山东省农业典型地区土壤中PAHs分布特征、来源及生态风险评估

为了探明山东省农业典型地区土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状,采用GC-MS联用技术定量分析了2008—2011年山东省农业典型地区(济宁、宁阳、寿光)土壤中16种PAHs的含量,并对其分布特征、来源以及生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,16种PAHs的平均质量分数为46.3~149.2μg·kg~(-1),且以萘(NAP)和菲(PHE)为主。寿光地区土壤中16种PAHs的平均质量分数最高,其次是宁阳和济宁。由于0~10 cm的表层土壤受人为干扰因素较大,导致16种PAHs含量在表层土壤中较高,且随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。不同使用类型土壤中PAHs含量高低为:水稻土旱作土自然土。特征分子比值法结果显示w(PHE)/w(ANT)15、w(FLT)/w(PYR)1、w(FLT)/[w(FLT)+w(PYR)]0.5以及w(IND)/[w(IND)+w(Bghi P)]0.5,表明该区域土壤中的PAHs主要来源于煤、薪柴和秸秆的不完全燃烧以及木灰和秸秆等有机肥的回田利用。根据荷兰Maliszewska-Kordybach分析方法得到,寿光地区0~10 cm土壤16种PAHs平均质量分数为227.9μg·kg~(-1),属于轻微污染,而宁阳和济宁地区土壤尚处于无污染水平。利用土壤苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBap)评价PAHs的生态风险,结果表明具有致癌性的7种PAHs是TEQBap的主要贡献者,且荷兰土壤标准中的10种PAHs在济宁、宁阳和寿光3个典型农业区0~10 cm土层的TEQBap平均值分别为0.64μg·kg~(-1)、7.41μg·kg~(-1)和13.61μg·kg~(-1),均低于荷兰土壤管理条例规定的目标值,说明山东省农业典型地区土壤PAHs风险较低。     

城市典型工业生产区及附近居住区土壤中PAHs污染特征

用气相色谱法对土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数进行了测定。根据对南京某炼焦厂、某炼钢厂、某芳烃厂、某炼油厂、某化肥厂和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的监测结果,首次报导了南京地区典型工业生产区(厂区)和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的污染特征。结果显示,炼焦厂厂区土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数最高,达到 17638.1 μg/kg,化肥厂最低,仅为 287.5 μg/kg,各行业土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数水平从高到低顺序为:炼焦厂>炼钢厂>芳烃厂>炼油厂>化肥厂。炼焦厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~5 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 96.3%;炼钢厂土壤中 PAHs的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 46.8%;炼油厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 57.1%;芳烃厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 52.2%;化肥厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数为 2 的苊烯、苊,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 24.6%。在本次调查的 5 种类型工业生产区土壤中 PAHs 污染的特     

珠江三角洲表层土壤中的多环芳烃

多环芳烃是一类主要由人类活动排放的有毒有机污染化合物,对人和生物体具有致癌、致畸和致突变效应,是评价土壤生态污染的重要内容之一。文章利用螺旋钻采样、索氏抽提、硅胶氧化铝净化和GC-MS分析,研究了珠江三角洲不同功能区(城市点、郊区点、乡村点)的76个表层土壤样品(耕作土、非耕作土)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,16种优控PAHs的总质量分数范围为31.5~791.6ng·g-1(平均279.1ng·g-1,以干质量计),以萘(44.4%)、菲(13.7%)、荧蒽(8.4%)、芘(4.9%)、■(6.6%)等化合物为主。与国内外其它地区的城市相比较,珠江三角洲地区土壤PAHs的污染程度较低,在组成上也表现出亚热带地区独特的中、低环化合物为主的特征。受人类经济活动的影响,地处珠江三角洲中部的经济工业中心地带,土壤中PAHs含量相对较高。珠三角表层土壤PAHs含量和组成分布主要受大气沉降控制,而与土壤有机碳、pH的相关性较小。高温潮湿的亚热带季风气候是影响珠三角土壤PAHs的降解和迁移的重要环境因素。     

盐城滨海湿地土壤多环芳烃分布特征及影响因素

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用的环境污染物,研究盐城滨海湿地土壤中PAHs的分布特征、来源以及环境因子对其分布的影响,可揭示盐城滨海湿地的污染现状,并为PAHs污染区域修复提供理论依据,进而为我国滨海湿地的生态修复与保护提供科学参考。2019年8月,分别采集研究区域内4种优势植被(互花米草Spartina alterniflora、海三稜藨草Scirpus×mariqueter、白茅Imperata cylindrica和盐地碱蓬Suaeda salsa)覆盖下的表层土壤(0—20 cm)样本21个,并测定PAHs的质量分数。结果显示,(1)盐城滨海湿地土壤中16种多环芳烃(∑_(16)PAHs)的检出率为100%,质量分数范围为227—884 ng·g~(-1),均值为479 ng·g~(-1),其中7种致癌多环芳烃(∑_7PAHs)质量分数范围为79.8—553 ng·g~(-1),均值为286 ng·g~(-1)。研究区内21个点位中,有4个点位处于中度污染水平,其余点位均为轻度污染。不同植被覆盖下土壤中4种PAHs单体质量分数及总质量分数存在显著差异。(2)采用特征比值法和主成分分析法对研究区内土壤PAHs来源进行解析发现,PAHs主要来源于燃烧过程。(3)针对环境因素和PAHs的相关性分析得出,萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)和?(Chr)与土壤含水率(SWC)呈显著正相关关系(P0.05);Chr和二苯并[a,h]蒽(Dah A)与土壤有机质(SOM)呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);苊烯(Acy)与土壤粘粒呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。通过偏相关性分析发现,剔除土壤粒径这一因素后,SOM和SWC与PAHs的相关性显著减弱。剔除植被密度(VD)或土壤p H的影响后,减轻了SOM与PAHs关系的显著程度,而增加了SWC与PAHs的相关性。     

我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况及来源浅析

统计了2004—2007年间公开发表文献中我国表层(0~30 cm)土壤中美国环保署规定的16种优先控制PAHs含量调查数据,总计约41项研究,包括34个市(地)区的2 353个样点,以研究区域的地理位置划分为东北地区、京津及周围地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区和中西南地区5大区域。从全国范围看,我国浅层土壤中PAHs总量范围为ND(未检出)~27 580.9μg·kg~(-1),平均值为1 462.55μg·kg~(-1);7种致癌PAHs含量范围为ND~3 657.67μg·kg~(-1),平均值为636.64μg·kg~(-1),约占PAHs总量的44%。全国2~3环PAHs、4环PAHs和≥5环PAHs所占比例相当。区域间PAHs含量差异较大,处于北方的东北地区、京津及周围地区以及处于南北过渡区的长三角地区表层土壤中PAHs类型主要为4环和≥5环PAHs,代表性单体PAH也多为致癌PAH,处于南方的珠三角地区和中西南地区表层土壤中PAHs主要类型包括2~3环PAHs,代表性单体PAH较少为致癌PAH。利用特征化合物比例法〔Ant/178、Baa/228、Ilp/(Ilp+Bpe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)〕对PAHs来源进行分析,结果表明我国表层土壤中PAHs来源以草、木材和煤燃烧为主,汽车尾气排放及石油源也占相当比例;Ilp/(Ilp+Bpe)与Fla/(Fla+Pyr)比值分析表明,京津及周围地区表层土壤中PAHs来源绝大部分以草、木和煤燃烧为主,而长三角和珠三角地区PAHs来源以汽车尾气排放所占比例较大。从PAHs总量来看,我国有23%的土壤未受PAHs污染,轻微污染土壤占31%,污染土壤占8%,严重污染土壤占38%;根据Bap指标进行的评价结果表明,我国有20%的土壤受到污染。2种评估结果均表明北方受污染土壤样点比例要明显高于南方。     

污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃污染及风险评价

污灌区农田土壤可能受到多环芳烃(PAHs)的严重污染.本文以山西省黎城污灌区为研究对象,对其中农田土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量水平、组成特征以及风险进行分析和评价.结果表明,该污灌区农田土壤中PAHs总含量范围为16.03—1320.95 ng·g~(-1),平均值为226.74 ng·g~(-1).土壤中PAHs以4—6环的PAHs为主,占总量的61%.风险评价结果显示该区域有40%的样品受到污染,其中重度、中度和轻微污染所占比例分别为2.9%、2.9%和34.3%.健康风险评价结果显示,该区域已具有潜在的致癌风险.从污染评价结果以及与山西省内其它区域农田土壤多环芳烃含量比较来看,研究区土壤已经受到PAHs不同程度的污染.在未来环境管理和控制过程中应采取有效措施,以保护人体健康和生态环境安全.     

西江水体中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

为确定西江水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征和来源,分别在洪水期(2003年8月)和枯水期(2003年11月)对西江水体进行了两次水柱采样,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对样品中15种优控的PAHs进行定量分析,并运用分子比值法探寻多环芳烃的来源.结果表明,西江水体溶解相和颗粒相中PAHs的质量浓度分别为21.7～138 ng·L-1,和40.9～238 μg·kg-1.水体中PAHs的总质量浓度(溶解相及颗粒相),洪水季(43.9～116.9 ng·L-1)大于枯水季(25.2～34.1 ng·L-1).溶解相和颗粒相中PAHs质量浓度都表现相同的垂直变化即中层>下层>上层.从PAHs组成特点来看,溶解相以3环的PAHs为主,占总组分的80%;而颗粒相以3环、4环的PAHs为主,分别占总组分的48%和41%.西江水体PAHs的质量浓度,与欧洲其他一些低污染水域相比相对较高;而低于国内一些主要受污染河流.分子比值法表明,西江水体PAHs主要来源于高温燃烧排放.     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

珠三角河网表层水及水产品中多环芳烃的分布特征

为了解珠江三角洲河网水环境中多环芳烃的富集特征及健康风险,为该地居民的水产品日食用量提出建议,应用固相萃取富集法和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法对珠三角河网15个表层水体样品及3种主要水产品中15种美国环保局(USEPA)优控多环芳烃的(PAHs)质量分数进行了测定,分析了其在水产品中的富集特征,并进一步采用USEPA推荐的终生致癌风险增量模型(ILCR)估算通过饮水及食用不同水产品造成的健康风险。研究结果表明,珠三角河网水体中15种优控PAHs总质量浓度(∑_(15)PAHs)范围为15.0~19.4 ng?L~(-1);水产品中∑_(15)PAHs的湿重质量分数范围为13.3~32.5 ng?g~(-1)。PAHs单体的辛醇/水分配系数(logK_(ow))与其生物浓缩系数(logBCF)间存在抛物线关系;而与其生物-沉积物累积因子(log BSAF)间存在线性负相关关系。健康风险评估结果表明,珠三角河网居民通过饮水造成的PAHs致癌风险为1.95×10~(-7)~5.34×10~(-7);通过水产品食用造成的致癌风险为4.88×10~(-6)~1.84×10-5,高于USEPA推荐的可接受风险(10~(-6)),存在一定的潜在致癌风险;水产品食用是珠三角河网居民PAHs暴露的主要途径之一。对于成人来说,西江广东鲂(Megalobrama hoffmanni)肌肉中PAHs产生致癌风险允许的最大日食用量(CR_(lim))范围为96.0~228.5 g?d~(-1),鲮(Cirrhina molitorella)的CR_(lim)范围为136.7~359.0 g?d~(-1),花鰶(Clupanodon thrissa)的CR_(lim)范围为111.5~120.0 g?d~(-1)。     

北京市某废弃焦化厂不同车间土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布特征及风险评价

以北京市某废弃焦化厂为研究对象,系统采集了6个车间0～4m深的26个土壤样本,利用GC/MS检测了U.S.EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了PAHs在焦化厂不同车间表层土壤的污染状况和深层土壤中的垂直分布特征并对土壤污染风险进行了评估.结果表明,1)该废弃焦化厂不同车间表层土壤(0～20cm)总PAHs(∑PAHs)的残留量介于672.8～144814.3ng·g-1之间;污染程度排序为:回收车间>老粗苯车间>焦油车间>炼焦车间>水处理车间>制气车间.2)该厂未受扰动的土壤样品显示PAHs主要聚集在表层土壤,并随着土壤深度的增加而迅速减少;其他样点由于土壤扰动,∑PAHs含量最大值出现在第三层土壤(80～180cm);该厂4m深底层土壤仍有高浓度PAHs,∑PAHs含量最高值出现在炼焦车间,达12953.1ng·g-1.3)焦化厂土壤PAHs污染主要集中在3环和4环的PAHs单体上,分别占到污染总量的51.3%和31.7%.4)根据Maliszewska-Kordybach的PAHs总量标准及加拿大土壤PAHs单体治理标准,该厂回收、老粗苯、焦油和炼焦车间表层和深层土壤PAHs含量均达到重污染水平,并对其周围土地带来较大风险,需要治理.     

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from Songhua River, China

The spatial and temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Songhua River, Harbin, China, were investigated. Seventy-seven samples, 42 water and 35 sediment samples, were collected in April and October of 2007 and January of 2008. The concentrations of total PAHs in water ranged from 163.54 to 2,746.25 ng/L with the average value of 934.62 ng/L, which were predominated by 2- and 3-ring PAHs. The concentrations of total 16 PAHs in sediment ranged from 68.25 to 654.15 ng/g dw with the average value of 234.15 ng/g dw, which were predominated by 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs. Statistical analysis of the PAH concentrations shown that the highest concentrations of the total PAHs were found during rainy season (October of 2007) and the lowest during snowy season (January of 2008). Ratios of specific PAH compounds, including fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) (Flu/(Flu + Pyr)) and phenanthrene/(phenanthrene + anthracene) (An/(Ant + PhA)), were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contaminations. These ratios reflected pyrolytic inputs of PAHs in Songhua River water and a mixed pattern of pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in the Songhua River sediments. Ecotoxicological risk levels calculated for PAHs suggested that there were individual PAHs, which can less frequently cause biological impairment in some samples, but no samples had constituents that may frequently cause biological impairment. Total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent of ΣcPAHs varied from 10.03 to 29.7 ng/g dw and from 0.36 to 1.92 ng/g dw for total toxic tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalent. The level of PAHs indicated a low toxicological risk to this area.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soils around main reservoirs of Jilin Province,China: occurrence,sources and potential human health risk

Study on the occurrence, sources and potential human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soils around reservoirs is of great significance for the people drinking water security. In the present study, representative farmland soil samples around main reservoirs of Jilin Province, China, were investigated for 16 PAHs. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in 32 farmland soil samples ranged from 602.12 to 1271.87 ng/g, with an arithmetic average of 877.23 ng/g, and the sum of seven carcinogenic PAH concentrations ranged from 30.07 to 710.02 ng/g, with a mean value of 229.04 ng/g. The 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were major exist and account for 45.78 and 32.03%, respectively. Non-cancer and cancer risk of pollutants were calculated, and the results indicate that the complex PAHs in farmland soils were not considered to pose significant health effects. The isomer ratios Fla/(Fla + Pyr) and BaA/(BaA + Chr) show that the PAHs in soils were generally derived from biomass and coal combustion.     

北京城市道路积尘中多环芳烃的分布特征

从2006年4月至2007年7月,对北京市不同类型道路的路面积尘进行了16个月的连续采样和分析,结果显示,交通道路路面积尘的3种粒径中∑16PAHs范围为123.71～18489.5ng/g,其16个月的几何均值为2378.28～4834.68ng/g,其中以3、4环为主。冬春季路面积尘中的多环芳烃含量高于夏秋季;交通道路路面积尘中的多环芳烃含量均比对照点高,不同类型的道路也呈现出差异,在同一条道路的机动车道、自行车道和人行道也表现出显著的差异。     

Vertical distribution and environmental significance of PAHs in soil profiles in Beijing,China

Vertical distribution of both the concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ten profiles in Beijing has been investigated. The results showed that PAH concentrations and compositions in topsoil from different sampling sites were different. PAH concentrations were much higher in topsoil of the investigated urban area, industrial region, and paddy field with wastewater irrigation than in other areas. Moreover, PAH concentrations in topsoil were much higher than those at greater depth, where the concentrations were relatively consistent in most soil profiles. The fingerprints of PAHs in the samples from topsoil (0–30 cm) in the same profiles were similar and were obviously different from those at greater depth, suggesting that PAH sources were consistent in topsoil samples and were discriminating between topsoil and deeper soils. PAHs in topsoil mainly arose from mixed sources of combustion of liquid fuel, coal, and/or wood, as well as wastewater irrigation, while those at greater depth were derived from soil genesis and the process of soil formation.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around Guanting Reservoir,Beijing, China

The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑ 16PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) in 56 topsoil samples around Guanting Reservior (GTR), which is an important water source for Beijing. Low to medium levels of PAH contamination (mean=394.2±580.7 ng g^?1 dry weight (d.w.)) was evident throughout the region. In addition, localised areas of high PAH contamination near steel and cement factories were identified, with ∑ 16PAHs concentrations as high as 4110 ng/g, dry weight (d.w.). There was a significant positive correlation (r²=0.570, p<0.01) between total organic carbon content and ∑ 16PAHs concentrations. Phenanthrene was the predominant compound, accounting for 27.2% of the ∑ PAH concentration, followed by chrysene>pyrene>benzo[a]anthracene≈ benzo[b]fluoranthene≈ benzo[a]pyrene. Four-ring PAH homologues (39%) were dominant. The higher proportion of 4–6 ring homologues, molecular indices, and the spatial distribution of PAH indicated that industrial discharges, incineration of wastes and traffic discharges were the major sources of soil PAHs around the water reservoir.     

太湖胥口湾表层水和沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平及生态风险

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的稠环类化合物,由于其对人体健康和生态环境产生较大危害,美国环保局将16种PAHs列为优先控制的污染物。PAHs也是太湖流域的主要污染物之一。作为华东地区的重要水系和水源地,研究太湖环境质量的变化对改善太湖流域水生生态系统和提高沿岸居民身体健康具有重要意义。论文研究了太湖胥口湾水域表层水和沉积物的PAHs。结果显示,表层水和沉积物的PAHs总浓度分别为7.2~83 ng·L~(-1)和66~620ng·g~(-1)干重;年均值为29 ng·L~(-1)和218 ng·g~(-1)干重;年均毒性当量浓度为2.4 ng·L~(-1)和28 ng·g~(-1)干重。沉积物中的主要污染物为荧蒽、芘和,影响毒性当量浓度的主要是苯并(a)芘和二苯并(a,h)蒽。4环PAHs在沉积物中占主要,其浓度百分比为44%~48%,而5环PAHs则占毒性当量总浓度的90%以上,说明其危害主要来自5环PAHs。PAHs特征化合物比值分析表明,胥口湾沉积物中PAHs主要来源于煤和木材燃烧,表层水大部分为燃烧和石油的混合来源。污染水平的时空变化特点为丰水期(8月)表层水PAHs浓度偏高,沉积物偏低。湖区和湖岸的PAHs浓度只在丰水期有显著差异,表层水PAHs浓度湖区高于湖岸,沉积物相反;其他时期湖区和湖岸PAHs浓度无显著差异。根据加拿大沉积物环境质量标准,胥口湾整体生态风险水平较低。从时空分布特征来看,个别生态风险较高的点主要分布在湖岸,5月平水期可能是沉积物中PAHs生态风险较高的频发期。     

Spatial distribution of PAHs in a contaminated valley in Southeast China

A survey was conducted on the accumulation and spatial distribution of PAHs in surface soils under different land use patterns in a valley in the Yangtze Delta region with an area of 10 km² containing 15 small copper- and zinc-smelting furnaces. Sixty-five topsoil (0–20 cm) samples were collected and 16 PAHs were determined. The average amount of all the 16 PAHs ranged from 0 to 530 μg kg⁻¹ (oven dry basis), with a mean concentration of 33.2 μg kg⁻¹. Benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1, 2, 3, -cd]pyrene were the two main PAHs present at high concentrations, while pyrene and fluorene had very low concentrations. PAH concentrations were higher in uncultivated than in cultivated soils, and areas of woods and shrubbery had the␣lowest soil PAH contents. The average PAH-homologue concentrations ranked as follows: 5-rings >> 3-rings, 4-rings > 6-rings >2-rings. Much higher concentrations of PAHs were found in the southern part of the sampling area, perhaps due to deposition of airborne particles by the southeasterly winds in winter and spring. We conclude that the small smelting furnaces were the dominant source of PAHs that accumulated in the soils and the southeasterly winds led to the spatial distribution of PAHs in the topsoils. Land vegetation cover and soil utilization patterns also affected the accumulation and distribution of soil PAHs.     

热带砖红壤生长的小白菜吸收和累积PAHs的特征

为了了解和掌握热带土壤栽培的小白菜（Brassica rapa L. Chinensis Group.）对多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的吸收和累积规律,为热带土壤的安全利用及农产品安全生产提供科学依据,于2013 年5-9 月在海南省农垦科学院海口试验站网室内进行了小白菜盆栽试验.各处理土壤分别施加3 种单体 PAHs 的质量分数梯度为0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·kg^-1,撒播小白菜种子出苗后,每盆留苗6 株,自然条件,常规管理,各处理小白菜培养30 d 后收获.小白菜和土壤样品,用超声水浴萃取,层析小柱净化后,利用气相色谱-质谱法测定样品中的3 种PAHs.结果表明,小白菜根和叶中3 种PAHs 累积量随土壤施加质量分数的升高而增加,根部和叶对Phe 最大累积量分别为86.25 ng·g^-1 和37.18 ng·g^-1,而对 BaP 的最大累积量分别为20.78 ng·g^-1 和3.56 ng·g^-1;小白菜根对Phe 与Fla 的生物富集系数较大,且二者无明显差异,但对 BaP 的生物富集系数较小,且差异显著（P=0.006）;3 种PAHs 单体在各种处理土壤中的残留在 84.49%-94.03%之间,各单体之间无明显差异,各处理之间也无明显差异.说明热带土壤生长的小白菜根和叶中3 种单体 PAHs 浓度显著低于其土壤中的浓度,且根部积累3 种单体PAHs 的浓度显著高于其叶中的浓度;小白菜叶对BaP 的吸收和累积量极少;小白菜根更易吸收和累积Phe 和Fla;小白菜生长30 d 后,绝大部分PAHs 仍残留在土壤中.     

An investigation into the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two soil size fractions at a former industrial site in NE England,UK using in situ PFE–GC–MS

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were determined in 16 topsoils (0–10 cm) collected across the site of a former tar works in NE England. The soils were prepared in the laboratory to two different particle size fractions: <250 μm (fraction A) and >250 μm to <2 mm (fraction B). Sixteen priority PAHs were analysed in the soils using in situ pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) followed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The average total PAH concentration in the soils ranged from 9.0 to 1,404 mg/kg (soil fraction A) and from 6.6 to 872 mg/kg (soil fraction B). These concentrations are high compared with other industrially contaminated soils reported in the international literature, indicating that the tar works warrants further investigation/remediation. A predominance of higher-molecular-weight compounds was determined in the samples, suggesting that the PAHs were of pyrogenic (anthropogenic) origin. Statistical comparison (t-test) of the mean total PAH concentrations in soil fractions A and B indicated that there was a significant difference (95% confidence interval) between the fractions in all but two of the soil samples. Additionally, comparisons of the distributions of individual PAHs (i.e. 16 PAHs × 16 soil samples) in soil fractions A and B demonstrated generally higher PAH concentrations in fraction A (i.e. 65.8% of all individual PAH concentrations were higher in soil fraction A). This is important because fraction A corresponds to the particle size thought to be most important in terms of human contact with soils and potential threats to human health.     

曹妃甸和黄骅港近岸海域表层水体中PAHs的分布、来源及风险评价

曹妃甸和黄骅港是河北省近海工业布局和港口分布较密集的区域,对其近岸海域海水水质进行监测具有重要意义。2014年9月采集研究区近岸海域表层海水,并利用GC-MS对其中16种优先控制PAHs进行测定。结果表明,曹妃甸和黄骅港近岸海域表层海水中∑PAHs含量分别为52.6~192.1 ng·L~(-1)和85.4~156 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为74.59 ng·L~(-1)和121.45 ng·L~(-1)。黄骅港近岸海域∑PAHs含量高于曹妃甸近岸海域的含量,但PAHs的种类没有差异。对比其他研究区域水体中PAHs的含量,本区域表层海水中PAHs的含量处于中等水平,属于轻污染。异构体比值结合该区域现状分析初步判断,研究区表层海水中PAHs来源于石油污染和煤、生物质等的燃烧。应用风险商值法(RQ)对研究区域表层海水中PAHs的生态风险进行评价,结果表明该海域存在低生态风险,需采取措施控制PAHs的污染。