零价铁（ZVI）去除Cu2+的特性及机制研究

研究了零价铁去除水溶液中铜离子的影响因素及动力学特性,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析对反应机制进行了探讨.结果表明,当溶液中Cu2+的浓度为300 mg/L,零价铁的用量为1 g/L时,Cu2+的去除率99%.Cu2+的去除速度很快,且反应前30min零价铁去除Cu2+的过程可以用一级反应动力学方程模拟.零价铁去除Cu2+的机制主要基于氧化还原反应,Cu2+的还原产物主要为Cu和Cu2O.     

无机离子与胡敏酸对零价铁去除水中Pb（Ⅱ）、Hg（Ⅱ）的影响

研究了Ca2+、Cl-和胡敏酸(HA)对零价铁(ZVI)去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的影响及其动力学特征,应用X-射线衍射分析(XRD)初步探讨了ZVI对Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的去除机制.结果表明,ZVI主要通过吸附-共沉淀作用去除水中的Pb(Ⅱ),氧化还原作用去除Hg(Ⅱ).随着Ca2+浓度的增加,Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率分别呈逐渐升高和轻微下降的趋势;增加Cl-浓度有利于Hg(Ⅱ)的去除,但Pb(Ⅱ)去除率增加不明显;Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)去除率随HA浓度的增加分别呈缓慢升高和缓慢下降的趋势.当Cl-、Ca2+和HA共存时,Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的去除率分别达到99.71%和97.95%.在Cl-、Ca2+、HA单独存在和共存时,ZVI去除Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的过程均符合准一级反应动力学特征;Pb(Ⅱ)的去除速率常数以5 mg·L-1HA单独存在时最大(0.0240 min-1),而Hg(Ⅱ)以0.80 mmol·L-1Ca2+单独存在时最大(0.0169 min-1).     

海藻酸钠负载硫化零价铁对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原去除

本研究以微米零价铁（ZVI）为核心,对ZVI进行硫化改性和海藻酸钠（SA）负载,成功制备一种高效去除Cr（Ⅵ）的功能性材料（SZVI-SA）.考察了材料制备过程中螯合剂种类、质量分数、S/Fe等参数对Cr（Ⅵ）去除的影响.采用SEM-EDS、TEM、XRD和XPS等对材料进行表征分析,讨论去除机制.实验结果表明,选择7%的Fe³⁺为海藻酸钠螯合剂,S/Fe=3.5、干燥温度70℃作为材料制备的较优条件;SZVI-SA对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率主要受Cr（Ⅵ）与SZVI-SA结合位点之间的化学反应速率控制.表征结果表明,SZVI-SA有效成分为FeS,比表面积较大为97.83 m²·g^-1,以微孔为主,孔隙较多.SZVI-SA对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原去除率可达92%,同时能有效地去除反应后溶液中的Cr（Ⅲ）和Fe（Ⅲ）.SZVI-SA与Cr（Ⅵ）的反应机制主要为氧化还原反应,主要还原活性物质为Fe²⁺、S^2-和S₂^2-;反应后生成的Fe（Ⅲ）和Cr（Ⅲ）最终以Fe（OH）₃、Cr（OH）₃和Cr₂O₃的形式沉淀分离.     

Fenton去除废水中甲基多巴的机制及动力学

采用Fenton试剂处理甲基多巴废水的实验结果表明, Fenton试剂能有效地去除甲基多巴及其降解产物引起的COD.不同的Fe2 ﹕H2O2,(摩尔比)下甲基多巴的Fenton反应机理有显著的差异,在高Fe 2﹕H2O2(≥2)时,反应机制是H2O2促进Fe2 的絮凝作用;在中Fe2 ﹕H2O2(=1)时,反应机制是兼有氧化和絮凝沉淀作用;在低Fe2 ﹕H2O2(≤0.2)时,反应机制是氧化作用,包括Fe2 催化H2O2氧化和Fe4 aq高价水合铁直接络合去除.针对低Fe2 ﹕H2O2(≤0.2)时甲基多巴的Fenton反应机制,建立了相应的动力学模型.模型值与实验值吻合良好,误差<10%,说明该反应动力学模型能较好地描述甲基多巴的Fenton去除过程.     

程序升温条件下铁及其氧化物在CO存在时对N_2O的还原机理

应用热综合分析仪 (TG FTIR)研究了在还原性气氛下Fe及其氧化物对N2 O的催化还原作用 .研究发现铁氧化物对氮氧化物的催化还原能力相当弱 ,而Fe可以高效地降低N2 O分解的初始温度和提高N2 O向N2 的转化率 .在Fe和CO的作用下 ,N2 O的初始分解温度为 92 0K和 10 0 0K .在 112 3K时 ,N2 O的转化率达到 95 %和 80 % .TG/DSC曲线表明了在Fe与N2 O反应过程中CO的作用表现为通过与N2 O在反应表面的竞争吸附使铁氧化物还原为金属铁 ,X射线衍射证明Fe与N2 O反应后的氧化物为Fe2 O3 ;扫描电镜对反应后Fe表面物理形态的研究发现 ,在CO作用下 ,Fe的表面呈松散结构 ,可以保证Fe对氮氧化物反应的连续进行     

含乐果废水的循环电-Fenton氧化过程及其影响因素

为克服传统Fenton(Conventional Fenton,简称CF)法中存在着Fe2 在反应初始时即被氧化且反应过程中产生大量铁泥(Fe的复杂络合物)的不足,研究了循环电-Fenton(Circulating Electro Fenton,简称CEF-FeRe)法氧化降解自配乐果废水的过程及其各影响因子的作用机制.CEF-FeRe反应所需的H2O2通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到电解池中,而被氧化了的Fe2 又在阴极被还原,使得Fenton反应能持续进行.在乐果浓度为200mg·L-1时,通过多个单因素试验确定最佳CEF-FeRe反应条件为:常温、pH值为3.0、H2O2/Fe2 的摩尔比为10、H2O2的加入量为理论剂量、恒流0.5A.结果表明,在此条件下反应120min后COD去除率为81.67%,乐果在25min内去除率为99.4%.通过测定CEF-FeRe以及CF反应过程中Fe2 和H2O2的变化情况验证了CEF-FeRe反应的机理.动力学研究结果表明.乐果废水的CEF-FeRe反应符合一级动力学反应规律.CEF-FeRe法处理实际乐果废水也可以得到91.16%的乐果去除及68.53%的COD去除,这表明CEF-FeRe法处理乐果废水效率高且运行费用较低的特点.     

煤化学链燃烧钙铁双氧载体竞争还原反应平衡分析

采用Ca SO4和少量Fe2O3所组成的混合物作为化学链燃烧的复合氧载体,对水蒸汽气化介质条件下煤气化-复合氧载体还原反应展开热力学分析,探讨了双氧载体在燃料反应器中的竞争还原反应机理及铁氧化物与气体硫化物、与煤灰反应的可能性.铁基氧化物主要是起到载氧的作用,其加入有利于提高燃料燃烬度,且不会被过度还原成Fe O或Fe.在850~1050℃反应温度范围,铁氧化物不会与SO2和H2S反应而转化成Fe S或Fe S2.Ca SO4还原副反应生成的Ca O容易与煤灰中Si O2和Al2O3反应,生成钙的硅酸盐和铝酸盐.     

零价铁活化过硫酸钠去除废水中的砷(Ⅴ)

砷是目前人类发现毒性最强的物质之一,水体砷污染已成为一个亟待解决的全球性环境问题.利用零价铁(zero valent iron,ZVI)活化过硫酸钠(sodium persulfate,PS)产生的硫酸根自由基(SO-4·)对As(Ⅴ)溶液的去除能力远远大于PS或ZVI本身.通过控制PS和ZVI投加量、反应温度、初始pH值、As(Ⅴ)溶液初始浓度,研究各变量对As(Ⅴ)溶液的去除效果和动力学影响.通过X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)和环境扫描电镜(SEM)对反应前后的物质结构进行表征分析.结果表明,当As(Ⅴ)溶液浓度为20~100 mg·L~(-1),As(Ⅴ)溶液的去除率都大于98%,并且反应符合准二级动力学.PS能加速ZVI的腐蚀,进而促进As(Ⅴ)溶液的吸附以及与铁的氧化物/氢氧化物的沉淀和共沉淀,从而达到去除As(Ⅴ)溶液的目的.     

零价铁和改性膨润土处置含铀废水的实验对比研究

含铀废水的处理是目前研究的热点。通过静态吸附试验,分别研究了零价铁(ZVI)和热改性膨润土(TAB)对含铀废水中U(Ⅵ)的去除效果,考察了溶液pH值、处置时间、使用量等因素对U(Ⅵ)去除率的影响。结果表明:零价铁对U(Ⅵ)的去除率高,处置时间短,当废水中铀U(Ⅵ)的浓度为30 mg/L时,ZVI的最佳使用量为3.0 g。当pH为5,处置时间10 min时,U(Ⅵ)去除率达到89.5%;延长处置时间,去除率略有增加。热改性膨润土在废水中铀的浓度为30 mg/L时的最佳使用量为0.4 g,过量使用膨润土反而不利于U(Ⅵ)的去除。当pH为4,处置时间120 min时,U(Ⅵ)去除率达到86.5%。动力学分析表明,ZVI处理含铀废水的过程符合一级反应动力学方程,而TAB处理含铀废水的过程接近二级反应动力学方程。     

应用纳米零价铁处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)无氧地下水

研究了实验室自制的纳米零价铁处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)无氧地下水的影响因素、吸附动力学,并结合体系中Fe2+浓度、氧化还原电位、Zeta电位和理论计算得到的pe-pH图对纳米零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的机制进行了探讨.实验结果表明,纳米零价铁对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随着初始Cr(Ⅵ)/Fe质量比的升高而降低.当溶液的pH为7.0,初始Cr(Ⅵ)/Fe质量比为0.025、0.050、0.075和0.100时,相应地Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别为100.0%、85.6%、72.7%和39.6%.酸性条件更有利于纳米零价铁对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,当初始Cr(Ⅵ)/Fe质量比为0.100,溶液的pH为3.0、5.0、7.0、9.0和11.0时,体系中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别为73.4%、57.6%、39.6%、44.1%和41.2%.纳米零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的过程符合拟二级动力学方程.当溶液的pH为7.0,初始Cr(Ⅵ)/Fe质量比为0.025时,吸附速率常数(k)最大,为9.76×10-3g.(mg.m in)-1.Cr2O27-吸附到纳米零价铁表面后被迅速地还原为Cr3+,生成的Cr3+与纳米零价铁表面的FeOOH结合生成Cr-Fe膜.而Cr-Fe膜将阻断电子在纳米零价铁与Cr2O27-之间的传输,Cr(Ⅵ)得不到还原,从而纳米零价铁对Cr2O27-的去除以吸附为主.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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