异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌YL的脱氮特性

针对传统自养硝化-厌氧反硝化工艺流程长、脱氮效率低的问题,从驯化成熟且具有高效同步硝化反硝化作用的SBR反应器中筛得1株异养硝化菌YL,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),并通过单因子试验和正交试验对其异养硝化和好氧反硝化特性进行了研究.结果表明,菌株YL进行氨氧化作用的最适条件为:碳源为琥珀酸钠、C/N为10、p H为7.0、温度为30℃、转速为160~200 r·min-1,此时氨氧化速率为5.05 mg·(g·h)-1,TOC转化速率为45.95 mg·(g·h)-1,氨氮和TOC去除率分别为100%和90.8%;菌株YL还能够利用亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和羟胺进行生长代谢,去除率分别为92.7%、93.6%和94.8%;影响菌株YL好氧反硝化性能最主要的因素为C/N,在最优条件(C/N=10,T=30℃,r=200 r·min-1,p H=7)下,硝氮去除率为94.6%,总氮去除率76.3%.表明菌株YL能够独立快速高效地完成异养硝化和好氧反硝化脱氮过程.     

一株好氧反硝化菌的反硝化性能研究

从长期运行的生物滤塔中筛选出一株好氧反硝化菌株A1,经鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida。文章目的是对A1的反硝化特性进行研究,结果表明A1菌株在好氧条件下能有效去除培养液中的硝酸盐氮,24h脱氮率可达到94.84%。C/N对菌株A1的好氧反硝化能力有很大影响,当C/N>5时,基本能够进行完全的反硝化。和其他已报道的好氧反硝化菌相比,A1菌株有着更高的氧耐受浓度。菌株A1能够以硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐和氧气为电子受体进行协同呼吸,硝酸盐呼吸和亚硝酸盐呼吸都具有较高的脱氮效率,并且亚硝酸盐呼吸要较硝酸盐呼吸更容易进行。以丁二酸盐、葡萄糖和乙酸盐作为碳源时,其脱氮效果均要明显好于乙醇作为碳源。     

厌氧-好氧-缺氧短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺研究

构建了主要由厌氧-好氧-缺氧构成的短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺,并在常温条件下用于生活污水的处理.研究发现,通过调节反应器内好氧区的pH(8.2～8.7)和溶解氧(DO为3～5mg·L-1)能实现该工艺的快速启动,在好氧区内实现亚硝酸盐的累积.在稳定运行期内,DO是影响短程硝化的主要影响因素,好氧1区DO控制在1.5～2.0mg·L-1,好氧2区DO控制在0.5～1.0mg·L-1,好氧区内亚硝酸盐氮累积浓度稳定在5～10mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达到90%以上.各反应单元内碳源、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对除磷贡献的研究表明,该工艺的缺氧段实现了在不外加碳源的情况下以亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐共同作为电子受体的反硝化除磷,反硝化除磷量占系统总除磷量的80%以上.     

含水层介质中1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定与脱氮性能

从受氮污染浅层含水层介质中分离纯化得到1株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌XK51,经过菌落形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为假单胞菌属恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Putida)。脱氮性能结果表明:XK51为兼性反硝化细菌,能在好氧或缺厌氧条件下高效反硝化脱氮,最大和平均反硝化速率分别为27.3,4.4 mg/(L·h),硝酸盐脱除率为95.3%;该菌株同时具有较高异养硝化能力,最大和平均硝化速率分别为4.2,1.4 mg/(L·h),氨氮脱除率为98.5%。XK51最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,适宜生长温度为28~35 ℃,最适温度为30 ℃;适宜生长pH为6.5~8.0,最适pH为7.0。XK51可同时进行异养硝化及同步硝化-反硝化,培养期间未出现明显亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐累积,在含氮污废水处理和地下水氮污染修复方面具有潜在工程应用价值。     

耐冷嗜碱蒙氏假单胞菌H97的鉴定及其好氧反硝化特性

结合形态、磷脂脂肪酸及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定了分离自贵州冬水田的好氧反硝化菌株H97,采用模拟废水探讨了不同温度、接菌量、C/N、初始p H和碳源种类对菌株H97反硝化能力的影响.结果表明,菌株H97为蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii),目前国内外尚无蒙氏假单胞菌具有耐冷嗜碱好氧反硝化作用的研究报道,是对好氧反硝化菌的补充;该菌的最适脱氮条件为15℃、p H 9.0、C/N 15、接种量1.5×106CFU·(100 m L)-1,碳源丁二酸钠.此外,菌株H97在p H为7.0~11.0时,均表现出良好的脱氮能力,对硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率分别可达91.21%和79.10%以上,初始p H为12.0时,对硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率仍分别达64.75%和36.78%,表现出了较强耐碱能力.在初始硝酸盐氮浓度为50.0 mg·L-1和最适脱氮条件下,菌株H97在48 h内对硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率可达97.69%和96.32%.同时,H97对温度适应范围广,在15~40℃均具有较强好氧反硝化能力,是1株耐冷嗜碱好氧反硝化细菌,在碱性氮污染水体处理中具有较好的应用潜力.     

一株异养硝化好氧反硝化菌的筛选鉴定及其脱氮特性

从长期施用农家肥的土壤中筛选出一株异养硝化好氧反硝化菌SQ2,经形态学和16S rRNA同源性分析,初步确定该菌株为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..实验研究了菌株SQ2对氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的去除特性,通过改变碳氮比、pH、接种量、碳源、温度和转速考察了菌株异养硝化条件,并探究了菌株耐高氨氮特性.结果表明,在28℃、180 r·min~(-1)好氧条件下,菌株SQ2对氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮去除率分别达到100%、99.6%和96.9%,异养硝化体系中氮源降解速率、COD去除速率及菌株生长量均要高于好氧反硝化体系.菌株SQ2异养硝化最适条件为:碳氮比为12,pH为7~9,接种量为5%,碳源为琥珀酸钠,温度为28℃,转速为180~220 r·min~(-1).菌株SQ2具有良好的耐高氨氮特性,对实际高氨氮猪场废水脱氮效果良好,在高氨氮污水等生物处理方面具有良好的应用前景.     

反硝化菌株DA-1的脱氮研究

菌株DA-1被发现能在好氧和厌氧环境中将硝酸盐转化为气态氮。在以NO3-为唯一氮源的条件下研究了碳源、C/N和pH值对菌株DA-1好氧和厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响。结果表明:同等条件下,48 h内菌株DA-1的厌氧脱氮效率高于好氧脱氮率;菌株DA-1能在好氧和厌氧条件下利用乙酸、柠檬酸以及葡萄糖进行细胞增殖和反硝化。在厌氧条件下,三者作为碳源时的反硝化效率分别为(34.04±0.15)%、(22.72±0.32)%和(11.32±0.06)%,均低于好氧条件下的(25.38±0.14)%、(17.52±0.11)%和(8.06±0.01)%。2种条件下均是乙酸为碳源时反硝化效率最高。而丁二酸仅能在厌氧环境中作为电子供体参与反硝化反应。C/N越高越有利于菌株DA-1的厌氧反硝化,当C/N为10时,反硝化效率最高为(35.06±0.19)%。而在好氧条件下,菌株反硝化效率随着C/N的升高,先升高再降低,当C/N为8时,反硝化效率最高;好氧和厌氧脱氮的最适pH值为7.0。体系偏酸或者偏碱都会造成菌株DA-1脱氮效率的降低并出现亚硝酸盐累积。厌氧环境中pH=5.0时累积的亚硝酸盐浓度高达(8.95±2.05)mg/mL。     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌株的脱氮特性及氮/碳平衡分析

针对生物法处理贫营养水源水存在脱氮效率不高,脱氮过程电子转移不清楚等问题,以具有高效脱氮功能的贫营养好氧反硝化菌Acinetobacter junii ZMF5为研究对象,探究了菌株脱氮性能、环境适应性及反硝化过程中的电子转移.结果表明:①菌株ZMF5具有高效的异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力,氨氮和硝氮去除速率分别为0.211 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和0.236 mg·(L·h)~(-1),并且在反应过程中无中间产物的累积;②通过氮素去除率以及菌株生长动力学分析,菌株ZMF5对不同类型的碳源均有一定的利用效果,在低C/N、低pH、低温的条件下仍表现出较好的氮去除性能;③氮平衡分析可知,比起碳水化合物羧酸盐化合物更能促进好氧反硝化过程的发生,使菌株脱氮途径发生变化,转化为气态氮(38.81%)的比例大于同化作用的氮(29.81%);④碳平衡分析可得,在反硝化过程中大部分碳源用于电子供体,而用于硝氮还原的电子较少,不同类型的碳源通过不同的还原势、电子供体的丰度和分子量来调节电子向硝酸盐呼吸链的转移.琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii ZMF5)将为微污染水源水体氮污染控制工程提供一定的菌源保障.     

耐高氨氮异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌TN-14的鉴定及其脱氮性能

从环境中筛选出1株耐高氨氮、具有产絮、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的新菌株TN-14,对其进行生理生化特征及分子鉴定、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力以及产絮性能的考察,并研究其与耐氨氮能力以及对高氨氮猪场废水的除污性能.根据菌株生理生化特征以及分子鉴定结果,可初步确定菌株TN-14为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..异养硝化反应体系中,24 h内菌株TN-14对氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达到97.13%和93.53%;硝酸盐反硝化体系中,24 h内硝态氮从94.24 mg·L-1降到39.32mg·L-1,硝态氮的去除率达到58.28%,反硝化速率为2.28 mg·(L·h)-1;亚硝酸盐反硝化体系中,亚硝态氮从反应初始浓度97.78 mg·L-1下降到21.30 mg·L-1,亚硝态氮去除率达78.22%,反硝化速率为2.55 mg·(L·h)-1.菌株TN-14具有良好的产絮特性,其培养液对0.4%的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达94.74%;菌株TN-14能够在氨氮高达1200 mg·L-1的环境下生长.菌株TN-14对实际猪场废水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到85.30%、65.72%、64.86%和79.41%,在实际高氨废水生物处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

拉乌尔菌sari01的分离及其异养硝化好氧反硝化特性

拉乌尔菌属是肠杆菌科中新分类的一个属,具有降解多种环境污染物的能力.本研究通过异养硝化培养基富集,从活性污泥中筛选出1株拉乌尔菌,命名为sari01.通过单因素和响应曲面实验研究,得出菌株sari01硝化作用的最适条件:碳源为柠檬酸钠、pH为7.0~7.5、温度为30℃、C/N为15、接种量为7.5%、溶氧以装液量计取50 mL,此时氨氮去除率可达99.9%,其中33.7%被转化成气体而去除,剩余部分转化为细胞生物量.菌株sari01能够利用亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行生长,在优化培养条件下氮的去除率分别为98.4%和65.2%.说明菌株sari01具有很强的异养硝化和好氧反硝化特性,能够独立完成异养硝化和好氧反硝化脱氮过程,在污水处理中具有潜在的应用价值.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.