左侧,表明平原区地下水受风化、蒸发浓缩作用影响,且受大气降水作用影响较小;方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物,以及岩盐、石膏等蒸发岩的风化溶解是平原区地下水主要离子来源,应用PHREEQC地球化学模拟软件计算了平原区各矿物饱和指数,大部分采样点方解石与白云石未达到饱和状态;随着平原区地下水中的TDS和Cl-浓度的逐渐升高,Mg~(2+)在地下水中的富集受到了白云石沉淀过程的限制,而Ca~(2+)的含量随TDS的增大而持续增加,并结合平原区2011年与2014年地下水水化学Piper三线图,平原区地下水大部分呈Ca·Na型或者Ca·Mg型;地下水ORP值均为正值,表明平原区地下水处于氧化状态;根据离子比例法,γNa+/γ(Na++Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))比值深层承压水潜水浅层承压水,表明平原区地下水阳离子交换作用由强到弱依次为深层承压水、潜水、浅层承压水.     

羌塘高原高寒草地植物地上地下碳氮生态化学计量特征及其影响因素北大核心CSCD

研究高寒草地的植物生态化学计量特征对认识极端气候背景下的草地生态系统功能与服务具有重要的意义. 选择羌塘高原高寒草地作为研究区,分析东西走向60个样点植物地上、地下部分的碳（C）、氮（N）含量与C：N的分布特征,及其各自的主要驱动因素. 结果表明：高寒草地植物地上部分C、N含量（38.22%、1.82%）均高于地下部分（31.11%、1.15%）,但C：N（22.08）却小于地下部分（28.88）,且地上部分C含量、C：N与地下部分存在显著性差异（P 〈 0.05）. 干燥指数与植物地上部分C含量（R^2 = 0.072,P 〈 0.05）以及C：N（R^2 = 0.15,P 〈 0.005）呈负相关关系,却与植物地下部分C：N（R^2 = 0.53,P 〈 0.001）呈正相关关系;此外,年均降水量（R^2 = 0.13,P 〈 0.005）与地上部分C含量呈负相关关系,总生物量（R^2 = 0.13,P 〈 0.01）及植被总盖度（R^2 = 0.12, P 〈 0.01）与地下部分C含量呈正相关关系;海拔与地上部分C：N亦呈正相关关系（R 2= 0.15,P 〈 0.005）,而年均温却与地下部分C：N呈负相关关系（R^2 = 0.31,P 〈 0.001）. 可见,水热条件是影响羌塘高原植物地上、地下C含量以及C：N差异的主要因素,而干燥指数可以作为较好的度量指标. （图7 表1 参46）     

广州市浅层地下水化学时空分布特征及其对土地利用类型的响应

广州市作为珠三角地区的政治经济中心,人口数已经超过1 500万,因此,其供水安全问题至关重要。虽然广州市目前供水主要来源于东江、西江和北江,但是水污染等问题使得其供水能力较为脆弱,而地下水作为应急水源,了解其水质及影响因素为重中之重。为了解广州市地下水化学特征概况和土地利用类型对地下水的影响,分别于2014年12月(旱季)和2015年7月(雨季)各采集72个浅层地下水水样,分析水中pH、TDS和主要的七大离子含量;运用GIS的相关技术方法分析水化学性质的时空分布特征,对水化学类型区域进行划分;采用Duncan多重比较法分析土地利用类型对地下水化学特征的影响。结果表明,广州市浅层地下水化学特征季节性差异不显著,但空间上存在较大差异,其中Na~+和Cl~-在空间上的变异性最大。由于广州市东北地区土壤层较薄,对酸雨的缓冲能力较弱,并且作为流域内的主要补给区,其pH值较低,pH总体呈现出东北低西南高的分布趋势;TDS主要受到海水的影响呈现出与pH相似的分布趋势,另外,农耕地覆盖下和脆弱性较高地区的地下水中的TDS含量相对较高。广州市浅层地下水水化学类型以Ca+Mg-HCO_3为主,沿海区域和中心城区由于海水入侵和人类活动的影响导致水化学类型向Na+K-Cl+SO_4型转变。根据差异性分析结果,土地利用方式会对地下水造成一定的影响,但是较为分散的土地利用方式对地下水的影响效果不显著,而由于行政功能划分不同造成的各土地利用方式在不同行政区的比例差异却会对地下水化学性质造成显著的影响。K~+与SO_4~(2-)在浅层地下水中的含量与农耕用地面积存在正相关关系,Na+则主要与城镇用地面积相关,Cl~-同时受农耕用地和城镇用地的影响。     

The influence of slope collapse on water exchange between a pit lake and a heterogeneous aquifer

Slope collapse will reduce the water exchange. Slope collapse will affect the spatial distribution of the water exchange. Precipitation have the most impact on the dynamics of the water exchange. Due to the increase in open pit mining, pit lakes have become common surface water features, posing a potential risk to subsurface aquifer. In this study, a pit lake–groundwater interaction model is built based on the general program MODFLOW with the LAK3 package. For the first time, the effects of lake-slope collapse and aquifer heterogeneity on pit lake–groundwater interactions are analyzed by dividing the lake into six water exchange zones based on the aquifer lithology and groundwater level. Our investigation and simulations reveal a total water exchange from groundwater to the lake of 349000 m³/a without collapse of the pit lake slope, while the total net water exchange under slope collapse conditions is 248000 m³/a (i.e., a reduction of 1.40-fold). The monthly net water exchange per unit width from groundwater to the lake reaches the largest in April, shifting to negative values in zone IV from June to August and in zone V in June and July. Moreover, the monthly net water exchange per unit width decreases from north to south, and the direction and magnitude of water exchange are found to depend on the hydraulic gradients between the lake and groundwater and the hydraulic conductivity of the slope collapse.     

盐渍土系统土壤水-地下水转化规律研究

通过野外定位观测和室内分析,探讨了苏打盐渍土微域特征(32m长的横截面)及其水分和地下水之间的转化规律。结果表明:土壤特征以及微地貌格局是制约土壤表层水分迁移的主要因素,并由此形成了大汽降水-土壤水-地下水转化的特殊模式。盐化草甸土分布在相对低洼的部位,苏打碱土分布在微坡地和高平地。苏打碱土质地为粉砂质亚粘土-粘土-粉砂-砂砾垂直结构,盐化草甸土以粉砂和砂砾结构为主。地表径流为水分迁移的关键环节,盐化草甸土成为地表水和地下水转化的通道。承接微坡地和高平地的径流,盐化草甸土在雨季含水率较多(甚至大到饱和)且迅速补给地下水,使地下水位逐渐上升。坡地土壤(苏打盐渍土)整个土层的含水率变化不显著。运用Vensim对盐渍土系统的土壤水-地下水的转化过程进行了模拟,结果与观测数据基本一致。在现代盐渍化过程研究中,以坡面系统为研究单元并考虑坡面径流,才能认识到盐渍化地区土壤水-地下水之间转化的实质。     

Predicted effects of climate change,vegetation and tree cover on dune slack habitats at Ainsdale on the Sefton Coast,UK

Dune slack habitats are highly dependent on the availability of water to support flora and fauna. Typically this is provided by shallow groundwater. This paper describes the seasonal and long term variation in groundwater levels in part of the Sefton coastline between 1972 and 2007. The effects of climate change, vegetation management and coastline realignment on groundwater levels are modelled. The observed annual water table levels rise and fall with an amplitude of 1.5 m, but longer term variations and trends are apparent. A stochastic water balance model was used to describe the changes in water table levels in slack floors in the open dunes and also in areas afforested with pine trees. It was found that the pine trees evaporated 214 mm/year more than open dunes vegetation, resulting in the water table being 0.5–1.0 m lower under the trees than under the open dunes. The effects of climate change on the ground water was simulated using predictions of future climate conditions based on the UKCIP02 medium high emissions scenario. The increase in temperature and change in rainfall patterns will result in a decrease in mean ground water levels by 1.0–1.5 mm in the next 90 years. Typical patterns consist of sequences of 5–10 years of low water table levels interspersed by infrequent sequences consisting of 2–5 years of relatively high or “normal” levels. These results indicate that that flora and fauna that cannot survive a 5–10 year period of water table levels >2.5 m below ground level are unlikely to survive or persist in many slack areas and a change in the ecology of these slack may become inevitable. Other effects of climate change include sea level rise which will result in a gradual rise in water table levels. Coastal erosion will increase the water table gradient to the sea and result in a slight lowering of the ground water levels. Conversely coastal accretion will reverse this process. The spatial distribution of coastal erosion and accretion along the Sefton coastline and its likely impacts on groundwater levels are discussed. The modelling work described in this paper has identified the factors which have the largest effect on groundwater levels in temperate coastal dune systems.     

华北地区城市地下水中主要离子含量升高机理分析——以洛阳市为例

本文以洛阳市为例，讨论了华北地区地下水中主要离子的背景浓度及其形成作用。在此基础上，重点阐述了地下水中Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度升高的若干机理，并对污染源各不相同的三个水源地地下水Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度升高机理进行了定量分析，比较了Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度与其它主要离子浓度的相关特征，研究表明：该区两类地下水主要形成了钙长石和镁榄石的风化作用，地下水中ＣＯ２分压升高，可促进Ｃａ，Ｍｇ硅酸盐，     

淮南市浅层地下水重金属元素的富集特征

以淮南市浅层地下水为研究对象,采集并测试了130个水样中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni等元素的含量及相关指标。通过分析pH与重金属的相关性,得出了重金属在水中的富集速率,即VFe〉VCu〉VZn〉VPb〉VMn〉VNi〉VCd。利用主成分对7种重金属进行分类并分析其富集成因,最后将测试结果与土壤重金属含量相比较,确定了浅层地下水中的重金属元素的富集特征。     

Investigation of severe water problem in urban areas of a developing country: the case of Dhaka,Bangladesh

The present study evaluated water supply geochemistry in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, to provide detailed trace level (subppb) water quality data that include major ions, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and toxic trace metals for sustainable development. Dhaka Groundwater, which almost uniformly meets the World Health Organization guideline, has become the preferred source. Due to groundwater depletion and an ever-increasing need to meet water demands by city residents, Dhaka water supply and sewerage authority has initiated the treatment of river water, despite the fact that very little is known about the geochemical structure, and trace metal content in the Dhaka water supply. Major ion composition of water samples was determined, and the results used to generate Stiff diagrams. The diagrams served to visually compare water from different sources based on units of mass/volume. Hydrochemical facies analysis showed supply ground and surface waters are comprised predominately of Ca–Na–Mg–HCO₃ and Ca–Na–Mg–HCO₃–Cl types. Spatial distribution of ions, and Na/Cl and Na/SiO₂ molar ratio indicated that silicate weathering is the dominant geochemical process. Chemical data revealed that toxic Cr metal mobilization is associated with chemical hazards from the leather industry. The vulnerability of deep wells to contamination by As is governed by the geometry of induced groundwater flow paths and the geochemical conditions encountered between the shallow and deep regions of the aquifer. Quantifying total arsenic (As) and As from interlocking geochemical cycles (Fe, Mn) may assist in interpreting As dynamics in Dhaka well water. The surface source water was hypoxic to anoxic low DO associated with very high concentrations of biological oxygen demands, and electrical conductivity compared to industrial and non-industrial urban processes and standard activity guidelines. The results of this study should be applied to future research focused on the potential to improve water quality in urban and surrounding areas.     

Modelling the impacts of land-use and drainage density on the water balance of a lowland–floodplain landscape in northeast Germany

This study presents the modelling approach and impact assessment of different strategies for managing wetland water resources and groundwater dynamics of landscapes which are characterised by the hydrological interactions of floodplains and the adjacent lowlands. The assessment of such impacts is based on the analysis of simulation results of complex scenarios of land-use changes and changes of the density of the drainage-network. The method has been applied to the 198 km² Lower Havel River catchment as a typical example of a lowland–floodplain landscape. The model used consists of a coupled soil water and groundwater model, where the latter one is additionally coupled to the surface channel network. Thus, the hydrological processes of the variable saturated soil zone as well as lateral groundwater flow and the interactions between surface water and groundwater are simulated in an integrated manner. The model was validated for several years of significantly different meteorological conditions. The comparison of lateral and vertical water balance components showed the dominance of lateral flow processes and the importance of the interactions between surface water and groundwater for the overall water balance and the hydrological state of that type of landscape.The simulation of land-use change scenarios showed only minor effects of land-use change on the water balance and groundwater recharge. Changes of groundwater recharge were particularly small within the wetland areas being part of the floodplain where interactions between surface water and groundwater are most pronounced. Alterations in vertical groundwater recharge were counter-balanced by the lateral interaction between groundwater and surface water. More significant deviations in groundwater recharge and storage were observed in the more peripheral areas towards the catchment boundaries which are characterised by greater groundwater distance from the surface and less intense of ground water–surface water interactions.However, the simulation results assuming a coarsening of the drainage network density showed the importance of drainage structure and geometry for the water balance: The removal of the artificial draining ditches in the floodplain would result in significant alterations of total groundwater recharge, i.e., less recharge from winter to early summer and an increase of groundwater recharge during summer and autumn. Furthermore the different effects of groundwater recharge alterations on the dynamics of groundwater stages within the wetland areas close to the floodplains compared to the more peripheral areas could be quantified. Finally, it will be discussed that a well-adjusted co-ordination of different management measures is required to reach a sustainable water resources management of such lowland–floodplain landscapes.     

The origin of high hydrocarbon groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou,China

Original high hydrocarbon groundwater represents a kind of groundwater in which hydrocarbon concentration exceeds 0.05 mg/L. The original high hydrocarbon will significantly reduce the environment capacity of hydrocarbon and lead environmental problems. For the past 5 years, we have carried out for a long-term monitoring of groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou, China. We found the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was always above 0.05 mg/L. The low-level anthropogenic contamination cannot produce high hydrocarbon groundwater in the area. By using hydrocarbon potential, geochemistry and biomarker characteristic in rocks and shallow groundwater, we carried out a comprehensive study in Dalongjing (DLJ) groundwater system to determine the hydrocarbon source. We found a simplex hydrogeology setting, high-level water–rock–hydrocarbon interaction and obviously original hydrocarbon groundwater in DLJ system. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon in shallow aquifer was found to increase with the strong water–rock interaction. Higher hydrocarbon potential was found in the upper of Guanling formation (T₂g³) and upper of Yongningzhen formation (T₁yn⁴). Heavily saturated carbon was observed from shallow groundwater, which presented similar distribution to those from rocks, especially from the deeper groundwater. These results indicated that the high concentrations of original hydrocarbon in groundwater could be due to the hydrocarbon release from corrosion and extraction out of strata over time.

     

Modeling the buoyant flow of heated water discharged from surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow

In this study, a three-dimensional model was used to numerically study the buoyant flow, along with its mixing characteristics, of heated water discharged from the surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow. Hydraulic experimental data were used to evaluate the applicability of the model. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results, particularly, the jet trajectories, the dimensions of the recirculating zone, and the distribution of the dimensionless excess temperature. The level of accuracy of the simulation results of the present study is nearly identical to that of the results conducted by McGuirk and Rodi (1978). If the heated water is discharged into shallow water where the momentum flux ratio and the discharge densimetric Froude number are high, the submerged discharge method is better than the surface discharge method in terms of the scale of the recirculating zone and the minimum dilution. In deep water, where the momentum flux ratio and discharge densimetric Froude number are low, however, the submerged discharge method had few advantages. In shallow water, the discharge jet is deflected by the ambient cross flow, while forcing the ambient flow to bend towards the far bank for the full depth. For a submerged discharge in shallow water, the recirculating zone is the largest in the lowest layer but becomes smaller in the upper layer. As the water depth increases, the ambient flow goes over the jet and diminishes the blocking effect, thereby decreasing the bending of the jet.     

福建赤红壤旱地与红壤旱地水分特性的比较

释放80%的有效水时赤红壤旱地的t值（当释放的土壤有效水占有效水库容的比率为80%时的土壤水吸力值）较小,表明赤红壤旱地持水性较红壤旱地更差,植物更容易受到干旱的协迫。赤红壤旱地贮水库容比红壤旱地小,赤红壤旱地的比水容量达到10-2数量级（难效水）在-10kPa~-30kPa就开始出现,而红壤旱地出现在-30kPa以下,表明赤红壤旱地的失水速度快,保水供水性能弱于红壤旱地。最后,讨论了影响旱地土壤水分性质的因素。