重金属汞在土壤中的吸附解吸特性研究

为充分了解重金属汞在土壤中吸附解吸特征,运用振荡平衡法对重庆市秀山地区某汞污染企业周边背景土壤进行Hg2+的吸附解吸实验,探究土壤中汞的等温吸附解吸过程及吸附动力学特征。结果表明:Langmuir模型对汞在土壤中的等温吸附过程拟合效果最好(相关系数为0.999 2),供试土壤对汞的最大吸附量为863.62mg/kg;Freundlich模型能更好地拟合汞在土壤中的解吸过程(相关系数为0.981 1),汞的最大解吸量为16.840 7mg/kg,汞在土壤中的解吸率较低,最大解吸率仅为3.65%;Elovich模型和双常数模型对汞在土壤中的吸附动力学过程模拟能够达到较显著水平,相关系数分别达到0.893 5和0.837 0。     

不同土壤对亚硒酸离子和硒酸离子的等温吸附

研究了不同土壤对亚硒酸离子和硒酸离子的等温吸附,其结果符合Langmuir吸附曲线。土壤因子对两种形态硒的吸附有不同程度的影响。最大吸附量与土壤有机质和粘粒含量呈正相关,与PH呈负相关。     

土壤和沉积物对多环芳烃吸附作用的研究进展

多环芳烃在土壤和沉积物上的吸附作用是影响其持留、分布、迁移转化及最终归趋的关键过程。本文阐述了土壤和沉积物对多环芳烃的吸附作用机理,分析了其影响因素及吸附作用对其他降解过程的影响,并探讨了所存在的主要问题及发展趋势。土壤/沉积物是一个复杂的多介质多界面体系,具有复杂的吸附活性中心,多环芳烃在其上的吸附是矿物成分和有机物质共同作用的结果而非单一的表面吸附过程或分配过程,因此形成了各式各样的吸附等温线。在吸附过程中,土壤和沉积物的粒度、有机质含量与组成、温度、pH以及被吸附多环芳烃的性质均是重要的影响因素。在多环芳烃吸附过程中,如何结合其定量结构性质、有机无机复合体的界面结构以及环境化学特征认识吸附机理是今后研究的一个趋势。     

土-气界面汞交换特征研究进展

本文综述了20多年来汞在土壤-大气界面间交换的研究现状,包括汞在大气和土壤中的存在形态、大气汞的干湿沉降、土壤汞释放及影响因素的研究,分析其存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究重点。     

四川省环境中的汞

本文较系统地报道了四川省地面水环境（河，湖原水，过滤水，沉积物），土壤，大气降水及生物－鱼体中的含量及分布特点，得出四川省环境中的汞与国内外相比属于罗低水平，地面水环境中汞的含量及溶解态汞由川东南向川西北递减，土壤中汞的含量与土壤类型，成土母质，降水条件等相关，鱼类对河水中汞有较强的富集能力，大气降水是四川省环境中汞的来源之一。文章还研究了汞的水环境容量，指出汞是四川省水环境较为脆弱的重要因素之一     

辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属铜、铬、镉和汞的形态研究

文章采用Tessier连续提取+AAS和AFS法对辽宁省污灌区土壤中铜、铬、镉和汞4种重金属的形态进行分析。研究结果表明,辽宁省污灌区土壤中重金属铜、铬、镉和汞的全部高于背景值。铜和铬的各形态分布趋势为:残渣态有机态铁锰氧化态碳酸盐态可交换态,镉的各形态分布趋势为:可交换态残渣态有机结合态铁锰氧化物结合态碳酸盐结合态,汞的各形态分布趋势为:残渣态有机态铁锰氧化态碳酸盐态可交换态,但可交换态、碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态的Hg含量很低,所占比例可忽略为0。     

苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附解吸行为

吸附是外源有机污染进入土壤后首先发生的最重要的过程，直接影响着有机物的生物可利用性。采用完全混合法研究了苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附一解吸动力学特征以及等温吸附解吸行为。结果表明，（1）苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附-解吸动力学过程存在两段行为，即初期快速反应阶段和经过一段时间后的慢速阶段，动力学特征表明供试有机物8h内能达到吸附-解吸平衡；（2）在试验浓度范围内，线性方程能很好地描述苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附解吸行为；（3）苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象，解吸并不完全是吸附的可逆过程，土壤中存在不可逆吸附室是造成解吸滞后的主要原因。     

对氯苯酚在湿地土壤中的吸附特性研究

利用恒温振荡法对土壤对对氯苯酚的吸附情况进行实验,进行了对氯苯酚在湿地土壤中吸附特征的研究,结果表明:对氯苯酚在湿地土壤中的吸附行为较好的符合Langmuir等温式,吸附速率较慢,符合二级动力学规律,湿地土壤对对氯苯酚的吸附量随着离子强度的增大而减小。     

宜宾兴文县僰王山镇水田土壤中硒形态分布特征及研究

为了客观分析土壤中硒形态分布特征及硒有效性影响因素,依据硒不同形态下的溶解度不同,采用四步五态连续浸提取技术,由弱到强的选择顺序提取僰王山镇水田土壤中硒的水溶态、可交换态、有机质结合态、硫化物/硒化物态、残渣态这5种形态,并用原子荧光光谱法分析和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤样品中5种形态硒和总硒的含量。初步总结了研究区水田土壤硒含量特征和硒形态分布特征。研究结果发现,僰王山镇水田土壤总硒含量变化范围为0.51~0.93 mg/kg,平均值0.714 mg/kg,远远超过全国土壤总硒平均值0.290 mg/kg,且超过了目前认为的富硒土壤的标准值0.4 mg/kg。从土壤中5种形态分析结果所占比例来看,有机质结合态和硫化物/硒化物态硒是硒元素的主要赋存形态,两者占土壤总硒含量的54.63%,反应了研究区土壤中硒富集与有机质结合态存在密切关系。     

石油类污染物在土壤中的环境行为

土壤中石油类污染物的环境行为一直是环保界研究的重点。为此,简述了土壤中石油类污染物的来源、危害及存在状态,介绍了其在土壤中的迁移、吸附和降解行为,以及其行为特征和影响因素。全面了解土壤中石油类污染物的环境行为,对保护生态环境、推动石油工业的持续发展具有重要意义。     

Development and application of a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) for the investigation of the kinetics of mercury emissions from soils

Recent measurements at different locations suggest that the emission of mercury from soils may play a more pronounced role in the global mercury cycle as suggested by global emission inventories and global mercury cycling models. For up scaling and modelling of mercury emissions from soils a comprehensive assessment of the processes controlling the emission of mercury from soils is imperative. We have developed a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) to study the effect of major environmental variables on the emission of mercury under controlled conditions. We have investigated the effects of turbulent mixing, soil temperature and solar radiation on the emission of mercury from soils. The emission of mercury from soils is constant over time under constant experimental conditions. The response of the mercury emission flux to variations of the atmospheric transfer parameters such as turbulence requires a rapid adjustment of the equilibrium that controls the Hg(o) concentration in the soil air. It has been shown that the light-induced flux is independent of the soil temperature and shows a strong spectral response to UV-B.     

正交试验-硝酸微波消解-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中汞

应用硝酸微波消解土壤样品-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中的汞。通过正交试验，优化了土壤中汞的微波消解条件。并对干扰消除、方法精密度、加标回收、检出限进行了试验研究。在0～10μg／L范围内线性关系良好，方法测定下限为0．20μg／L，土壤中汞的检出限为0．005μg／g。该优化条件对汞含量为0．02—0．46μg／g的土壤样品，汞提取完全。建立了一种简便、成本低、干扰少、灵敏度高的方法。     

Latent effect of soil organic matter oxidation on mercury cycling within a southern boreal ecosystem

The focus of this study is to investigate processes causing the observed spatial variation of total mercury (THg) in the soil O horizon of watersheds within the Superior National Forest (Minnesota) and to determine if results have implications toward understanding long-term changes in THg concentrations for resident fish. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the spatial relationships of 42 chemical elements in three soil horizons over 10 watersheds. Results indicate that soil organic carbon is the primary factor controlling the spatial variation of certain metals (Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cu, and As) in the O and A soil horizons. In the B/E horizon, organic carbon appeared to play a minor role in metal spatial variation. These characteristics are consistent with the concentration of soil organic matter and carbon decreasing from the O to the B/E horizons. We also investigated the relationship between percent change in upland soil organic content and fish THg concentrations across all watersheds. Statistical regression analysis indicates that a 50% reduction in age-one and age-two fish THg concentration could result from an average 10% decrease in upland soil organic content. Disturbances that decrease the content of THg and organic matter in the O and A horizons (e.g., fire) may cause a short-term increase in atmospherically deposited mercury but, over the long term, may lead to decreased fish THg concentrations in affected watersheds.     

烟气脱汞技术研究进展

基于现阶段烟气汞的排放情况,介绍当前燃煤电站的几种烟气脱汞技术。主要是先将零价汞氧化为二价汞,再进行脱除。其中利用现有烟气控制设备,活性炭吸附及添加改性物质,有比较好的脱汞效率,电催化、光催化以及等离子体脱汞等新技术处于研发阶段,而烟气中多种污染物协同脱除有较好的应用前景。     

Experimental investigation of groundwater contamination by surface sources: Determination of adsorption capacity,diffusion, and sorption potential of selected anions in different soils

The present study investigated the fate and transport of two significant anions through soil to explore their potential as groundwater contaminants. The retention properties of chloride and sulfate in soils having several significantly different characteristics (soil‐1 and soil‐2) were determined using adsorption test and adsorption‐diffusion column experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 3.7 and 1.16 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, with organic matter (OM) content of 3.92% and 4.69%, respectively. The sulfate adsorption obtained was 24.09% and 13.83%, respectively, in the two soils. The anions exhibited monolayer adsorption in the soils with replacement of hydroxyl ions from soils as the major mechanism of adsorption. On the other hand, the adsorption capacities obtained from the adsorption‐diffusion column experiment were about 100 times lower compared to that of the column tests of both of the soils. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 0.03 mg/g and 0.01 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, whereas that of sulfate was 0.04 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g. The empirical relation for depth of penetration (d) from a known spillage onto the soil surface was determined as a function of sorption capacity (S) and initial anion concentration (C) as d = 0.0073e^(?57S)C and d = 0.0038e^(?35S)C for chloride and sulfate, respectively.     

Contrasting nitrate adsorption in Andisols of two coffee plantations in Costa Rica

Fertilizer use in coffee plantations is a suspected cause of rising ground water nitrate concentrations in the ground water-dependent Central Valley of Costa Rica. Nitrate adsorption was evaluated beneath two coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations in the Central Valley. Previous work at one site had identified unsaturated zone nitrate retardation relative to a tritium tracer. Differences in nitrate adsorption were assessed in cores to 4 m depth in Andisols at this and one other plantation using differences in KCl- and water-extractable nitrate as an index. Significant adsorption was confirmed at the site of the previous tracer test, but not at the second site. Anion exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction data, extractable Al and Si, and soil pH in NaF corroborated that differences in adsorption characteristics were related to subtle differences in clay mineralogy. Soils at the site with significant nitrate adsorption showed an Al-rich allophane clay content compared with a more weathered, Si-rich allophane and halloysite clay mineral content at the site with negligible adsorption. At the site with significant nitrate adsorption, nitrate occupied less than 10% of the total anion adsorption capacity, suggesting that adsorption may provide long-term potential for mitigation or delay of nitrate leaching. Evaluation of nitrate sorption potential of soil at local and landscape scales would be useful in development of nitrogen management practices to reduce nitrate leaching to ground water.     

Potential anthropogenic mobilisation of mercury and arsenic from soils on mineralised rocks, Northland, New Zealand

Eroded roots of hot spring systems in Northland, New Zealand consist of mineralised rocks containing sulfide minerals. Marcasite and cinnabar are the dominant sulfides with subordinate pyrite. Deep weathering and leached soil formation has occurred in a warm temperate to subtropical climate with up to 3 m/year rainfall. Decomposition of the iron sulfides in natural and anthropogenic rock exposures yields acid rock drainage with pH typically between 2 and 4, and locally down to pH 1. Soils and weathered rocks developed on basement greywacke have negligible acid neutralisation capacity. Natural rainforest soils have pH between 4 and 5 on unmineralised greywacke, and pH is as low as 3.5 in soils on mineralised rocks. Roads with aggregate made from mineralised rocks have pH near 3, and quarries from which the rock was extracted can have pH down to 1. Mineralised rocks are enriched in arsenic and mercury, both of which are environmentally available as solid solution impurities in iron sulfides and phosphate minerals. Base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) are present at low levels in soils, at or below typical basement rock background. Decomposition of the iron sulfides releases the solid solution arsenic and mercury into the acid rock drainage solutions. Phosphate minerals release their impurities only under strongly acid conditions (pH<1). Arsenic and mercury are adsorbed on to iron oxyhydroxides in soils, concentrated in the C horizon, with up to 4000 ppm arsenic and 100 ppm mercury. Waters emanating from acid rock drainage areas have arsenic and mercury below drinking water limits. Leaching experiments and theoretical predictions indicate that both arsenic and mercury are least mobile in acid soils, at pH of c. 3-4. This optimum pH range for fixation of arsenic and mercury on iron oxyhydroxides in soils is similar to natural pH at the field site of this study. However, neutralisation of acid soils developed on mineralised rocks is likely to decrease adsorption and enhance mobility of arsenic and mercury. Hence, development of farmland by clearing forest and adding agricultural lime may mobilise arsenic and mercury from underlying soils on mineralised rocks. In addition, arsenic and mercury release into runoff water will be enhanced where sediment is washed off mineralised road aggregate (pH 3) on to farm land (pH>6). The naturally acid forest soils, or even lower pH of natural acid rock drainage, are the most desirable environmental conditions to restrict dissolution of arsenic and mercury from soils. This approach is only valid where mineralised soils have low base metal concentrations.     

氧化改性活性炭吸附脱除游离态汞

煤是一种主要化石能源，燃煤烟气中汞排放引起的污染现已达到严重危害人类健康的程度，主要原因是其中的游离态汞（Hg^0）由于低熔点、高平衡蒸气压以及低水溶性而难以由传统的烟气净化装置中去除。燃煤烟气中汞的治理势在必行。本文在研究国内外含汞废气治理技术的基础上，对活性炭分别进行了浓HNO3和H2O2氧化改性，研究其对游离态汞的吸附效率和吸附等温线。结果表明，改性后的活性炭对汞的吸附能力明显增强。     

土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附作用研究

分析了钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中吸附的机理,对吸附量和有机负荷的关系进行了阐述;针对钻井废水有机污染物在土壤中的吸附和解吸过程进行了实验研究。实验表明:钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中的吸附量与土壤有机负荷的关系符合初始质量等温线;土壤中天然有机质含量越高,对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附能力越强;土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物具有一定的持久吸附作用;天然有机质含量越高的土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物的持久吸附能力越强。