浅议国家治理体系和治理能力现代化

党的十八届三中全会把坚持完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度,推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化作为全面深化改革的总目标。在国家治理体系当中,国家治理、政府治理、社会治理是三个相互结合的有机整体。国家治理现代化是全面深化改革的总目标,政府治理和社会治理则是国家治理体系中的重要改革内容。政府治理作为国家治理现代化的重要一环,在现代"治理"理念下具有独特的中国语境,要从政党治理、政府治理、社会治理、公民治理的整体关系中把握政府治理在国家治理体系中的地位和作用。     

美国州立大学科技创新治理体系现代化的启示

现代化的大学科技创新治理体系应是有着多元化治理主体、网络化治理结构、理性化治理制度、民主化与法治化治理方式以及市场化治理手段的涵盖大学外部治理和内部治理的系统制度安排。美国是当今世界科技最为发达的国家,其州立大学的科技创新之所以取得了举世瞩目的成绩,与其治理体系的现代化有着直接关系。美国州立大学科技创新治理经验为:在先进治理理念指导下,实现了治理主体的多元化、治理结构的网络化、治理制度的规范化和理性化以及治理手段的法治化和市场化等。地方高水平大学是我国科技创新系统的重要组成部分,应借鉴美国州立大学的科技创新治理经验,构建现代化的科技创新治理体系。摘要:     

基于整体性治理的海洋生态环境治理困境与应用建构——以雷州半岛为例

海洋生态环境治理是国家治理体系中生态环境领域的重要组成部分。文章在构建一个为解决海洋生态环境治理"碎片化"困境的整体性理论框架上,用雷州半岛海洋生态环境治理现状进行解构,得出应从治理主体、治理功能、治理行为、治理保障等方面提高海洋生态环境的整体性治理能力。建议整合治理理念与治理手段、协调过度分权与综合治理、统筹结构再造与服务流程,形成海洋生态环境治理从破碎走向整合、从部分走向整体、从单一走向系统的问题解决机制。     

现代农村生活污水治理体系实现路径研究

当前,我国农村生活污水问题依然比较突出,现行治理体系难以满足农村生活污水治理实践创新的需要,与治理体系现代化目标要求差距较大。为深入贯彻落实党的十九届四中全会精神,基于公共治理理论分析视角,聚焦农村生活污水治理体制机制改革难点,分别从治理理念、治理主体、治理制度、治理机制四个维度,探析治理体系实现路径,构建党委领导、政府主导、农民主体、企业支持的现代农村生活污水治理体系,以期为我国当前农村生活污水治理提供制度借鉴。     

化肥面源污染全链条治理的主要困境、逻辑基础和路径构建

当前,我国化肥面源污染治理进入“去存量”阶段,“源头治理—养分回用—过程拦截—末端治理”全链条治理成为缓解化肥面源污染的重要手段。化肥面源污染全链条治理虽然面临污染特性、农户分散经营特征和政策碎片化等方面的制约,但在治理技术、治理主体、治理载体等方面具有可行性。本文在整体性治理理论基础上,系统构建了化肥面源污染全链条治理路径,即在国家、省、市层面加大全链条治理技术创新和政策协同;在县级层面探索全链条治理服务模式和数字化管理模式;在社区层面引导生产者参与全链条治理、对接第三方主体提供全链条治理服务、构建全链条治理资金集成投入机制、依托社区组织营造良好氛围等。     

中国新时代自然资源治理体系的理论构想

基于生态文明、高质量发展和国家治理新时代的战略需求,以及国内外自然资源治理发展趋势,对中国新时代自然资源治理的指导思想、基本理念、理论体系、基本原则和目标体系等进行系统解析,对包括调查勘查评估、统计监测核算、开发利用治理、保护修复治理、保障储备治理、市场交易治理、安全预警治理和国际合作治理等在内的中国新时代自然资源治理框架体系进行系统刻画,对包括公平正义制度、资产产权制度、节约集约制度、有偿使用制度、保护修复制度、市场交易制度、统计核算制度、多元储备制度、国际合作制度和治理监督制度在内的中国特色自然资源治理制度体系进行系统解构。研究结论与观点对于提高中国自然资源治理体系与能力现代化建设水平具有重要参考价值。     

跨界水污染协同治理路径思考

基于水资源天然的流动属性,流域生态建设与保护涉及利益相关者众多,传统地区分治手段难以满足跨界水污染治理需求,导致水污染治理矛盾突出,治理效果甚微。本文以协同治理为切入点,明确解决跨界水污染问题的必要性,并面向流域诉求差异、利益博弈、约束机制缺失现状下污染反复、协同进程迟缓、治理惰性突出的问题,立足治理可持续性、预防治理同行原则,提出以生态补偿体系优化流域整体环境、以利益协调机制凝聚协同治理共识、以创新监督与协同参与方集聚增强治理力度的协同治理路径,希望为跨界水污染治理提供有益启示。     

国家治理现代化内涵的研究综述

随着十八届三中全会提出推进国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化,国家治理成为理论热点。本文从经济、政治、文化、社会、制度的角度对国家治理现代化内涵的文献研究进行综述,阐述了当前学界对于国家治理的主体、国家治理的对象和国家治理现代化的特征的研究概况,提出当前学界在国家治理现代化内涵这一块存在的研究问题。     

基于复杂性机理的长江流域水污染动态适应治理模式研究

当前长江流域水污染治理仍面临地方政府本位主义难以消除、废污水排放总量居高不下、合作治理存在较多矛盾等困境。长江流域水污染治理设想与现实之间的差距表明,开展跨域环境治理需以更深层次的治理复杂性来应对问题的复杂性。通过分析长江流域水污染治理的复杂性机理,即治理问题的内生性、治理主体的"米字型"竞合机理以及治理环境的交互作用机理,设计出动态适应双环治理系统,并从地方政府层面设计该治理框架的保障机制,以期为长江流域水污染问题的有效治理提供决策参考。     

黔东南州农村生活污水治理研究

本文通过调查和资料收集,对黔东南州农村生活污水的特点、治理现状、治理模式、治理技术以及治理过程中存在的问题进行了初步分析,并对黔东南州农村生活污水的治理提出了建议,以期能为农村生活污水治理的研究提供有益参考。     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process. __________ Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(8): 36–39 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

地下井水环境监测与评价

依据相关的地下水质量标准．对研究区采集的不同监测井的地下水样品进行了评价。结果表明．9个监测井的总锰．氨氮．凯氮和高锰酸盐指数全部超标．各个指标的最大超标倍数及监测井号依次为8．44(6#总锰)．70．5(5#氨氮)．8．8(5#凯氮)和2．27(7#高锰酸盐指数)。另外．比较2002年和2000年2年的监测数据可见．对比的井位1#～7#中的高锰酸盐指数有不同程度的增大．BOD5则有大幅减少：而1#和2#中的氨氮．凯氮均有较大幅度的减小(氨氮分别减少7．21mg／L、7．32mg／L．凯氮分别减少17．57mg／L、5．28mg／L)：综合污染指数P在监测井1#、2#、4#、6#和7#均有明显的减小。反映其污染程度减轻。     

Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

In this study, ultrasound was used to control the membrane fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Short-term running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic parameters. The experimental results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s, membrane fouling could be controlled effectively only by hydrodynamic methods without ultrasound. When ultrasound was applied, an ultrasonic power range of 60–150 W was suitable for the membrane fouling control in the experimental system. The experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance (ΣR) could stay at 5 × 10¹¹ m⁻¹ for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s, which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than 1.0 m/s without ultrasound. Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(4): 25–29 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

Magnetic properties of the microorganism Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis

Magnetotactic microorganisms use the interaction of internal biomineralized nanoparticles with the geomagnetic field to orientate. The movement of the magnetotactic multicellular prokaryote Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis under an applied magnetic field was observed. A method using digital image processing techniques was used to track the organism trajectory to simultaneously obtain its body radius, velocity, U-turn diameter, and the reorientation time. The magnetic moment was calculated using a self-consistent method. The distribution of magnetic moments and radii present two well-characterized peaks at (9 ± 2) × 10⁻¹⁵ and (20 ± 3) × 10⁻¹⁵ A m² and (3.6 ± 0.1) and (4.3 ± 0.1) μm, respectively. For the first time, simultaneous determination of the distribution of the organism radii and magnetic moment was obtained from the U-turn method by a new digital imaging processing. The bimodal distributions support an organism reproduction process model based on electron microscopy observations. These results corroborate the prokaryote multicellular hypothesis for Candidatus M. multicellularis.     

Advanced nitrogen removal by pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with real-time control

The feasibility of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) as on-line control parameters to advance nitrogen removal in pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was evaluated. The pulsed SBR, a novel operational mode of SBR, was utilized to treat real municipal wastewater accompanied with adding ethanol as external carbon source. It was observed that the bending-point (apex and knee) of pH and ORP profiles can be used to control denitrification process at a low influent C/N ratio while dpH/dt can be used to control the nitrification and denitrification process at a high influent C/N ratio. The experimental results demonstrated that the effluent total nitrogen can be reduced to lower than 2 mg/L, and the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was higher than 98% by using real-time controll strategy. __________ Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(12): 32–35 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

Short-term prediction of the influent quantity time series of wastewater treatment plant based on a chaos neural network model

By predicting influent quantity, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can be well controlled. The nonlinear dynamic characteristic of WWTP influent quantity time series was analyzed, with the assumption that the series was predictable. Based on this, a short-term forecasting chaos neural network model of WWTP influent quantity was built by phase space reconstruction. Reasonable forecasting results were achieved using this method. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(3): 416–419 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

螃蟹对闽江河口湿地土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征影响

为阐明螃蟹活动对湿地土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响,对闽江河口湿地不同潮滩螃蟹干扰下的土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行了测定和分析.结果表明:高潮滩有螃蟹(GP)和高潮滩无螃蟹(GD)组土壤碳、氮、磷含量的平均值分别为(13.32±0.66)、(1.51±0.05)、(0.70±0.05)g·kg~(-1)和(13.25±0.53)、(1.52±0.04)、(0.75±0.04)g·kg~(-1),螃蟹组与对照组之间的碳、氮、磷含量差异不显著(p0.05);中潮滩有螃蟹(ZP)和中潮滩无螃蟹(ZD)组土壤碳、氮、磷含量的平均值分别为(13.85±0.61)、(1.64±0.08)、(0.77±0.07)g·kg~(-1)和(13.10±0.43)、(1.52±0.08)、(0.79±0.04)g·kg~(-1),螃蟹组土壤碳、氮含量显著高于对照组(p0.05),但磷含量差异不显著(p0.05).GP和GD组土壤C/N、C/P、N/P的平均值分别为(8.80±0.26)、(19.38±1.34)、(2.17±0.16)和(8.70±0.28)、(17.78±0.42)、(2.04±0.13),螃蟹组养分比与对照组差异不显著(p0.05);ZP和ZD组土壤C/N、C/P、N/P的平均值分别为(8.57±0.27)、(18.41±0.68)、(2.11±0.18)和(8.52±0.35)、(16.72±0.32)、(2.01±0.19),螃蟹组养分比与对照组差异不显著(p0.05).总体来看,土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量学特征的变化是环境因子综合作用的结果,其生态化学计量学特征对土壤碳、氮、磷固持及限制性养分具有一定的指示作用.     

Adsorption and partition of benzo(a)pyrene on sediments with different particle sizes from the Yellow River

Experiments have been carried out to study the sorption of Benzo(a)pyrene(Bap) on sediment particles from the Yellow River using a batch equilibration technique. Effects of particle size on the adsorption and partition of Bap were investigated with the particle content of 3 g/L. Several significant results were obtained from the study. (1) Isotherms of Bap could be fitted with the dual adsorption-partition model under different particle sizes, and the measured value of the adsorption and partition was in agreement with the theoretical value of the dual adsorption-partition model. (2) When the particle diameter was d ⩾ 0.025 mm, the adsorption was predominant in the sorption of Bap, which accounted for 68.7%–82.4% of the sorption. For the particles with the size of 0.007 mm⩽d<0.025 mm, the adsorption was predominant when the equilibrium concentration of Bap was 0–8.87 μg/L in the water phase; and the partition was predominant when the equilibrium concentration of Bap was higher than 8.87 μg/L in the water phase. When the particle diameter was d<0.007 mm, the partition was predominant. (3) On the point of particle size, the contribution of adsorption to sorption followed the order: “d⩾0.025 mm”>“0.007 mm ⩽d<0.025 mm” >“d<0.007 mm”. (4) The partition coefficients of Bap in solids with different particle sizes were linearly correlated with the organic content, and the K _oc of Bap was about 1.26 × 10⁵ (L/kg). Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(2): 269–274 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: the effect of intensity of 565-nm green light

 In a previous study, Australian silvereyes tested in autumn under monochromatic 565-nm green light at intensities of 2.1 and 7.5 mW m^–2 preferred their normal northerly migratory direction, whereas they showed a significantly different tendency towards northwest at 15.0 mW m^–2. Repeating these experiments in spring with silvereyes migrating southward, we again observed well-oriented tendencies in the migratory direction at 2.1 and 7.5 mW m^–2. At 15.0 mW m^–2, however, the birds once more preferred northwesterly directions, i.e. their response under this condition proved to be independent of the migratory direction. This contradicts the interpretation that monochromatic green light of this high intensity leads to a rotation of compass information; instead, it appears to produce sensory input that causes birds to give up their migratory direction in favor of a fixed direction of as yet unknown origin. Received: 3 April 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 19 June 2000     

PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效土壤改良剂,能影响土壤入渗、产流及溶质迁移、淋失.通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了5°、15°和25°3个坡度水平下PAM对黄土高原沟壑区黑垆土坡地土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失情况的影响.结果显示:施加PAM后增加了5°和15°坡面的总产流量却减少了25°坡面的总产流量;PAM组初始产沙量较大,8 min以后,施加PAM组与对照组产沙速率出现差异并开始降低,表明施用PAM的起作用时间约为8~10 min,5°、15°和25°3个坡度的减沙率分别为38.2%、3.7%和53.9%.PAM对3个坡度径流中磷浓度有减小作用且不受坡度变化的影响,对5°和15°坡面铵态氮浓度影响不明显,但对25°坡面铵态氮浓度有明显减小作用,此外,PAM的施用能降低铵态氮初始流失浓度.施加PAM能影响土壤水分的再分配过程并减少3个坡度坡面硝态氮和磷的向下淋失.施加PAM后,5°、15°和25°坡面磷流失总量显著减少,减小幅度分别为77.6%、64.5%和85.1%;径流硝态氮流失总量随着坡度的增加先增加后减少,在15°~20°之间存在改变PAM对硝态氮影响作用的转折坡度值,PAM处理后的硝态氮流失量与径流量在0.05水平上显著相关,相关系数为0.998;PAM能够显著减少陡坡25°坡面溶解态铵态氮的流失量,减少幅度为60.1%.该项研究结果可为当地PAM的合理有效施用和提高水分及养分利用率提供科学指导.