On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

双污泥SBR工艺反硝化除磷脱氮特性及影响因素

以生活污水为处理对象,研究了双污泥A2NSBR工艺反硝化除磷脱氮特性,重点考察了进水C/P和C/N及HRT的影响作用;同时基于DO、ORP和pH的典型变化规律,验证它们作为反硝化除磷过程控制参数的可行性.结果表明,在本试验条件下, P的去除率随着进水C/P的升高整体呈现上升趋势.当进水C/P≥19.39左右时,系统可维持优良的除磷效果;而当进水C/P降至15.36以下时,系统除磷效果呈恶化趋势.另一方面, A2NSBR在低C/N条件下仍可获得相对良好的除磷率,但易导致反硝化脱氮率的下降. C/N的升高增加了聚磷菌厌氧阶段合成PHB的量,继而提高最终的脱氮和除磷效果;但C/N过高将使厌氧段未反应完全的过剩碳源滞留到缺氧段,优先支持反硝化异养菌(ordinary heterotrophic organisms, OHOs)的反硝化反应而减少了缺氧阶段DNPAOs可利用的电子受体数,致使缺氧除磷效果恶化.此外, A2NSBR拥有2套完全独立的SBR,较利于建立以DO、ORP和pH为参数的过程控制体系.     

Advanced nitrogen removal using pilot-scale SBR with intelligent control system built on three layer network

Since eutrophication has become increasingly severe in China, nitrogen and phosphorous have been the concern of wastewater treatment, especially nitrogen removal. The stabilization of the intelligent control system and nitrogen removal efficiency were investigated in a pilot-scale aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a treatment capacity of 60 m³/d. Characteristic points on the profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) could exactly reflect the process of nitrification and denitrification. Using the intelligent control system not only could save energy, but also could achieve advanced nitrogen removal. Applying the control strategy water quality of the effluent could stably meet the national first discharge standard during experiment of 10 months. Even at low temperature (t = 13°C), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) in the effluent were under 50 and 5 mg/L, respectively. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(5): 745–750 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

进水C/N对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化系统(SNEDPR)脱氮除磷性能,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0. 5～2. 0 mg·L~(-1))运行的SBR反应器,以人工配置的模拟废水为处理对象,先采用恒定进水C/N(为10),以实现SNEDPR的启动和聚磷菌(PAOs)的富集培养,再调控进水C/N值(分别为10、7. 5、5和2. 5),考察不同C/N对系统的脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当进水C/N为10,可实现SNEDPR的启动与深度脱氮除磷,出水PO3-4-P和总氮(TN)浓度分别平均为0. 1 mg·L~(-1)和8. 1mg·L~(-1),PO3-4-P去除率、TN去除率和SNED率平均值分别为99. 79%、89. 38%和58. 0%.当进水C/N由5提高至10时,系统维持良好的脱氮除磷性能,释磷量(PRA)和SNED率分别由16. 0 mg·L~(-1)和48. 0%提高至24. 4 mg·L~(-1)和69. 2%;当C/N为10时,TN和PO3-4-P去除率最高达94. 5%和100%;当C/N为2. 5时,系统失去脱氮、除磷性能,PRA和SNED率仅为1. 36 mg·L~(-1)和10%.在系统稳定运行阶段(C/N为10、7. 5和5),SNED率达85. 9%,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-x-N和PO3-4-P浓度平均为0、8. 1和0. 1 mg·L~(-1).     

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of N and P removal under different influent organic carbon concentration in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with simple anaerobic/aerobic operating mode. Experimental results indicated that, under the operating condition of influent N concentration of 89 mg/L and P concentration of 15 mg/L, when the influent C/N ratio increased from 1.5 to 6.9 (influent C/P ratio from 9 to 41), total N and P removal efficiency improved from 50% and 46% to 78% and 96% respectively. Track studies of N, P and other operating parameters demonstrated that N removal of the SBR was realized through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in the aeration phase and anoxic denitrificaiton in the filling phase, P removal was accomplished through conventional anaerobic P release and aerobic P taken-up process. Keeping dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during the first two aeration hours as low as 0.1-0.6 mg/L is essential for the simultaneous occurrences of nitrification, denitrification and P-taken up.     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理低C/N比废水脱氮过程

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气技术与好氧生物处理相结合的新型处理工艺.本研究采用微气泡曝气生物膜反应器在低气水比下处理低C/N比废水,考察了生物脱氮过程和性能,并分析了脱氮功能菌群变化.结果表明,通过低气水比(小于1∶2)控制DO浓度并降低进水C/N比,可以实现生物脱氮过程从同步硝化-反硝化向同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化(SNAD)过程转变,并可获得较高的低C/N比废水生物脱氮性能. DO浓度低于1. 0 mg·L-1、进水C/N比为1∶2. 8时,SNAD过程成为生物脱氮的主要途径,TN平均去除率可达到76. 3%,TN平均去除负荷为1. 42 kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧氨氧化过程对TN去除的贡献率为86. 0%.随着进水C/N比降低,生物膜中亚硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌群的相对丰度逐渐增加,而硝化菌群和反硝化菌群的相对丰度逐渐降低.生物脱氮功能菌群变化与脱氮过程转变为SNAD过程相一致.     

高盐高碱环境下硝化反硝化过程及N2O产生特征

采用稳定运行在高盐高碱环境厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A_n/O/A)模式下的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),考察在不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下,硝化反硝化过程及N_2O产生特征.结果表明,在C/N为5、2和对照组(C/N=0)时,总氮去除率分别为(98. 17±0. 42)%、(65. 78±2. 47)%和(44. 08±0. 27)%; N_2O的产生量分别为(32. 07±2. 03)、(21. 81±0. 85)和(17. 32±0. 95) mg·L~(-1); N_2O转化率(N_2O产生量在去除总氮中的比例)分别为(29. 75±0. 93)%、(30. 04±2. 17)%和(41. 69±0. 80)%.高盐高碱条件下,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)受到很强的抑制作用,硝化过程基本停留在亚硝酸盐阶段.由于高盐高碱环境对N_2O还原酶活性的抑制,使得异养反硝化过程产生了大量N_2O,随着碳氮比的增大,有更多的碳源用于反硝化过程,因而总氮去除率和N_2O产生量均随之增加.随着碳氮比的增大,N_2O转化率随之降低,这可能是由于异养反硝化过程氮素还原酶对电子的竞争所形成的,碳氮比越高,电子竞争越弱.高通量测序表明:在SBBR中,氨氧化细菌(AOB)被富集,而几乎不存在NOB;优势异养反硝化菌属主要是Thauera、Azoarcus和Gemmobacter.     

低C/N(<3)条件下SNEDPR系统启动及其脱氮除磷特性研究

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化除磷（SNEDPR）系统处理低C/N（<3）污水的脱氮除磷特性,采用厌氧/低氧（溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L）运行的SBR反应器,以低碳城市污水为处理对象,考察了C/N对SNEDPR启动、脱氮除磷性能优化与菌群结构变化的影响.结果表明：进水C/N由4.3提高至5.15时,系统脱氮除磷性能均逐渐增强,系统总氮（TN）和PO₄^3--P去除率最高达89.3%和90.6%;降低进水C/N <3后,系统脱氮、除磷性能均呈现先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,但低C/N对PAOs（聚磷菌）除磷性能的影响高于其对反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）内源反硝化脱氮性能的影响,表现为TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别先降低至21.4%和3.4%后逐渐升高至92.9%和94.1%.系统稳定运行阶段,单位COD平均释磷量和SNED率达437.1mgP/gCOD和89.1%,出水NH₄⁺-N、NO_x^--N和PO₄^3--P浓度平均为0,4.4,0.2mg/L.经136d的运行,系统内PAOs,GAOs,AOB（氨氧化菌）和NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）分别占全菌的（16±3）%,（8±3）%,（7±3）%和（3±1）%,其保证了系统除磷、硝化和反硝化脱氮性能.此外,系统好氧段存在同步短程硝化内源反硝化,是实现低C/N（<3）污水高效脱氮除磷的原因.     

不同曝气强度下SBMBBR和SBR脱氮除磷性能对比研究

对比考察了不同曝气强度下序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)和序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)的脱氮除磷效果,并分析了反应器单个周期内有机物、氮和磷的转化过程.实验结果表明,SBMBBR和SBR脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同步硝化反硝化(SND)及进水、搅拌阶段发生的缺氧反硝化途径实现的,而除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程而完成.曝气强度会影响SBR和SBMBBR好氧阶段SND发生的程度,最佳曝气强度下两者通过SND作用去除的TN量分别达到去除总量的47.7%和79.0%.在采用先行厌氧的运行方式,保持系统内高浓度微生物,使反应器在进水C/N比只有2.2～3.5的条件下均取得了良好的脱氮除磷效果.两者相比,SBMBBR和SBR在COD和NH4-N去+除方面没有差异,而SBMBBR的反硝化、除磷效果更优,TN、TP去除率分别达到95.4%和93.5%,较SBR分别高出10.9%和4.1%.     

芦苇根际微环境对潜流人工湿地氮与COD去除性能的影响

构建了3个小型潜流人工湿地,一个不种植物作为对照;另2个栽种芦苇,其中一个湿地在芦苇根部埋设300目尼纶网制成的根袋,以区分根际与非根际环境.采用人工配水,研究了稳定运行期的人工湿地对COD、N的去除性能.结果表明,3个湿地对COD、N的去除场所主要位于湿地前端,且COD与N的去除具有沿程同步性.在进水C/N=5时,对照湿地、芦苇湿地和根袋湿地对NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为66.2%、94.2%、82.2%和67.2%、90.7%、76.1%,具有同步硝化反硝化现象;对COD的去除效率分别为56.2%、80.9%、72.7%.试验中,3个湿地沿程水样的C/N值均大于5,表明碳源供应较充足.通过在湿地中预埋铂电极和土壤溶液采样器的方法,测定了根际土壤与非根际土体土壤ORP以及土壤溶液中的有机物含量（以TOC表征）.结果表明,湿地前端根际土壤ORP明显高于空白湿地和湿地土体土壤,差值分别为11～311 mV、62～261 mV.根系分泌物显著增加了植物湿地中有机碳的供应,根际土壤与非根际土体土壤中TOC含量分别为21.3～54.6 mg·L^-1和6.65～12.0 mg·L^-1.正是湿地植物根际环境中较高的氧化还原电位以及充足的碳源供应,使得植物湿地的脱氮效果好于对照湿地.     

脉冲SBR处理城市污水深度脱氮的工艺特性

采用脉冲式SBR法,对城市污水进行了深度脱氮试验研究.从理论上分析了进水次数和进水量对脉冲式SBR工艺运行特性的影响,得出了脱氮效率公式,并通过试验研究了这些因素对工艺运行的实际影响.理论分析表明,在不投加外碳源的情况下,随着进水次数的增加,脱氮效率依次增加.根据进水C/N的高低,进水方式可分为不等量递增进水、等量进水和不等量递减进水.试验表明,当原水中有机碳源充足时,不等量递减的进水方式相对于等量的进水方式投加较少的外碳源就能实现深度脱氮;随着进水次数的增加,外碳源的投量依次减少,但操作变得复杂,对于普通的城市污水建议采用3次等量的进水方式.采用脉冲式SBR只需投加少量外碳源就可以使处理后的城市污水出水TN低于2mg/L,TN平均去除率达到97.3%.     

碳氮比对聚氨酯生物膜反应器短程硝化反硝化的影响

研究了聚氨酯生物膜反应器在短程硝化反硝化工艺中的应用,考察碳氮比(15∶1、10∶1、5∶1和1.8∶1)对聚氨酯脱氮系统脱氮性能和微生物群落结构的影响,以及微生物群落结构与其处理效果的对应关系.结果表明,经过100 d的运行,当进水碳氮比从15依次下降到10、5和1.8,亚硝酸氮累积率由56.1%逐次上升到62.3%、72.3%和83.2%.在进水碳氮比为10时,系统取得最佳处理效果,氨氮和总氮去除率分别为99.1%和91.0%.进水碳氮比在15、10、5和1.8时,硝化反应和反硝化反应均同时发生在聚氨酯生物膜系统内,随着进水碳氮比的降低,同时硝化反硝化效率逐渐降低.生物膜的功能微生物分析表明,在碳氮比15时,生物膜的微生物多样性要显著高于其他工况.生物膜上的优势亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌分别以亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosospira sp.)和硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira sp.)为主,而反硝化细菌则以假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)占据优势.     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L⁻¹) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS⁻¹) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV + PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R ²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

不同进水条件对SBR工艺脱氮除磷效能的影响

采用人工配水,研究进水在不同pH值,碳源类型,碳氮比条件下,厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)sBR工艺对生物法脱氮除磷效能的影响.结果表明:不同的进水条件对反应器的影响较大,当pH值为7.5,乙酸钠为碳源,碳氮比为1.4时,反应器运行效果最佳,系统对PO43--P,NH4+-N的去除率分别达到97.28%,99.5%.N...     

新型PD/A工艺同步处理低C/N生活原水和二级出水

通过一种新型的短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化（Partial Denitrification/Anammox,PD/A）固定生物膜工艺,同步处理模拟的低C/N城市污水厂生活原水和二级出水,研究了不同进水C/N（1.3,1.5,1.6,1.8）和不同pH值（7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0）下该工艺的脱氮效果.结果表明,逐步提高进水C/N强化了系统的完全反硝化作用,平均NO₃^--N去除率从52.3%增长至85.7%;较高的进水pH值促进了短程反硝化过程中NO₂^--N的积累,继而强化了厌氧氨氧化的自养脱氮作用,平均NH₄⁺-N去除率从82.2%增长至89.7%.在C/N=1.6、pH=9.0的条件下,该工艺达到了88.3%的TN去除率,出水TN稳定低于2mg/L.此外,分析了PD/A固定生物膜工艺在传统AAO工艺升级改造中的潜力.     

硫磺/硫铁矿自养反硝化系统脱氮性能

基于硫自养反硝化作用,寻求一种经济、快速、高效地污水脱氮工艺,采用硫磺/硫铁矿组合进行自养反硝化脱氮试验,以低C/N市政污水为处理对象,分别考察温度,硫磺与硫铁矿体积比和HRT等理化因素对反应器脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,在进水TN质量浓度约40 mg·L^-1条件下,1号反应器最佳HRT为2.5 h,TN去除率平均稳定在72.2%,出水TN约10.55 mg·L^-1;2号反应器最佳HRT为3.5 h,TN平均去除率约67.8%,出水TN平均稳定至12.90 mg·L^-1;3号反应器最佳HRT为3.5 h,TN平均去除率60.6%,出水TN稳定在15.00 mg·L^-1左右.硫磺/硫铁矿自养反硝化系统比硫铁矿自养反硝化系统启动快;该系统脱氮效率随着硫磺与硫铁矿体积比减小而降低;该系统脱氮性能对温度的变化并不敏感,脱氮性能优于单独以硫铁矿为硫源的自养反硝化系统;系统中硫自养反硝化过程的主要功能菌属是Sulfurimonas和Thiobacillus,在3个反应器所占比例为1号 > 2号 > 3号.     

生物膜反应器-单宁酸铁处理低C/N废水的脱氮性能

采用生物膜反应器耦合包埋型单宁酸铁处理低C/N比废水,考察其脱氮性能,分析了生物脱氮过程功能菌群的变化,以及单宁酸铁强化脱氮的作用机制.结果表明,生物膜反应器耦合包埋型单宁酸铁,具有低C/N比废水高效脱氮性能.进水C/N比为1：2.7时,TN平均去除率可达80.0%,TN平均去除负荷为1.38kg/（m³·d）.生物膜反应器内随着进水C/N比降低,优势脱氮过程从同步硝化-反硝化过程向同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化（SNAD）过程转变,厌氧氨氧化过程对TN去除的贡献率逐渐升高至76.2%,亚硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌群成为优势生物脱氮功能菌群.包埋型单宁酸铁在生化处理后,通过吸附-催化氨氧化作用同步去除氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮,进一步提高TN去除性能.因此,耦合单宁酸铁强化生物膜反应器SNAD脱氮过程,是实现低C/N比废水高效脱氮新的有效途径.     

进水C/N对富集聚磷菌的SNDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解富集聚磷菌(PAOs)的同步硝化反硝化除磷(SNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,采用延时厌氧(180min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L)运行的SBR反应器,以实际生活污水为处理对象, 通过投加固态乙酸钠调节进水C/N值(约为11,8,4,3),考察其对系统脱氮除磷特性及同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮率的影响.结果表明:C/N对系统的除磷性能没有影响,出水PO43--P浓度均稳定在0.3mg/L左右,这是由于系统内聚磷菌(PAOs)含量高,且在低氧段可同时发生好氧吸磷与反硝化吸磷.随着C/N的增大,出水NH4+-N浓度升高,C/N下降时,出水NO3--N浓度升高.此外,随着C/N的减小,厌氧段反硝化所消耗的COD占进水COD的比例增大,SND可利用的内碳源-PHAs储存量减少,但PHV的利用率增加;当C/N为4~8时,SND现象最明显,SND脱氮率达50.8%,而其它C/N条件下,SND脱氮率都有相应程度的减弱.C/N为8时,系统出水综合指标最好,TN去除率高达80.8%.     

3BER-S耦合脱氮系统运行特性研究

为了强化三维电极生物膜脱氮工艺(3BER)的脱氮效果,将3BER与硫自养反硝化技术耦合成3BER-S工艺,用于低碳氮比城市污水厂尾水的深度脱氮处理.与3BER对比研究结果表明,3BER-S工艺在TN去除率、系统pH平衡能力和NO2--N积累方面均优于3BER工艺;当进水C(NO3--N)= 35±2mg/L,TOC:N:P=10.7:10:1,pH=7.0~7.5时,3BER-S耦合工艺对TN和NO3--N的去除效率分别为85%和94%,分别比3BER高15%和10%;出水中NO2--N的浓度为3.04mg/L,比3BER低2mg/L.3BER-S中硫自养反硝化作用定量分析表明,硫自养脱氮作用在整个脱氮过程中所占比例为14.07%,单质硫的有效利用率达到79.5%,硫自养反硝化过程对稳定3BER-S系统出水pH值起重要作用.根据3BER-S中微生物基于反硝化细菌特异性基因nirS的克隆文库结果,系统中反硝化细菌都与β变形菌纲中的细菌有较高的同源性,其中61.41%的反硝化细菌属于陶厄氏菌属(Thauera);脱氮硫杆菌和嗜酸菌属(Acidovorax)分别占3.50%和19.30%.表明当碳源比较充足时,3BER-S工艺的脱氮作用主要以异养反硝化过程为主,以单质硫和氢为电子供体的自养反硝化脱氮作用也占有一定比例.