微量臭氧强化生物滴滤降解甲苯性能研究

生物滴滤(BTF)是目前废气生物处理研究和应用最多的工艺,其长期运行填料层堵塞和运行性能恶化是该技术工程应用面临的共性科学技术难题.本研究提出利用微量臭氧化调控生物膜相,进而强化反应体系长期稳定运行.结果表明,生物滴滤塔间歇通入40 mg·m-3的微量臭氧,可延长反应体系的运行周期(本实验运行180 d),并保证甲苯去除率维持在80%以上,最大去除负荷达到95 g·(m3·h)-1,矿化率达到87.1%.O3-BTF的上、下段最大AWCD值分别为0.90、1.08,明显高于BTF体系,表明微量臭氧在运行后期可明显改善生物膜的代谢活性.床层特性与平均生物量表明,BTF和O3-BTF运行后期,平均生物量分别为36.59 mg·g-1和29.12 mg·g-1,床层孔隙率分别为55%和60%,压降分别为103.2 Pa和44.1 Pa.上述实验结果表明,生物滴滤降解甲苯长期运行过程中,微量臭氧能有效控制填料层堵塞和运行性能恶化,维持生物滴滤塔长期高效运行,并且对甲苯的去除和矿化具有一定的强化作用.     

利用新型组合填料的生物滴滤塔净化混合废气研究

建立了生物滴滤中试装置,并将前期研发的纹翼多面球和空心多面柱作为组合填料,以甲苯和乙醇混合气为废气,研究了组合填料生物滴滤塔的污染物去除性能.结果表明,装有组合填料的生物滴滤塔能在8 d内完成挂膜,稳定运行时对甲苯和乙醇的去除负荷分别为97.14 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和113.10 g·(m3·h)~(-1).空床停留时间(EBRT)和进气浓度对甲苯去除效果影响明显,当EBRT为21.11 s,甲苯和乙醇最大去除负荷分别为123.34 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和206.36 g·(m3·h)~(-1);受营养液喷淋量影响不明显,本系统最佳液气比为6.82 L·m~(-3).模拟了不稳定工况对系统处理效果的影响,用Na OH溶液减轻填料层堵塞效果明显,并可以3 d内恢复对甲苯和乙醇的去除效果;停运10 d后继续运行,净化性能可迅速恢复.     

降解乙苯生物滴滤塔稳定运行期生物膜特征及微生物多样性研究

通过检测降解乙苯生物滴滤塔(BTF)长期稳定运行过程中生物量积累、塔内压降改变、生物膜显微结构特征、微生物种群分布及优势菌株分子测序,探讨BTF稳定运行期间生物膜相结构、特征及菌群多样性协作作用的规律.结果表明,生物滴滤塔运行95 d期间的降解性能稳定,降解效率保持在90%以上,最大去除负荷为62.4 g·m~(-3)·h~(-1);BTF稳定运行期间生物膜形态、颜色和厚度沿着BTF塔内废气的流向呈现不均匀分布和梯度改变的特征.生物量和生物膜的致密度沿气流方向逐步递减;塔内压降随着反应时间延长逐渐增加,但未出现堵塞现象;生物膜种群营养结构复杂,食物链长且相互交叉,高端营养级微生物种群所占比例较高;采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和分子测序技术研究降解乙苯生物滴滤塔填料表面菌群的分布特征,结果表明,在BTF不同塔层上菌群分布稍有差异,表现出明显的空间多样性,但是整个BTF生物膜具有一定的稳定性,主要的优势菌群为变形杆菌,其中优势菌包括3种伽马变形杆菌和4种贝塔变形杆菌.     

BF和BTF工艺去除DCM性能比较

分别以营养型缓释填料的生物过滤塔(BF)和聚氨酯小球为填料的生物滴滤塔(BTF)去除二氯甲烷(DCM)模拟废气.结果表明,采用"专属菌+综合菌"挂膜方式,BTF和BF分别在25 d和22 d内完成快速挂膜.扫描电镜结果表明,BF填料表面的菌落结构较为疏松、生物膜较薄,BTF填料表面的菌落结构致密、生物膜较厚.在DCM进口浓度100~1 500 mg·m-3、停留时间25~85 s条件下,BTF和BF对DCM均有较好的去除效果,最大去除负荷分别为22.61 g·(m3·h)-1和29.05g·(m3·h)-1.滤塔中CO2生产量与DCM降解量呈线性关系,经拟合得出BTF和BF的矿化率分别为70.4%和66.8%,且BTF矿化程度好于BF,表明滤塔内减少的DCM主要是被微生物利用降解.滤塔内DCM的降解动力学行为符合Michaelis-Menten模型,BTF和BF单位体积最大降解速率r max分别为22.779 0 g·(m3·h)-1和28.571 4 g·(m3·h)-1,气相饱和常数K s分别为0.141 2 g·m-3和0.148 6 g·m-3.     

聚丙烯环生物滴滤塔去除实际市政污水厂硫化氢性能及微生物群落分析

在非稳态条件下,采用AAO剩余污泥为种泥、聚丙烯环为填料启动生物滴滤塔,处理实际市政污水厂细格栅H2S恶臭气体.研究了生物滴滤塔的启动、稳定阶段的运行模式,在空床停留时间为14 s,进气浓度2. 02～319. 19 mg·m-3,环境温度为7. 8～32. 5℃条件下,平均出气浓度为13. 08 mg·m-3,平均去除率达到91. 8%,最高去除负荷达到78. 37 g·(m3·h)-1.在247d运行中,监测到生物滴滤塔压降在长期运行中维持稳定在96 Pa·m-1.高通量测序表明,生物滴滤塔内的微生物群落发生了改变,Shannon指数由4. 99降低至3. 75,但Pseudomonas和Thiobacillus等功能菌的存在解释了生物滴滤塔较好的去除性能.结果表明,在非稳态条件下,以AAO剩余污泥为种泥的生物滴滤塔可实现H2S的高效去除;聚丙烯环作为填料可以在长期运行中维持稳定的压降;微生物群落在长期高浓度的H2S环境中,多样性降低,但降解性能可以得到提高.     

生物滴滤塔净化含低浓度苯乙烯废气的研究

利用菌丝体热解炭作为填料,采用两座相同实验室规模的生物滴滤塔,分别填装热解炭-木屑混合填料和木屑单一填料,并联操作,进行微生物净化含苯乙烯废气的实验,研究并对比了两座生物滴滤塔的净化性能.结果表明,由于热解炭具有比表面积大、孔隙率高等特点,热解炭-木屑混合作为生物滴滤塔填料,比单一的木屑填料挂膜速度快,净化效果好,停运恢复能力强.适宜操作条件为:入口气体浓度50～ 450mg·m-3,停留时间21.6～43.2 s,气液比110.7 ～55.3,净化效率92％ ～ 100％,最大去除负荷可达153.1 g·m-3· h-1.整个实验过程中,系统的压降始终维持在0～255 Pa,动力消耗小.研究发现,循环液中氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度只需能够保证微生物正常的生命活动即可,不宜过量或不足.生物滴滤塔循环液的紫外吸光度(UV254)与苯乙烯去除率具有一定的相关性,可通过测定循环液UV254,了解生物滴滤塔的运行状况.     

SDS对生物滴滤器处理正己烷气体及生物膜分泌物组成的影响

利用两套相同实验室规模的生物滴滤器(Biotrickling filters,BTFs)(BTF1对照组和BTF2添加表面活性剂SDS)进行表面活性剂SDS强化正己烷生物降解实验,对比分析了正己烷在3种表面活性剂SDS、Tween20和Triton X-100中的分配系数(K),并在正己烷进口负荷为72 g·m-3·h-1的条件下探讨了SDS添加量对生物滴滤器性能和不同填料层生物膜分泌物组成的影响.结果表明,正己烷在3种表面活性剂中的分配系数要远低于其在水中的分配系数,且在SDS中的分配系数最低.由于SDS的添加能促进正己烷在水中的溶解度,SDS浓度在158.6mg·L~(-1)时,正己烷的去除率从50%(BTF1)增加到70%(BTF2),相应的去除能力达到50.4 g·m-3·h-1.但作为碳源,高浓度SDS与正己烷之间存在竞争作用,当SDS浓度为475.8 mg·L~(-1)和793.0 mg·L~(-1)时,BTF2对正己烷的去除性能低于BTF1的.BTF1第2层填料上生物膜分泌的蛋白质和多糖含量要高于其它几层填料,而当BTF2中SDS浓度在158.6 mg·L~(-1)时,第2层填料上生物膜分泌的蛋白质含量和多糖均高于BTF1中第2层填料.     

生物过滤塔和生物滴滤塔净化α-蒎烯性能比较

分别采用以木屑/泥炭为填料的生物过滤塔(BF)和以聚氨酯小球为填料的生物滴滤塔(BTF)净化α-蒎烯废气,比较两者的挂膜时间及对α-蒎烯的降解性能.结果表明,采用气液相联合方法,过滤塔和滴滤塔分别在21d和27d内完成挂膜;扫描电镜观察表明,填料上生物膜菌群生长良好,优势菌为杆菌和球菌.在α-蒎烯进口浓度80～2200mg.m-3、空床停留时间(EBRT)29～102s条件下,两者对α-蒎烯均有较好的去除效果,过滤塔与滴滤塔的最大去除负荷分别为50g.m-.3h-1和43g.m-.3h-1;滤塔中CO2生成量与α-蒎烯降解量之间呈线性关系,通过线性拟合得出过滤塔与滴滤塔的α-蒎烯矿化率分别为74%与68%,滤塔中减少的α-蒎烯主要被微生物利用而去除.菌落数(CFU)分析表明,在挂膜阶段滤塔微生物数量增长明显,稳定运行阶段菌落数随着EBRT的延长而增加,在EBRT102s条件下单位反应器空间内过滤塔和滴滤塔菌落数分别为5.52×1014cfu.m-3和1.84×1014cfu.m-3.     

生物滴滤塔净化含硫混合废气

利用甲硫醚(DMS)降解菌Alcaligenes sp.SY1和丙硫醇(PT)降解菌Pseudomonas putida.S-1强化生物滴滤塔(BTF)处理DMS和PT的混合废气,研究了其挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段的降解性能,并考察了该系统同时去除H2S的能力.结果表明,BTF在DMS和PT进口浓度均为50 mg·m-3,EBRT为30 s的条件下,运行11 d即可完成挂膜启动,填料上的生物量明显增加,DMS、PT的去除率分别可达到90%和100%.系统稳定运行时,DMS和PT的最大去除负荷分别为8.7 g·(m~3·h)~(-1)和12.4 g·(m~3·h)~(-1),PT的去除效果更佳.DMS和PT混合废气在降解过程中,PT对DMS的降解有较明显的抑制作用,当PT进气浓度大于51 mg·m-3时,DMS的去除效率下降.BTF还能同时有效去除H2S,当混合废气中H2S浓度达到230 mg·m-3时,H2S去除率仍能高达98%,但是115 mg·m-3以上的H2S会对DMS的降解产生不利影响.     

鼠李糖脂强化生物滴滤塔去除乙苯废气效能及菌群结构研究

对添加表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后生物滴滤塔(BTF)去除乙苯废气的效能及滴滤塔中微生物16S r DNA高通量测序结果进行分析,探讨了鼠李糖脂对生物滴滤塔处理有机废气效能的影响机理.结果发现:鼠李糖脂在浓度为21.6 mg·L~(-1)时对微生物生长的促进作用尤为明显,BTF2(添加鼠李糖脂)和BTF1(对照)在挂膜启动期间生物量都呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,添加鼠李糖脂的BTF2在第35 d时生物量比BTF1增加了39.62 mg·g-1.BTF2的挂膜启动时间比BTF1缩短了5 d,并且系统挂膜稳定后对乙苯废气的去除率提高了12%.BTF1和BTF2的微生物群落组成基本相同,主要优势菌群是变形杆菌门.在BTF1系统中,变形杆菌门占62.3%;在BTF2系统中,变形杆菌门占81.9%.在属水平上,BTF1下层系统的主要优势菌属占45.7%,在BTF2下层系统主要优势菌属占73.4%.研究表明,在BTF系统中添加鼠李糖脂可以促进优势菌的富集生长,缩短系统启动挂膜时间,强化BTF系统对乙苯的降解,并提高BTF的去除效率和稳定性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.