模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对氧化亚铁硫杆菌活性的影响

从浙江温州某制革厂污泥中筛选到1株细菌,对其形态和16S rDNA序列研究表明,细菌细胞呈杆状,革兰氏染色阴性,其16S rDNA序列与嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌标准菌株Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270的序列相似度为99%,可鉴定为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,暂命名为WZ-1.为了研究电镀污泥浸出液中重金属离子对WZ-1活性的影响,考察了Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+这4种重金属离子及5种不同模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1 Fe2+氧化活性和表观呼吸速率的影响,结果表明菌株在接种量6.7%、初始pH 2.0、温度30℃、转速150 r·min-1的条件下,浓度分别为5.0 g·L-1、0.1 g·L-1的Ni2+、Cr3+对WZ-1的活性没有影响;WZ-1对Ni2+、Cr3+、Cu2+、Zn2+的最大耐受浓度分别为:30.0、0.1、2.5、30.0 g·L-1;5种模拟电镀污泥重金属浸出液对WZ-1活性的影响有明显差异,抑制强弱顺序为:Cu/Ni/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Zn>Cu/Cr/Zn>Cu/Ni/Cr>Ni/Cr/Zn.     

氯化剂对铁尾矿焙烧过程中重金属挥发的影响

针对铁尾矿中的重金属,采用氯化焙烧方法进行分离.考察了不同氯化剂（CaCl₂、NaCl和AlCl₃·6H₂O）在不同温度下对铁尾矿中重金属（Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu）挥发率的影响.结果表明：添加AlCl₃·6H₂O作为氯化剂时,由于其在135℃时过早分解,在1000℃时重金属的最高挥发率均在30%以下.添加NaCl可使重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的挥发率达到90%以上,但Cr和Ni的挥发率分别只有16.2%和30.0%.CaCl₂与NaCl、AlCl₃·6H₂O相比具有最好的去除效果,在900℃的焙烧温度下,能够去除大部分的Pb（97.5%）、Zn（99.0%）和Cu（93.3%）,且Ni、Cr在1000℃时最大挥发率分别为31.9%和49.5%.此外,浸出实验表明,焙烧渣中Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu浸出浓度均低于GB16889-2008相关限值要求.     

新疆地表水体重金属生态风险评估

系统分析新疆主要地表水体中重金属暴露特征,并基于可利用的毒性数据,采用安全阈值法（MOS₁₀）评价了水体中6种典型重金属对水生生物的生态风险.结果表明：新疆地表水重金属暴露浓度平均顺序为Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd >Pb,均值都未超过世界卫生组织（WHO）饮用水健康标准.重金属生态风险评价结果表明,短期暴露下,6种重金属的MOS₁₀均大于1,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为9.95%、9.40%、9.40%、1.72%、6.08%和0,说明6种重金属对水生生物的短期生态风险较小;长期暴露下,Zn的MOS₁₀大于1,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的MOS₁₀均小于1,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为15.40%、12.01%、24.80%、15.70%、98.25%和0,说明Zn的生态风险较低,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni对水生生物具有长期潜在的生态风险,且6种重金属对水生生物的生态风险大小依次为Ni > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Zn.     

利用EDTA溶液淋洗修复重金属污染土壤

通过室内模拟实验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了不同浓度、pH值、淋洗时间的EDTA溶液对污染土壤中Ph、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr的去除,并利用一级反应动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合。结果表明：在实验条件下,EDTA为0．05mol／L、pH值=7、液土比为10：1、淋洗时间为18h的条件下能达到对污染土壤重金属最大去除率,去除率分别为zn85．26％、Cu21．65％、Pb16．76％、Ni7．83％、Cr6．29％。模型拟合结果表明,转移系数最大的是Cr,其次是Cu、Pb、Zn,最后是Ni,说明在土壤淋洗过程中Cr最先达到质量转移的平衡状态,然后是Cu、Pb、Zn,最后是Ni。     

1株嗜酸硫杆菌的分离鉴定及其对污染底泥中重金属的去除效果

采用常规细菌分离方法,从河流底泥中筛选到1株细菌FD97,通过序批式摇瓶培养考察了不同温度下(22~40℃)该菌株对污染底泥中Zn、Cu和Cr的去除效果.结果表明,形态学和16S rDNA序列同源性分析鉴定菌株FD97为嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillussp.).在22~40℃条件下,以Acidithiobacillussp.FD97为主要菌株的生物沥浸作用可有效去除污染底泥中Zn、Cu和Cr.沥浸处理16 d,Zn、Cu和Cr的去除率可分别达70%、90%和25%.从底泥pH值变化、SO42-产生以及重金属去除率角度衡量不同温度的底泥沥浸处理效果依次为:34℃28℃≈40℃22℃.控温28℃较适宜今后的实际应用.底泥重金属生物沥浸去除率的大小与底泥pH值变化密切相关,与温度无直接关系.当底泥pH值降至5.0、3.5和2.5时,底泥中Zn、Cu和Cr分别开始溶出,pH值降为2.0,重金属去除率达最大.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属迁移特性研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结处理过程6种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn)迁移特性开展系统实验研究,烧结实验在高温箱式电炉上进行,着重考察烧结温度、时间、制样压力等条件对重金属残留率的影响.结果表明:Cr残留率随温度升高而显著提高,Cu、Zn残留率随温度升高有所波动;烧结时间对Cu残留率影响显著,对其它5种金属影响不明显;在一定范围内,6种重金属残留率随制样压力增大而提高;Cd、Pb易于挥发,而Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn不易挥发;烧结温度、时间、制样压力对各种重金属残留率的影响程度各不相同;烧结处理可以固化大部分重金属,同时飞灰中重金属在烧结过程中的残留率因种类不同而呈现显著差异.     

焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属迁移特性中试研究

通过中试试验研究垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的迁移特性,着重研究重金属在熔渣中的固化效果,考察了温度（1 290℃、1 320℃、1 360 ℃）、助熔剂（10 %的玻璃粉）、冷却方式（水冷、空冷）对重金属固定率的影响.结果表明,温度的提高使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的固定率都有一定的提高;加入10%的玻璃粉使各种重金属的固定率都有显著提高,只有Zn例外;对Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni,空气冷却方式下的重金属固定率比水冷方式下的高.     

菲降解菌ZJF08对几种金属离子耐受浓度的测定

在最适温度和pH条件下考察了4种金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Pb2+对假单胞菌ZJF08的生长及降解菲能力的影响,并测定了ZJF08对各种金属离子最大耐受浓度。结果表明,除Zn2+对降解菲具有微弱的促进作用外,Cu2+,Ni2+,Pb2+均具有抑制作用。ZJF08在含Cu2+浓度为1 mg/L的平板上无法生长,ZJF08对Zn2+耐受的浓度为16.8 mg/L,对Ni2+的耐受浓度为9.2 mg/L,对Pb2+的耐受浓度为6.7mg/L。     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

高速公路沿线PM2.5中重金属污染特征

为研究高速公路沿线PM_(2. 5)中重金属的污染特征,于2018年3～8月分3次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)的服务区、收费站、隧道和公路沿线的PM_(2. 5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2. 5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)浓度,分析其污染状况和分布情况,并利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法评价其污染特征、潜在生态危害程度.结果表明,3条高速公路服务区和收费站的PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中重金属均未表现出显著差异.高速公路沿线中PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中的重金属显示为特长隧道长隧道公路沿线、服务区和收费站,重金属浓度从高到低依次为Zn(3. 8μg·m~(-3))、Pb(10. 2×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cr(6. 8×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cu(3. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Ni(1. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))和Cd(0. 1×10-2μg·m~(-3)).不同月份PM_(2. 5)及PM_(2. 5)中重金属浓度的显著差异可归结为温度和降水的影响.其中PM_(2. 5)的浓度与温度呈反相关,而PM_(2. 5)中Zn浓度与温度呈极显著正相关,主要是由于温度升高加重轮胎磨损和金属腐蚀.高速公路PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染程度和潜在生态危害程度表现为Zn和Cd Pb Cu Ni和Cr,其中Zn和Cd污染及危害程度是评价标准中最严重的等级,大气污染防治计划应着重考虑交通源的Zn和Cd污染.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.