应用变性梯度凝胶电泳研究厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物多样性

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法对厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物的遗传多样性进行周年变化特征研究分析.结果表明,厦门西海域典型测站的超微型真核浮游生物群落具有丰富的多样性组成;厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物群落遗传结构和主要类群组成季节性变化显著:不同典型测站之间的超微型真核浮游生物群落遗传结构的周年变化特征相似;不同典型测站之间的超微型真核浮游生物群落的类群组成也很相似,由绿藻、Stramenopiles、定鞭金藻、甲藻、未确定类群(unidentified groups)和其他类群组成.     

青堆子湾的近岸海域与养殖池塘四个季节的浮游植物调查与研究

在2011~2012年对青堆子湾的近岸海域与养殖池塘进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的浮游植物调查。青堆子湾的近岸海域共采集到浮游植物61种,分属于2门16科21属,养殖池塘共采集到浮游植物53种,分属于3门16科20属,硅藻是调查区域浮游植物的主要类群。夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、小细柱藻(Leptocylindrus minimus)和威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)在夏、秋、冬3个季节均作为优势种出现,近岸海域的优势度均高于养殖池塘,夏、秋两季近岸海域的优势度达到90%以上。近岸海域的浮游植物生物量高于养殖池塘,秋季相差近683倍。通过对群落Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数的分析,近岸海域比养殖池塘的生物多样性和丰富度高,春季浮游植物的群落多样性相对比其他季节稍高,夏季最低。     

宁波南韭山附近海域浮游植物的群落结构

2012年4月、7月、10月和2013年1月,对宁波南韭山附近海域15个站点的浮游植物的种类组成、丰度分布进行了调查,分析了浮游植物优势种组成、多样性指数及其群落结构。共鉴定出浮游植物7门68属157种,其中硅藻门有40属113种,占总种数的71.9%,为优势类群。该海域优势种22种,全年优势种为星脐圆筛藻,浮游植物种类数呈现环岛海域高于岛外海域的趋势,数量变化由多到少依次为:秋季夏季冬季春季。浮游植物丰度分布具有明显的季节差异,全年丰度最高点是夏季S3(700.00ind/L),最低点冬季S5(11.50 ind/L);丰度数量变化由多到少为秋季夏季春季冬季。生物量大小为秋季春季夏季冬季。海域各站点物种丰富度指数(d)、物种多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)、生态优势度指数(d')的波动范围分别为1.70~5.12、1.95~4.06、0.67~0.84、3.38~13.00,表明调查期间南韭山附近海域物种多样性高,群落结构稳定,其中秋季的物种多样性最高。     

2021年夏季渤海浮游植物色素特征与影响因子分析

本文利用色素分类法分析研究了2021年7月渤海中部及邻近海域浮游植物群落空间分布特征，并分析了环境因子的影响作用。结果表明，夏季渤海浮游植物类群在空间上存在显著差异。表层水体浮游植物的优势类群以聚球藻属(Synechococcus)和绿藻纲(Chlorophyceae)为主，分别占总叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a, Chl a)浓度的(30.36±18.17)%与(23.60±6.60)%；中层水体浮游植物优势类群以硅藻纲(Bacillariophyceae)和绿藻纲为主，分别占总Chla浓度的(24.43±9.76)%与(21.04±5.56)%；底层水体浮游植物优势类群以硅藻纲和青绿藻纲(Prasinophyceae)为主，分别占总Chl a浓度的(35.28±8.49)%与(19.16±6.04)%。聚球藻属的高值主要出现在莱州湾湾口和辽东湾湾口的表层水体，绿藻纲的高值出现在渤海湾湾口和辽东湾湾口的表、中层水体，硅藻纲的高值主要出现在渤海湾湾口和莱州湾湾口的中、底层水体，青绿藻纲则主要分布在渤海湾湾口和辽东湾湾口的底层水体。调查期间，渤海中部存在明显的层化现象，大部分海域的...     

粤西海域浮游植物种类的动态变化及多样性

根据1998～1999年4个航次粤西海域浮游植物的调查资料，分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、季节变化和平面分布特征，并对浮游植物的多样性水平进行了初步评价。结果显示，调查期间共鉴定浮游植物267种，其种类组成以细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis)的数量最多，占总数量的29．5％，其次为短角弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)，占21．8％。不同季节浮游植物的优势种即有交叉又有演替。根据多样性阈值的评价，粤西海域绝大部分沿岸水域的浮游植物均处于多样性差或一般水平，而离岸水域基本处于多样性丰富或非常丰富水平。     

贵州百花湖水库浮游植物群落结构与季节变化

为揭示水库浮游植物群落结构对放养鲢、鳙鱼控藻的响应特征,分四季对百花湖的水质及浮游植物进行了调查和分析。浮游植物种类较多,共检出浮游植物147种,绿藻在种类组成上占绝对优势,共计76种,其次为硅藻31种、蓝藻27种、隐藻、甲藻和裸藻各4种,金藻仅1种。浮游植物丰度在9.69×106～150.89×106 cells/L之间,生物量在3.57～16.80mg/L之间;蓝藻在丰度上占优势,其主要物种类群是假鱼腥藻属;硅藻则在生物量上占优势。浮游植物组成随季节变化而不同,冬季以蓝藻、硅藻和绿藻为优势类群;春季硅藻和绿藻减少而蓝藻增加;夏季以蓝藻、硅藻和隐藻为优势类群;秋季以蓝藻、硅藻、隐藻和绿藻为混合优势类群。百花湖浮游植物形成以假鱼腥藻占绝对优势的群落结构可能与放养鲢、鳙鱼有关。     

三门核电站附近海域浮游植物季节变化研究

文章报道了2005年春季(4月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(10月)和2006年冬季(1月)采集于三门湾核电厂附近海域(29 00′00″～2910′26″N,121 34′43″～121 47′06″E)的15个大面观察站和1个昼夜连续观察站的浮游植物调查结果。经显微观察、鉴定,三门湾核电厂附近海域共有浮游植物6门56属146种,季节变化为春季(101种)秋季(96种)夏季(96种)冬季(85种)。三门湾核电厂附近海域浮游植物细胞丰度在0.72×103～1.3×106个/dm3,平均细胞丰度为5.13×104个/dm3,季节变化为冬季(1.27×105个/dm)3秋季(4.72×104个/dm)3春季(1.63×104个/dm)3夏季(2.51×103个/dm)3。浮游植物细胞丰度在24小时连续观察中,白天尤其下午光合作用强,浮游植物丰度高,夜间尤其后半夜或凌晨光合作用弱,浮游植物丰度低。三门湾主要浮游植物优势种均为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum。浮游植物生态类型可划分为沿岸内湾温带性类群、广布性类群和近岸暖水性类群。其中沿岸内湾广布性类群是本区的优势类群,其他各类群数量较少。三门湾核电厂附近海域共发现赤潮生物64种,其中,硅藻40种,甲藻19种,蓝藻2种,裸藻、金藻以及原生动物各1种。三门湾核电厂附近海域主要赤潮生物的平均细胞丰度在5.6×102个/dm3～1.2×105个/dm3。三门湾核电厂附近海域主要赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻;其次为布氏双尾藻、琼氏圆筛藻、海链藻、纺锤角藻、丹麦细柱藻、三角角藻、洛氏角毛藻、叉角藻等。     

深圳湾海域浮游植物的生态特征

根据香港环境保护署2006年1～12月份深圳湾浮游植物的监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域浮游植物的植物群落结构的时空变化特征及浮游植物多样性指数与环境因子的关系.结果表明,2006年在深圳湾海域共鉴定出浮游植物27属34种,主要类群是硅藻,占总种数的52.94%,其次是甲藻,占总种数的29.41%,其他藻类占总种数的17.65%.浮游植物细胞丰度的年波动范围在2.13×106～4.15×106cells/L之间,平均值为2.92×106cells/L,并且在秋季(10月)最高,春季(5月)次之,呈明显的双周期变化特征,平面分布表现为由海湾中部向湾口处递减的格局.浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度偏低,其中多样性指数变化范围在0.76～2.52之间,均匀度范围在0.29～0.74之间,反映出种类间个体数分布欠均匀,群落结构稳定性差,优势种优势度明显.研究海区物种丰度整体水平较低,浮游植物物种丰度指数变化范围在0.57～2.17之间,这与深圳湾海域水质污染严重而导致该海域生态环境恶化有一定关系.研究还表明,营养盐、盐度和溶解氧与浮游植物多样性指数之间呈现显著相关关系.     

长江口及邻近海域浮游植物色素分布与群落结构特征

根据2009年5月、11月和2010年6月对长江口及邻近海域调查结果,利用反相高效液相色谱技术(RP-HPLC)对该海域浮游植物特征色素组成和分布进行了研究,并应用CHEMTAX软件研究了浮游藻类群落组成.结果表明,在长江口及邻近海域分离鉴定了21种浮游植物色素,主要的色素种类为叶绿素a、多甲藻黄素、岩藻黄素、19’-丁酰基氧化岩藻黄素、19’-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素、叶绿素b、硅甲藻黄素、别黄素和玉米黄素,以叶绿素a的含量最高,其次是岩藻黄素,其他色素对总色素含量贡献较低.2009年5月和2010年6月航次期间通过对色素的分析检测到甲藻和硅藻藻华.主要特征色素的含量及分布特征与盐度、营养盐等环境因子关系密切.特征色素组成和分布特征表明,研究海域浮游植物种类主要存在硅藻、甲藻、隐藻、绿藻、蓝藻、定鞭藻、金藻和青绿藻等8个类群.CHEMTAX分析结果表明,2009年5月硅藻、甲藻和绿藻是最主要的类群;2009年11月硅藻在群落结构中处于绝对优势;2010年6月,硅藻、甲藻和隐藻贡献了62.5%的叶绿素a生物量,蓝藻所占的比重明显有所上升.浮游植物群落结构在空间分布上有着明显差异,呈现区域性特征,硅藻、绿藻和隐藻在近岸海域所占比重较高,而定鞭藻、金藻和蓝藻在外海区域的站位对生物量的贡献明显上升.     

几种典型氮源加富培养对胶州湾浮游植物群落结构的影响

陆源输入氮源对近岸海域浮游植物生态系统有至关重要的作用。为了解胶州湾海域浮游植物对不同陆源输入氮源的响应,本研究于2020年秋季在青岛近海海域进行了现场加富实验,并通过显微镜镜检和矩阵因子化程序(CHEMTAX)分析了不同氮源加富培养对胶州湾浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,单一氮源对浮游植物细胞生长的促进作用表现为尿素(CH₄N₂O)>氯化铵(NH₄Cl)>硝酸钠(NaNO₃);李村河河水中的复合氮源极显著地促进了浮游植物的生长(P<0.01);氮源加富培养后,胶州湾海域优势种由甲藻(Pyrrophyta)演替为硅藻(Bacillariophyta);显微镜镜检结果与CHEMTAX分析结果的线性回归分析显示,在不同氮源培养体系中,甲藻细胞丰度与Chl a生物量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.656,P<0.05),硅藻细胞丰度与Chl a生物量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.674,P<0.01);浮游植物对溶解有机氮(DON)的利用率大于溶解无机氮(DIN),对复合氮源的利用...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.