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1.
Wibeck V 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):776-787
In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper
investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode
of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived
by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among
many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain “level,” i.e., “higher” or “lower,” in the MBO system—that
is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as “in” and “out”
contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical
ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be
managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and
thinking about its constituent “levels.” 相似文献
2.
The history of the establishment and management philosophies of the mainland Portuguese Protected Areas was reconstructed
through the use of written records and oral history interviews. The objectives were to review the main philosophies in the
creation and management of these areas, to assess the influence of international PA models, to compare the Portuguese case
with other European and international literature concerning PAs and to discuss the value of the oral history in this research.
As main results, it was found that the initial management model of “Wilderness (or Yellowstone)” was replaced by the “new
paradigm” of PAs when the democracy was re-established. Changes in the management philosophies within this “new paradigm”
were also identified, which resulted in the transition of a “Landscape” to a “Nature conservation” model. After the establishment
of the Natura 2000 network, the “Biodiversity conservation” model prevailed. It was also found that the initiative for the
establishment of most PAs came from the government, although there were few cases of creation due to the action of NGOs and
municipalities. Finally, oral history interviews enabled the addition of information to the literature review, but also provided
more insight and detail to this history. 相似文献
3.
Resource management issues continually change over time in response to coevolving social, economic, and ecological systems.
Under these conditions adaptive management, or “learning by doing,” offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative
approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension
approaches alongside more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. In
this paper the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is presented to illustrate how such learning-based
approaches can be used to help communities develop, apply, and refine technical information within a larger context of shared
understanding. To outline how this works in practice, we use a case study involving pest management. Particular attention
is paid to the issues that emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations.
Finally, the potential role of the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive
management processes is examined. 相似文献
4.
Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies
and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity
and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are
relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects
in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative,
case study–based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the
second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured
interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case
data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive
management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven “imperatives”
that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference
to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of
these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions
for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 相似文献
5.
Benefits-based management seeks to provide recreation benefits for recreation participants by managing the physical environments
in which recreation occurs. This study investigates the relationship between benefits desired by visitors and the physical,
social, and managerial characteristics of settings that facilitate realization of recreation benefits. Data such as perceived
benefits from recreation experiences, setting attributes that significantly influenced perceived benefits, and sociodemographic
variables were collected from 376 visitors to Sorak-san National Park in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula. Cluster
analysis was used to group visitors' desired benefits into 12 domains: relationship with nature/scenery, escaping pressure,
learning about nature, family togetherness, introspection, exploration, autonomy/achievement, being with friends, leading
others, skills/learning, risk taking, and meeting/observing new people. Multiple regression was used to link benefit domains
with the characteristics of settings. The social attribute of recreation settings was linked to eight of the ten benefit domains.
There were two statistically strong multiple regression correlations: (1) between domain of “relationship with nature /scenery”
and the attributes “forest/water,”“attractive nature,” and “facility/maintenance” and (2) between the domain of “escaping
pressure” and the attributes “attractive nature” and “social.” The results of this study are useful to managers in their efforts
to provide recreation opportunities for visitors to achieve beneficial outcomes. 相似文献
6.
Ton Baars 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):601-628
For further development of organic agriculture, it will become increasingly essential to integrate experienced innovative
practitioners in research projects. The characteristics of this process of co-learning have been transformed into a research
approach, theoretically conceptualized as “experiential science” (Baars 2007, Baars and Baars 2007). The approach integrates social sciences, natural sciences, and human sciences. It is derived from action research and belongs
to the wider field of transdiscliplinary research. In a dialogue-based culture of equality and mutual exchange the principal
of a “bottom-up” experiential learning process can be stimulated and fully reflective. It provides an opportunity to develop
organic agriculture as multiple best-practices based on transdisciplinary projects, cases studies, and case series. The aim
of the article is to describe the methodological characteristics and the theoretical and practical potential of experiential
science for research in and development of organic farming. Three characteristic projects are outlined to illustrate the main
elements of the methodology: the retrospective reflection on intuitive and experiential knowledge held by farmers; the knowledge
derived from on-farm experimentation; the exchange of knowledge and experiences between farming pioneers within a “masterclass”
setting. The study concludes that experiential science offers an important philosophical reconciliation process whereby a
synthesis of different approaches to research becomes possible in solving real-life problems: quantitative and qualitative,
subjective and objective, reductionistic and holistic, practice and science. Recognizing that there are multiple elements
contributing to the process of acquiring knowledge, experiential science draws on a broad field of scientific methods thereby
integrating the hermeneutic approach of social sciences and the Humanities with the established methods of contemporary natural
science. 相似文献
7.
Public Sector Reform and Governance for Adaptation: Implications of New Public Management for Adaptive Capacity in Mexico and Norway 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Although many governments are assuming the responsibility of initiating adaptation policy in relation to climate change, the
compatibility of “governance-for-adaptation” with the current paradigms of public administration has generally been overlooked.
Over the last several decades, countries around the globe have embraced variants of the philosophy of administration broadly
called “New Public Management” (NPM) in an effort to improve administrative efficiencies and the provision of public services.
Using evidence from a case study of reforms in the building sector in Norway, and a case study of water and flood risk management
in central Mexico, we analyze the implications of the adoption of the tenets of NPM for adaptive capacity. Our cases illustrate
that some of the key attributes associated with governance for adaptation—namely, technical and financial capacities; institutional
memory, learning and knowledge; and participation and accountability—have been eroded by NPM reforms. Despite improvements
in specific operational tasks of the public sector in each case, we show that the success of NPM reforms presumes the existence
of core elements of governance that have often been found lacking, including solid institutional frameworks and accountability.
Our analysis illustrates the importance of considering both longer-term adaptive capacities and short-term efficiency goals
in public sector administration reform. 相似文献
8.
Current “business as usual” projections suggest greenhouse gas emissions from industrialized nations will grow substantially
over the next decade. However, if it comes into force, the Kyoto Protocol will require industrialized nations to reduce emissions
to an average of 5% below 1990 levels in the 2008–2012 period. Taking early action to close this gap has a number of advantages.
It reduces the risks of passing thresholds that trigger climate change “surprises.” Early action also increases future generations'
ability to choose greater levels of climate protection, and it leads to faster reductions of other pollutants. From an economic
sense, early action is important because it allows shifts to less carbon-intensive technologies during the course of normal
capital stock turnover. Moreover, many options for emission reduction have negative costs, and thus are economically worthwhile,
because of paybacks in energy costs, healthcare costs, and other benefits. Finally, early emission reductions enhance the
probability of successful ratification and lower the risk of noncompliance with the protocol. We discuss policy approaches
for the period prior to 2008. Disadvantages of the current proposals for Credit for Early Action are the possibility of adverse
selection due to problematic baseline calculation methods as well as the distributionary impacts of allocating a part of the
emissions budget already before 2008. One simple policy without drawbacks is the so-called baseline protection, which removes
the disincentive to early action due to the expectation that businesses may, in the future, receive emission rights in proportion
to past emissions. It is particularly important to adopt policies that shift investment in long-lived capital stock towards
less carbon-intensive technologies and to encourage innovation and technology development that will reduce future compliance
costs. 相似文献
9.
Yann Devos Pieter Maeseele Dirk Reheul Linda Van Speybroeck Danny De Waele 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(1):29-61
Via a historical reconstruction, this paper primarily demonstrates how the societal debate on genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) gradually extended in terms of actors involved and concerns reflected. It is argued that the implementation of recombinant
DNA technology out of the laboratory and into civil society entailed a “complex of concerns.” In this complex, distinctions
between environmental, agricultural, socio-economic, and ethical issues proved to be blurred. This fueled the confusion between
the wider debate on genetic modification and the risk assessment of transgenic crops in the European Union. In this paper,
the lasting skeptical and/or ambivalent attitude of Europeans towards agro-food biotechnology is interpreted as signaling
an ongoing social request – and even a quest – for an evaluation of biotechnology with Sense and Sensibility. In this (re)quest, a broader-than-scientific dimension is sought for that allows addressing the GMO debate in a more “sensible”
way, whilst making “sense” of the different stances taken in it. Here, the restyling of the European regulatory frame on transgenic
agro-food products and of science communication models are discussed and taken to be indicative of the (re)quest to move from
a merely scientific evaluation and risk-based policy towards a socially more robust evaluation that takes the “non-scientific”
concerns at stake in the GMO debate seriously. 相似文献
10.
Dunja Jaber 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):29-42
In their report for the Swiss government on the notion of the dignity of creatures, Philipp Balzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and
Peter Schaber analyze the relationship between human dignity and the dignity of creatures, taking them as two categorically
different concepts. Human dignity is defined as the “moral right not to be humiliated,” whereas the dignity of creatures is
taken to be “the inherent value of non-human living beings.” To my mind there is no need to draw a categorical distinction
between the two concepts. Both notions could be brought together under an all-encompassing concept of the inherent value of
living beings, humans and non-humans alike, a concept one could name “the dignity of living beings.” Indeed, this very notion
underlies the position taken in the report, although this is not made explicit by the authors themselves.
As the aim of the paper is only to clarify the concepts used, I do not go beyond this “internal” critique of their position,
i.e., I don’t assess how the claims articulated via these concepts — the claim that humans and/or creatures have an inherent
value consisting in a supposed intrinsic good — are to be justified, although I myself would be rather skeptical that this
might be successfully done. 相似文献
11.
Jordan M. West Susan H. Julius Peter Kareiva Carolyn Enquist Joshua J. Lawler Brian Petersen Ayana E. Johnson M. Rebecca Shaw 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1001-1021
Public lands and waters in the United States traditionally have been managed using frameworks and objectives that were established
under an implicit assumption of stable climatic conditions. However, projected climatic changes render this assumption invalid.
Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations that have emerged from a major literature review. These general
principles cover many topics including: (1) how to assess climate impacts to ecosystem processes that are key to management
goals; (2) using management practices to support ecosystem resilience; (3) converting barriers that may inhibit management
responses into opportunities for successful implementation; and (4) promoting flexible decision making that takes into account
challenges of scale and thresholds. To date, the literature on management adaptations to climate change has mostly focused
on strategies for bolstering the resilience of ecosystems to persist in their current states. Yet in the longer term, it is
anticipated that climate change will push certain ecosystems and species beyond their capacity to recover. When managing to
support resilience becomes infeasible, adaptation may require more than simply changing management practices—it may require
changing management goals and managing transitions to new ecosystem states. After transitions have occurred, management will
again support resilience—this time for a new ecosystem state. Thus, successful management of natural resources in the context
of climate change will require recognition on the part of managers and decisions makers of the need to cycle between “managing
for resilience” and “managing for change.” 相似文献
12.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
13.
Andreas Thiel 《Environmental management》2010,46(1):44-59
Water management has been significantly reshaped throughout recent decades in Europe and worldwide. Vivid examples of this
restructuring include Southern European coastal zones which have been transformed into the European “pleasure periphery” over
the last 40 years, requiring significant changes in water service provision. Taking it as an illustrative case of the Southern
European coastal freshwater crisis and the way different European Member States have dealt with it, the article provides an
account of the Algarve, indicative of typical Portuguese dynamics, and compares it with developments in other European countries.
Expanding demands on water services in this region led to a crisis situation throughout the nineties, which was resolved by
shifting physical infrastructures and competencies to the supra-local level. The re-scaling of water management was instrumental
to expanding national control over the sector at the expense of local authorities and privatization. The national level used
European funds and regulations to re-configure the institutional and infrastructure set-up in order to provide for tourism
and agricultural expansion. Quality tourism was constructed as a decentral, hegemonic state spatial project, with the Algarvian’s
entire water resource base being put at its disposal. The solution found illustrates a modified version of the supply side
and surface water oriented “hydraulic paradigm” in Portugal: geared towards tourism and urban areas and the maintenance of
irrigation agriculture. Delays in infrastructures, ideological preferences, maintaining national control over strategic water
services and territoriality contributed towards the construction of water services as part of this hegemonic state spatial
strategy for tourism expansion. 相似文献
14.
Anne Algers Berner Lindström Edmond A. Pajor 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(4):367-379
Farm animal welfare is a knowledge domain that can be regarded as a model for new ways of organizing learning and making higher
education more responsive to the needs of society. Global concern for animal welfare has resulted in a great demand for knowledge.
As a complement to traditional education in farm animal welfare, higher education can be more demand driven and look at a
broad range of methods to make knowledge available. The result of an inventory on “farm animal welfare,” “e-learning,” “learning
resources,” and “open educational resources” in three different search engines is presented. A huge amount of information
on animal welfare is available on the Internet but many of the providers lock in the knowledge in a traditional course context.
Only a few universities develop and disseminate open learning resources within the subject. Higher education institutions
are encouraged to develop open educational resources in animal welfare for the benefit of teachers, students, society, and,
indirectly, animal welfare. 相似文献
15.
The study deals with the problem of evaluating management strategies for pure stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) to balance adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, taking into account multiple objectives of a forest owner.
A simulation and optimization approach was used to evaluate the management of a 1000 ha model Age-Class forest, representing
the age-class distribution of an area of 66,000 ha of pure Norway spruce forests in the Black Forest region of Southwest Germany.
Eight silvicultural scenarios comprising five forest conversion schemes which were interpreted as “adaptation” strategies
which aims at increasing the proportion of Beech, that is expected to better cope with climate change than the existing Norway
spruce, and three conventional strategies including a “Do-nothing” alternative classified as “mitigation”, trying to keep
rather higher levels of growing stock of spruce, were simulated using the empirical growth simulator BWINPro-S. A linear programming
approach was adapted to simultaneously maximize the net present values of carbon sequestration and timber production subject
to the two constraints of wood even flow and partial protection of the oldest (nature protection). The optimized plan, with
the global utility of 11,687 €/ha in forty years, allocated a combination of silvicultural scenarios to the entire forest
area. Overall, strategies classified as “mitigation” were favored, while strategies falling into the “adaptation”-category
were limited to the youngest age-classes in the optimal solution. Carbon sequestration of the “Do-nothing” alternative was
between 1.72 and 1.85 million tons higher than the other alternatives for the entire forest area while the differences between
the adaptation and mitigation approaches were approximately 133,000 tons. Sensitivity analysis showed that a carbon price
of 21 €/t is the threshold at which carbon sequestration is promoted, while an interest rate of above 2% would decrease the amount
of carbon. 相似文献
16.
Differences between scientist and policy-maker response types and times, or the “how” and “when” of action, constrain effective
water resource management in suburbanizing watersheds. Policy-makers are often rushed to find a single policy that can be
applied across an entire, homogeneous, geopolitical region, whereas scientists undertake multiyear research projects to appreciate
the complex interactions occurring within heterogeneous catchments. As a result, watershed management is often practiced with
science and policy out of synch. Meanwhile, development pressures in suburban watersheds create changes in the social and
physical fabric and pose a moving target for science and policy. Recent and anticipated advances in the scientific understanding
of urbanized catchment hydrology and pollutant transport suggest that management should become increasingly sensitive to spatial
heterogeneities in watershed features, such as soil types, terrain slopes, and seasonal watertable profiles. Toward this end,
policy-makers should encourage funding scientific research that characterizes the impacts of these watershed heterogeneities
within a geopolitical zoning and development framework. 相似文献
17.
This article stresses the importance of within-government capacity build as the optimal approach to minimizing landslide risk
to the most vulnerable communities in the developing world. Landslide risk is an integrated issue that demands strong managerial
leadership and multidisciplinary inclusion to develop structures that deliver sustainable improvements in the reduction of
risk. The tension between projects demanding international technical and financial intervention and those capable of “within-country”
solutions are examined. More particularly, the challenges of developing a management methodology capable of energizing inter-ministry
collaboration to achieve community-level action is examined in the context of a recently established program of slope stability
management in St. Lucia. The program, Management of Slope Stability in Communities (MoSSaiC), is shown to have successfully
fostered not only extensive technical collaboration within government but also to have energized local communities in the shared mission of capacity build through their direct involvement
in the management process. 相似文献
18.
This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects
of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues
that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification
and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion
on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come
to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one”
societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate
in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These
instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support
debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the
paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue:
1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical
issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain. 相似文献
19.
20.
This paper offers a field tested community environmental policing model to address the pressing environmental management challenges of reducing e-waste burning in informal e-waste hubs, and enforcement against informal polluting industries more broadly. This is based on our intervention to reduce e-waste burning in a substantial informal e-waste hub in the West Bank, Palestine, a 45 km2 region in which an estimated 5–10 metric tonnes of cables are burnt daily, causing serious environmental and public health consequences. In analogous e-waste hubs in the global South, environmental management solutions have focused on economically attractive alternatives to replace cable burning or policies that integrate informal recyclers with formal e-waste management systems—achieving little success. Our paper describes a two-pronged intervention in Palestine’s e-waste hub, which reduced e-waste burning by 80% through a combination of economically competitive cable grinding services and an “active” community environmental policing initiative that lowered barriers to and successfully advocated for governmental policing of e-waste burning. Our discussion of this intervention addresses the community environmental policing literature, which has documented few successes stories of real improvements to the enforcement of environmental violations. We argue that existing strategies have relied on “passive” approaches comprised of monitoring and reporting environmental violations to advocate for change. Our strategy offers a template to improve outcomes through a more “active” approach, moving from monitoring environmental violations through understanding the rationale and dynamics of violators, identifying environmental policing barriers, and implementing a feasible and persuasive strategy to overcome them. 相似文献