陕西省区域性自然灾害脆弱性评价研究

自然灾害脆弱性评价研究对于提高区域防灾减灾能力具有重要现实意义。以陕西省10市1区为例,选取6个子系统29项指标,运用均方差赋权法对陕西区域性自然灾害脆弱性进行评价研究。结果表明:自然条件、经济和基础设施3个子系统是影响陕西省区域性自然灾害脆弱性的主要因素;经济、社会和基础设施等因素是区域应灾能力的重要表现,直接影响着区域自然灾害脆弱性的高低;陕西省区域性自然灾害脆弱性具有显著的时空分布特征,关中平原及陕南秦巴山区各地级市、区自然灾害脆弱性高于陕北地区。     

国内外脆弱性研究进展评述研究

脆弱性问题研究已成为环境可持续发展科学的重要组成部分。通过对国内外相关文献研究发现:脆弱性问题已从局限于地学、环境科学的单一领域逐步拓展到人类社会发展的多个层面;脆弱性问题理论体系的构建对于其评价运用手段的建设至关重要,它不仅从研究方向上打破了原有的思维与行为模式,在具体操作手段上提供了多学科的研究背景和研究思路。同时,通过对比和文献分析研究发现,国内外研究存在深度与广度上的差异。同时具备以下共同点:一是在脆弱性理论与区域发展实践结合的过程中,拓展性的理论体系构建提供了研究方法的多种选择,二是在具体问题的研究中,研究视野不断丰富,多学科的综合研究开始出现。     

湖北省自然灾害社会脆弱性综合测度及时空演变特征

基于社会脆弱性的理论内涵,结合自然灾害的社会属性,以湖北省12个地级市为研究对象,从敏感性和应对能力两方面着手,利用相关分析和主成分分析筛选出13个关键指标,运用熵权-模糊综合评价法测度2001—2016年湖北省12个地级市自然灾害的社会脆弱性,并在此基础上运用数理分析工具和ArcGIS空间分析技术,探讨了湖北省各地级市自然灾害社会脆弱性的时空演变特征。结果表明:①从空间层面上看,湖北省自然灾害社会脆弱性存在明显的"梯度化"和"极差化"的空间分异特征,呈现"东高西低"的分布格局,整体处于自然灾害中度脆弱性状态;②从时间层面上看,湖北省自然灾害社会脆弱性多以波动递减为主,呈现出"由区域大差距、高社会脆弱性向区域小差距、低社会脆弱性格局演变"的趋势。该研究可为湖北省区域综合防治减灾规划、韧性城市规划及可持续发展提供理论和实践依据。     

沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价研究——以天津滨海新区为例

从脆弱性和风险内涵比较出发,基于灾害学理论及脆弱性概念模型,从区域自然地理环境和社会经济状况构建自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系。选择天津市滨海新区各区县为研究对象,收集指标数据,应用层次分析法（AHP）确定指标权重。采用两种评价方法进行脆弱性评价：一是应用脆弱性模型评价天津滨海新区自然灾害综合脆弱性;二是选取地面沉降灾害脆弱性指标,应用模糊综合评判评价地面沉降灾害脆弱性。评价结果表明：葛沽镇和塘沽区自然灾害综合脆弱度相对较大,大港区最小;就地面沉降灾害脆弱性而言,塘沽区最大,大港和东丽区的部分相对较小。两种评价结果具有一致性。     

辽宁省沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价

文章以辽宁省沿海六市为研究对象,在广泛借鉴国内外灾害脆弱性评价的指标体系与评价模型的基础上,选取自然、经济、人口和环境设施等评价指标,构建沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系,并运用模糊综合评价法进行脆弱性评价。结果表明:葫芦岛市、锦州市、丹东市为高脆弱区;营口市为中脆弱区;盘锦市和大连市为低脆弱区。本文研究对沿海城市脆弱性防范有一定借鉴意义。     

民国自然灾害史研究综述

自然灾害史是当前学术研究的一个热点,本文总结了建国以来民国自然灾害史的研究成果,尤其对80年代后期在社会学视角下自然灾害史研究的新成果和新趋向进行了介绍,同时指出今后的自然灾害史研究需要在研究的深度和广度、拓展资料来源、促进多学科交叉等方面进一步加强。     

自然灾害风险沟通的研究现状与进展

自然灾害风险管理必须借助风险沟通这一工具。在总结国内外风险沟通研究现状的基础上,提出了自然灾害风险沟通的主要议题:自然灾害风险沟通的四大主体分析、新媒体时代公众的风险认知研究、自然灾害风险沟通的信息表达分析和自然灾害风险沟通的全新模式探讨;指出在自然灾害风险沟通的四大主体中,公众是中心,政府是关键,专家是信息和信任的来源,媒体是桥梁,只有处理好四大主体的关系,以公众风险认知特征为依据,清晰地表达自然灾害风险信息,并通过垂直沟通和平行沟通的结合,才能促进自然灾害风险沟通的开展;总结了影响自然灾害风险有效沟通的九大因素,并从环境、社会和文化背景对自然灾害风险有效沟通进行了全面分析。     

甘肃省自然社会环境与贫困危机研究

本文对甘肃省87个县自然灾害、自然-社会环境与贫困的相关性进行了相关性分析、主成分分析和回归分析.得出的主要结论为脆弱性是形成自然灾害、自然-社会环境与贫困危机的内部原因;不合理的政策体制是自然灾害、自然-社会环境与贫困危机的恶性循环的真正驱动力.在这一理论的基础上,寻求打破自然灾害、自然-社会环境与贫困危机的关键因素,从而为可持续发展战略、科学发展观在甘肃省贫困地区的全面落实提供理论指导与对策.     

广西城镇化建设的自然灾害危险性研究

本文对广西城镇化建设中的自然灾害危险性进行研究。指出广西城镇化建设中县域自然灾害的危险性和城镇化建设工作对策。由于广西各县域自然灾害危险性不一样,其城镇化建设中对自然灾害的重视和防范也将有所差异。城镇化建设中自然灾害防灾减灾对策工作对策：（1）开展对自然灾害的多学科综合研究;（2）建立统一管理、统一指挥的广西减灾系统工程;（3）通过宣传和教育,提高全民减灾防灾意识;（4）加强防洪减灾工程的规划与建设;（5）对新建居民房屋、城镇化建设等要按照防震有关规范要求进行设计;（6）认真贯彻执行《地质灾害防治条例》有效规范人类工程活动。     

城市脆弱性评价研究进展

城市脆弱性是衡量城市是否健康发展的指标,是制约国家经济可持续发展的重要因素。通过对国内外脆弱性研究文献资料进行整理归纳,分析城市脆弱性的概念、分析框架、评价方法和指标体系,并对城市脆弱性构建数学模型进行论述。提出城市脆弱性研究要针对不同研究对象特征进行指标选取和选择评价方法,范围上要覆盖城市内部和外部,内容上要从单一模式向多样式发展等,归纳总结城市脆弱性研究的优缺点为今后推动城市脆弱性研究起到借鉴意义,为解决当今城市经济发展中存在的突出问题,实现城市健康发展提供科学支撑。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.