表面活性剂在环境保护中的应用

表面活性剂是现代科学技术中的一种重要的精细化工品。它可以减少液体、固体和气体界面间的表面或界面张力,容易在水或其他液体中混合或扩散,因而广泛应用于环境保护等领域。本文介绍了表面活性剂在水污染处理技术、大气除尘技术、土壤和地下水污染修复技术中的应用现状,同时分析了表面活性剂在各种技术应用上的优点和缺点,对今后的应用研究提出了建议。     

有机污染土壤修复表面活性剂淋洗液的回收处理方法

本文介绍了表面活性剂及其在有机污染土壤化学淋洗吸附技术中的应用,具体阐述了从表面活性剂淋洗废水中回收表面活性剂淋洗液的常用方法,并对主要方法进行了评价和比较,显示有机膨润土吸附法为经济有效的回收表面活性剂的方法,并简述了膨润土吸附表面活性剂的机理。     

表面活性剂修复石油类污染土壤研究进展

对不同类型表面活性剂修复石油类污染土壤的研究进行了介绍,综述了该技术的相关研究成果。讨论了表面活性剂修复石油类污染土壤的强化技术,并对表面活性剂修复石油类污染土壤的研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

表面活性剂在土壤颗粒物上的吸附行为

对两种阴离子表面活性剂和两种非高子表面活性剂在土壤中的吸附行为进行了初步研究．结果表明．表面活性剂在土壤/水体系中的吸附过程很快．表面活性剂浓度接近或大于临界胶团浓度后,吸附等温线为线性．温度升高会降低阴离子表面活性剂的吸附而增加非离子表面活性剂的吸附．盐度对非离子表面活性剂吸附的影响不显著,但可略微增加阴离子表面活性剂的吸附量．实验结果对表面活性剂增效修复技术的应用有一定参考价值．     

生物表面活性剂的产生及其在环境污染治理中的应用

生物表面活性剂是由微生物在一定培养条件下分泌的次级代谢产物,属于绿色环保的新型表面活性剂。文章在综述了生物表面活性剂的类型、主要产生菌、生产方法及其化学特性等基础上,重点介绍了生物表面活性剂在环境污染治理方面的应用,并探讨了今后生物表面活性剂的研究方向及应用前景。     

表面活性剂废水处理技术的研究进展

长时间以来,表面活性剂废水处理技术一直受到国内外研究人员的关注。本文根据废水的特点及主要危害,概述了近些年我国表面活性剂废水处理中的常用方法,对各类方法的应用进展情况进行了探讨,并提出回收利用和组合工艺是今后处理表面活性剂废水的发展方向。     

电镀行业“铬雾”危害防治新动向

在电解镀铬工艺中,“铬雾”直接从镀槽中逸出,镀件带铬液逸出,污染环境,严重影响工人的健康,如引起鼻粘膜溃烂、鼻中膈穿孔,支气管炎,甚至还会引起鼻癌或肝癌。为了推广氟碳表面活性剂“F-53”和“6201”在镀铬生产的应用技术,去年在泰州召开了“氟碳表面活性剂在电镀工业中应用的经验交流会”。会上,中国科学院上海有机化学研究所作了关于氟碳表面活性剂“F-53”和“6201”的研制报告,上海电镀厂等单位作了氟碳表面活性剂“F-53”在电镀方面应用试验情况的汇报,泰州市城南化工厂等单位介绍了关于氟碳表面活性剂“6201”在电解脱脂方面的试验结果。     

表面活性剂在胶团强化超滤中的应用

传统的废水处理技术一般有很多缺点,有的需要昂贵的试剂,有的需要很高能耗.近年来,人们开始用胶团强化超滤(MEUF)来处理含金属离子或有机污染物的废水,其中表面活性剂的使用是必不可少的.文章详细介绍了表面活性剂在MEUF技术中的作用、表面活性剂的类型以及影响表面活性剂在超滤中作用的主要因素如表面活性剂的浓度、温度、电解质...     

MEUF去除废水中的金属离子和溶解性有机物

随着对环境要求的日益严格,传统方法对废水中痕量重金属和溶解性有机物的去除已经不能满足需要或必须付出昂贵的代价才能达到要求.为此人们开发出了表面活性剂应用和超滤相结合的胶团强化超滤技术(MEUF).该技术能耗低,工艺简便,可以有效地去除工业废水中的低浓度金属离子和溶解性小分子有机物,具有很好的应用前景.本文对胶团强化超滤的原理,主要影响因素及表面活性剂和膜的选择做了介绍,综述了近年来胶团强化超滤应用的最新研究成果,并探讨了浓缩液和渗透液中表面活性剂的回收和回用.     

煤矸石堆酸性水的防治

本文介绍了表面活性剂与应用技术的最新动态和在西弗吉尼亚洲中部一煤矿使用该项技术所获的结果。     

我国降水、降尘中硒、碘、氟的研究

研究了我国东甫沿海至西北地区降水、降尘中硒、碘、氟的分布及其影响因素,结果表明。我国降水硒、碘、氟含量范围分别为0.03—0.59ppb、0.3—3.8ppb和0.03—0.6ppm,一般为0.1—0.2ppb、1—2ppb和0.05—0.1ppm,其主要影响因素为人类活动,海洋、风沙及土壤微生物亦各有不同程度的影响。以集尘桶采集的降尘硒、碘、氟含量均远高于当地表层土壤,主要受当地大气污染状况、降尘量、降水量及降水中该元素含量的影响。硒、碘、氟三元素的挥发性与水迁移性的相互关系在很大程度上决定着我国四大地方病的分布。     

基于一级水生态分区辽河流域景观格局时空动态分析

以辽河流域四个一级水生态分区为研究区,基于1990、2000、2005年TM影像,应用GIS技术,采用转移矩阵和景观指数方法,对辽河流域1990～2000年和2000～2005年期间土地利用和景观格局的变化进行了综合分析。结果表明:1990～2000年间水生态Ⅰ区耕地减少显著,减少的耕地主要转变为林地,而2000～2005年间草地面积大幅度减少,减少的草地主要转变为耕地;1990～2000年间水生态Ⅱ区耕地面积大幅度减少,耕地主要转变为草地和林地,2000～2005期间耕地大幅度增加,主要来源于草地;1990到2000年间水生态Ⅲ区耕地面积大幅减少,耕地主要转变为林地,2000～2005年大量林地转变为耕地和建设用地;水生态Ⅳ区包括浑河和太子河流域,其中浑河流域在1990～2000年时期景观格局的变化类型主要是由耕地转变为林地和建设用地,太子河流域耕地主要转变为林地。2000～2005年时期浑太河流域景观格局变化类型主要由减少的林地流向耕地。景观指数分析得到辽河流域景观变化的总体趋势是:形状更加复杂,异质性增加,破碎化程度加剧,尤其以建设用地的破碎度最高,并且有逐年增加的趋势。Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区景观连通性和聚合度在1990～2005年时期呈上升趋势,而在Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区在2000年景观结合度和连通度最低。研究时间内Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ区景观多样性和均匀性指数在前期变化不显著,后期显著上升,Ⅲ区多样性和均匀度最高时期是2000年,1990年和2005年差别不显著。     

秸秆燃烧排放的正构烷烃及其碳同位素组成特征

为了探讨生物质燃烧过程中正构烷烃化学组成及其碳同位素的变化规律,对4种玉米秸秆进行了室内焚烧实验,用GC-MS和GC/C/IRMS方法对燃烧前后的样品进行测定.结果表明,秸秆中正构烷烃的碳数为C13~C35,分布形态为单峰型,主峰碳数为C31.正构烷烃的碳优势指数(CPI)值为1.1~5.3,平均碳链长度(ACL)为25.1~28.8.明火烟尘中正构烷烃的碳数为C14~C35,呈双峰型分布,2个主峰碳数分别是C18和C31.其CPI值为1.0~2.4,ACL值为23.0~26.8.正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值为-20.1‰~-33.5‰.闷烧烟尘中正构烷烃的碳数是C12~C35,CPI值为2.2~4.8,ACL值为26.6~28.9.其含量呈双峰式分布,2个主峰碳数分别是C22/C23、C31.正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值为-21.5‰~-32.5‰.在明火烟尘和闷烧烟尘中,正构烷烃的单体碳同位素组成与原秸秆中同碳数正构烷烃的差值分别为-13.8‰~5.4‰、-6.7‰~ -5.1‰.2种烟尘中正构烷烃的化学组成与碳同位素分布都与原玉米秸秆有着显著的差别.     

不同冬小麦品种镉富集转运及离子组特征差异

为揭示影响冬小麦籽粒镉(Cd)含量品种差异的关键因素,通过大田试验种植3种Cd低积累小麦和2种Cd高积累小麦,研究不同品种各器官Cd的富集转运特征及离子组特征,并通过相关性分析和主成分分析探讨造成不同冬小麦品种籽粒Cd含量差异的关键器官、关键过程及关键元素.结果表明,颖壳、穗轴、节间1和节点1等器官的Cd富集系数,以及...     

Climate change, water availability and future cereal production in China

Climate scenarios from a regional climate model are used to drive crop and water simulation models underpinned by the IPCC A2 and B2 socio-economic development pathways to explore water availability for agriculture in China in the 2020s and 2040s. Various measures of water availability are examined at river basin and provincial scale in relation to agricultural and non-agricultural water demand and current and planned expansions to the area under irrigation. The objectives are to understand the influences of different drivers on future water availability to support China's food production. Hydrological simulations produce moderate to large increases in total water availability in response to increases in future precipitation. Total water demand increases nationally and in most basins, but with a decreasing share for agriculture due primarily to competition from industrial, domestic and municipal sectors. Crop simulations exhibit moderate to large increases in irrigation water demand which is found to be highly sensitive to the characteristics of daily precipitation in the climate scenarios. The impacts of climate change on water availability for agriculture are small compared to the role of socio-economic development.The study identifies significant spatial differences in impacts at the river basin and provincial level. In broad terms water availability for agriculture declines in southern China and remains stable in northern China. The combined impacts of climate change and socio-economic development produce decreases in future irrigation areas, especially the area of irrigated paddy rice. Overall, the results suggest that there will be insufficient water for agriculture in China in the coming decades, due primarily to increases in water demand for non-agricultural uses, which will have significant implications for adaptation strategies and policies for agricultural production and water management.     

Farmers’ nutrient management practices in indigenous cropping systems in southern Cameroon

With increasing population densities, food production needs to be increased. A common response of farmers is to shorten fallow periods, which can lead to a decline in crop yields, due to incomplete nutrient replenishment. However, whether farmers change their management of soil and nutrients according to the fallow length is not known. A survey was carried out in southern Cameroon in 1995 to establish factors determining farmers’ nutrient management practices (NMPs). Three classes of indigenous NMPs were identified: crop placement, mulching, and the use of inputs. Crop placement comprised intentional cultivation of certain crops in ash patches or near to tree trunks and stumps. Mulching was done with weeds and crop residues, on the soil surface next to crops or in planting holes. Crop placement was found in 88.8% of fields and mulching in 57.4%, while inputs were used in only 1.7%. Nutrient management seemed to be restricted to an optimal allocation of crops to nutrient sources in the field.Relationships were weak between the frequency of crop placement or mulching and indices of land or labor availability. Fallow length seems to be negatively correlated to crop placement at rotten trunks or stumps or in ash patches and positively to placement near recently felled trees. Crop placement and mulching of crop residues were used less often in simplified crop associations than in traditional intercrops. Nutrient inputs were mainly given to monocrops. Application of purchased inputs concentrated on commercial crops.Most respondents knew the advantages and risks of currently practiced methods, but often lacked information on the use of locally available internal inputs (refuse, kitchen ash, manure). Application of internal inputs was considered too labor demanding. The use of purchased inputs was limited by high prices. Soil fertility was in most cases not regarded as a problem.     

国土空间规划新时代旅游规划的定位与转型

我国已经迈入以国土空间规划引领“多规合一”的空间治理新时代,对各专项规划的管控约束性更严、技术性和衔接性要求更高。为此,本文重新审视了旅游规划的性质和地位,并基于产业专项性和空间融合性特征,将旅游规划分为战略规划、协调规划、发展规划和开发规划。以旅游发展规划为示例,提出了六大转型:规划理念从无限思维向边界思维、融合理念和空间思维转变,编制思路从甲方意志向市场导向转变,规划内容从大而全向专而精转变,技术路线从概念逻辑向空间逻辑转变,规划方式从封闭向开放转变,规划技术从缺乏技术到技术融合转变以期推动旅游规划衔接和融入新时代国土空间规划体系,进一步引领中国旅游产业的转型升级和高质量发展。     

A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

煤矸石堆场Fe、Mn迁移累积效应研究

通过对贵州织金典型煤矿区矸石堆场周边地表水体及耕地进行调查与采样分析,探讨了煤矸石堆场Fe、Mn元素迁移对周边地表水体及耕地累积效应的影响。研究结果表明:受煤矸石堆场酸性排水的影响,煤矸石堆场周边溪沟水Fe、Mn含量分别达0.81~32.14mg/L、1.17~8.42mg/L,超过"集中式生活饮用水地表水源地标准"限值的3~107、12~84倍。堆场周边旱作土中Fe、Mn含量分别达63 530~85 990mg/kg、243.1~910.1mg/kg,水稻土达46 940~75 810mg/kg、144.5~409.1mg/kg,Fe、Mn累积指数旱作土分别达1.61、2.97,水稻土分别达1.24、1.33。随着与堆场距离的增大,水稻土Fe、Mn含量逐步降低,在500m范围内Fe降低了35%,Mn降低了61%,而旱作土变化规律不明显。     

Unique zinc mass in mandibles separates drywood termites from other groups of termites

Previously, the presence of metals in arthropod mandibles has been linked with harder cuticle, and in termites, a 20% increase in hardness has been found for mandibles containing major quantities of zinc. The current study utilises electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to assess incidence and abundance of metals in all extant subfamilies of the Isoptera. The basal clades contain no zinc and little to no manganese in the cutting edge of the mandible cuticle, suggesting that these states are ancestral for termites. However, experimentation with mandibles in vitro indicates the presence of some elements of the cuticular biochemistry necessary to enable uptake of zinc. The Termopsidae, Serritermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae all contain minor quantities of manganese, while trace to minor quantities of zinc occur in all except the Serritermitidae. In contrast, all Kalotermitidae or drywood termites contain major levels of zinc in the mandible edge. Diet and life type are explored as links to metal profiles across the termites. The presence of harder mandibles in the drywood termites may be related to lack of access to free water with which to moisten wood. Scratch tests were applied to a set of mandibles. The coefficient of friction for Cryptotermes primus (Kalotermitidae) mandibles, when compared with species from other subfamilies, indicates that zinc-containing mandibles are likely to be more scratch resistant.