大气颗粒物致突变性研究

对上海市10个大气采样点的飘尘,应用Ames试验进行致突变性研究。结果表明,各点试样对TA_(98)和TA_(100)菌株加或不加S_9的致突变性,均出现阳性结果;其中,尤以TA_(98)不加S_9最为敏感。飘尘剂量与回变菌落数,均呈良好的线性关系。飘尘中均含有直接和间接致突变物,且以直接致突变物的作用更强些。各点每微克飘尘净回变菌落数,基本处于同一数量级;而空气净回变菌落数则为89.2～259.2个/米~3。     

黄浦江水质致突变性研究

对黄浦江水质受到有机污染后的致突变性特点进行了研究。5个样点的试样和自来水样的Ames试验结果表明,均对TA_(98)菌株(加或不加S_9)敏感。自上游到下游,致突变性有逐步加重的趋势。Ames试验,上游为阴性,中、下游为阳性至强阳性:自来水佯也呈阳性。最低致突变剂量(MADM),上游样点比其余4个水样和自来水样平均商3.78倍。     

黄浦江上游工业废水对程序外DNA合成的影响

用SD大鼠原代肝细胞作程序外DNA合成(UDS)试验,检测黄浦江上游水源保护区9家工厂的工业废水,结果表明,在不同时间采集的9家工厂的两批工业废水UDS试验均呈阳性,并且呈剂量—反应关系。这说明9家工厂的工业废水有潜在的致突变作用和致癌作用,对这些工业废水的排放应加以控制。     

鱼血微核试验在项目竣工环保验收监测中应用

某化工技改项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改,为考察该项目整改后废水处理设施的运行效果,在该项目竣工环保验收监测期间,采用鱼外周血红细胞微核试验现场检测废水的遗传毒性。结果表明:Cr6+对鱼外周血红细胞有致突变作用,并有明显剂量效应关系;试验期间废水特征污染物均达标排放,未对生物监测塘中的鲤鱼和鲫鱼产生明显的遗传损伤;微核试验与验收监测结果有可比性。证实了鱼血微核试验可用于长期监控敏感项目废水遗传毒物的排放。     

斑马鱼急性毒性试验在工业污染源监测中的应用

对铁岭市26家有代表性的企业所排放的废水进行了斑马鱼急性毒性试验，并根据实验结果对污染源进行了毒性分级，探讨了生物急性毒性试验在污水源监测中的地位与作用。     

杭州市典型企业废水中挥发性有机物排放特征及其评价

以10家杭州市典型企业进出口废水为调查对象,用顶空气相色谱质谱法测定77种挥发性有机物(VOCs),分析其排放特征,并对监测结果进行评价.结果表明,进口废水共定量检出22种VOCs,检出质量浓度范围为7~3.39×106μg·L-1;出口废水共定量检出14种VOCs,检出质量浓度范围为16~6.82×104μg·L-1.就行业而言,香精香料制造企业进出口废水VOCs检出的质量浓度最高.以《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级排放标准为评价标准时,1号企业出口废水检出甲苯质量浓度为2.45×103μg·L-1,超过标准限值.以挥发性有机物的水介质排放环境目标值(DMEG WH)为标准时,3号企业出口废水检出的正丁醇、异丙醇、丙酮质量浓度均超过它们各自的水介质排放环境目标值.     

汽车废气的致突变活性试验

用Ames沙门氏系统,作者检测了无控制设备和有控制设备的两种四轮汽油小汽车及柴油机车排气的致突变性,以及在遂道内空气中采集颗粒物的致突变活性。装有催化剂的小汽车(有控制的小汽车)的颗粒物的致变突性比那种无控制的小汽车的颗粒物的致突变性显著减少(用TA98株试验从4500回变数/平板/立方米降至500)。可是,从一种有控制的小汽车排放的冷凝水中乙醚酸性和中性溶解物的致突变性稍比前者高。     

核医学科放射性废水排放限值的探讨

目的,讨论核医学科放射性废水排放限值。方法,比较由放射性核素产生的有效剂量得到核医学科废水的总放射性活度浓度排放限值和核医学科废水总放射性活度浓度排放限值。结果,废水排放满足总放射性活度浓度排放限值就可以满足废水排放对公众产生的有效剂量限值。核医学科排放废水低于总放射性活度浓度排放限值时对公众产生的有效剂量满足GB18871的要求。结论,在管理和评价医院核医学科排放放射性废水时,只需检测核医学科废水的总放射性活度浓度,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-96)的限值即可。     

柴油机尾气颗粒提取物不同组分的致突变性

对3种国产柴油机颗粒物的粗提取物,用化学分离法分别分成有机酸、有机碱、脂肪烃、多环芳烃和极性化合物等5个组分,采用Ames试验检测其诱变性。研究发现,3种型号柴油机尾气颗粒粗提取物的各组分,极大多数呈阳性反应,主要引起TA_(98)+S_9的回变菌落数增多,显示各组分中含有移码型间接致突变物。各组分均表现出剂量—反应关系,其中以脂肪烃、多环芳烃和极性化合物的致突变活性较强。     

磷化废水处理中膜生物反应器的应用研究

本文介绍了化学沉淀作为预处理工艺,膜生物反应器(MBR)作为主体工艺处理磷化废水,系统出水满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,可以作为生产生活杂用水回用,减少新鲜水的消耗与废水排放,对同类企业有较好的借鉴意义。     

柴油机排出颗粒物致突变性研究

采用Ａｍｅｓ试验，检测６种国产和进口牌号柴油机排出颗粒物的诱变性，研究发现，６种柴油机排出颗粒物均呈阳性，其颗粒提取物和诱变性之间，存在剂量一反应关系。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果，主要引起ＴＡ９８－Ｓ９的回变菌落落数加，显示受试物中含有移码型直接致突物，试验还发现，国产和进口柴油机排出颗粒物的致突突变性，在怠速和加速工况下，其诱变活性有一定差异。     

饮用水处理流程中有机提取物的毒性变化规律

利用Q67淡水发光菌发光抑制试验和Ames试验(2.5L/P为水样最高浓度 ) ,对北京第九自来水厂不同原水及不同水处理工艺流程出水有机浓集物进行了急性毒性和致突变性检验 .用GC/MS技术对优先污染物进行化学分析 .Ames试验结果表明 ,九厂水源水无致突变性 ,加氯主要导致生成直接和间接移码型致突变性物质及间接碱基置换型致突变性物质 .絮凝剂的加入会导致碱基置换型致突变性明显增强 .煤砂池和炭滤池能有效去除致突变性物质 .二次加氯并未引起明显致突变性改变 .管网水中未检出致突变性 .各处理工段中水样的急性毒性变化趋势和致突变性的变化趋势基本一致 ,毒性最强点出现在机械搅拌澄清池 .对水中优先污染物的测定表明 ,不存在多氯联苯污染 .机械搅拌澄清池和管网水中二甲苯、萘和酚类化合物浓度升高 ,但浓度均在亚 μg/L水平 ,不足以引起致突变性 .     

长江水质致突变性研究

对长江中下游５个城市的源水和自来水应用Ａｍｅｓ试验进行致突性研究。结果表明，无论是源水还是自来水均对ＴＡ９８菌株有明显的致突作用。通过计算最低致突变剂量发现各城市水样的致突变除与地理位置有关外，还与该城市的工业发展有一定关系。     

我国典型地区饮水中致突变性表征

报道上海,昆明,哈尔滨、沈阳、广州、武汉和深圳等城市自来水的致突变性特征,以及上述城市自来水厂源水及其氯化源水致突变性的比较研究。发现７城市自来水中均含有移码型直接致突变物。ＴＡ９８菌株是最敏感的监测菌株。另外,按水样比活性和沈集物比活性和沈集物比活性为指标,则上海,昆明,哈尔滨、沈阳、广州和武汉等６城市自来水厂氯化源水对ＴＡ９８和ＴＡ１００２菌株的致突变性均明显地高于源水,上海市尤为突出。该结果     

The photo-oxidation of automobile emissions: measurements of the transformation products and their mutagenic activity

Dilute mixtures of automobile emissions (comprising 50% exhaust and 50% surrogate evaporative emissions) were irradiated in a 22.7 m³ smog chamber and tested for mutagenic activity by using a variant of the Ames test. The exhaust was taken from a single vehicle, a 1977 Ford Mustang equipped with a catalytic converter. Irradiated and nonirradiated gas-phase emissions were used in exposures of the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA100 and TA98. A single set of vehicular operating conditions was used to perform multiple exposures. The mutagenic activities of extracts from the particulate phase were also measured with the standard plate incorporation assay. (In most experiments only direct-acting mutagenic compounds were measured.) The gas-phase data for TA100 and TA98 showed increased activity for the irradiated emissions when compared to the nonirradiated mixture, which exhibited negligible activity with respect to the control values. The particulate phase for both the irradiated and nonirradiated mixtures showed negligible activity when results were compared to the control values for both strains. However, the experimental conditions limited the amount of extractable mass which could be collected in the particulate phase. The measured activities from the gas phase and particulate phase were converted to the number of revertants per cubic meter of effluent (i.e. the mutagenic density) to compare the contributions of each of these phases to the total mutagenic activity for each strain. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the mutagenic density of the gas-phase component of the irradiated mixture contributed approximately two orders of magnitude more of the total TA100 activity than did the particulate phase. For TA98 the gas-phase component contributed approximately one order of magnitude more. However, caution must be exercised in extrapolating these results to urban atmospheres heavily impacted by automotive emissions, because the bacterial mutagenicity assay was used as a screening method, and additional assays using mammalian systems have not yet been conducted. In addition, only limited number of conditions were able to be tested. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.     

Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.     

兰州市大气飘尘中致突变物变化规律的研究

本研究对兰州市不同污染区(石油化工为主、燃煤、商业及农村)在不同季节时的大气飘尘,作了对比采样.飘尘样品用溶剂抽提法提取后,用化学萃取法分离为五个有机物馏分.用毛细色谱-质谱-计算机联用系统进行了定性分析,并用毛细管色谱法进行了部分定量分析.用Ames试验(用TA1537、TA98和TA100三株菌.加与不加S-1)对其致突变活性进行了研究.并对有机致突变物在不同污染区、不同季节的变化规律及其来源进行了初步探讨.     

饮用水中致突变有机物的光化学氧化研究

以Ａｍｅｓ试验为指标，对城市自为水中致突变有机物的光分解和光催化氧化自理效果进行了研究对比，实验表明，在相同的光照强度下，固定膜光催化氧化对水中致突变物有良好的去除作用，效果优于直接光分解，在处理时间同为１ｈ的条件下，光催化氧化对ＴＡ９８菌株诱变指数的削减率为４７％，而光分解的削减率仅为３３％，对水样的有总有机炭，色谱图峰数和峰面积，及Ａｍｅｓ试验透变指数等３个指标的测定结果分析表明，Ａｍｅｓ试验     

Exhaust emissions from gasoline-fuelled light duty vehicles operated in different driving conditions: A chemical and biological characterization

Chemical analysis and mutagenicity tests on Salmonella typtimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 (Ames test) of exhaust emissions from five passengers vehicles, with or without a three-way catalyst, have been carried out to obtain emission factors and to characterize exhaust emissions. Both constant cruising speeds and transient driving conditions were investigated, regulated CO, HC, NO_x and particulates, as well as unregulated pollutants, were analysed. The following unregulated pollutants were measured: particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 1-nitropyrene, light aromatics and light oxygenates. In total, 39 individual compounds were assayed. Emissions from catalyst-equipped vehicles showed a dramatic decrease compared with those from the vehicle without a catalyst. An emission dependency of both regulated and unregulated pollutants and biological activity on driving conditions were determined. An increased emission of PAH, 1-nitropyrene, particulates and mutagenic activity was found with a higher cruising speed.