我国湿地生态保护法律机制的问题与完善

随着城镇化的发展,我国湿地生态环境日益恶化,污染严重,湿地生态环境面临的形势严峻,近年来湿地问题逐渐受到党和国家的重视。然而我国的法律建设严重滞后于湿地保护的需要,缺乏关于湿地的专项保护立法,湿地范围界定模糊,湿地生态补偿方式单一、产权和补偿主体不明,湿地恢复缺乏法律依据和有效监管,征收征用湿地过程中缺乏合理的拆迁安置补偿办法等问题突出。因此,亟须在国家层面出台湿地保护法,建立健全我国湿地保护法律体系,全面规范湿地保护过程中存在的多项问题,从而推动湿地生态保护工作的有效开展。     

生活方式转型需要主动的人文思考

改革开放30余年来,社会结构的巨变和快速的生活方式转型给个人、阶层带来了文化中断与冲突感,产生了心灵痛苦和文化适应上的被动性问题。生活方式转型的主动性对中国这样一个后发展的东方大国,意味着全球视野、综合判断力、民族发展的厚重感,它需要文化的自觉。因此,对于生活方式的转型我们要进行主动的人文思考,做好文化设计,完善制度安排。今天我们依然面对快速发展导致的心智不足的漏洞,生活方式转型的主动性也依赖于我们的思想观念、管理水准、人文精神能在多大程度上补足我们新的漏洞。     

安徽省沿江湿地资源现状、问题与对策

分析了安徽沿江湿地资源现状,揭示了沿江湿地资源丰富、生态价值高的特征,探讨了湿地开发利用过程中引发的生态环境问题,认为围湖造田和水土流失造成河湖淤塞是沿江湿地洪涝灾害频繁、湿地被破坏的主要原因,生物资源利用过度、追求经济快速发展和缺乏有效监督协调机制是生态系统退化的重要原因,最后提出调整产业结构、改变利用方式、建立湿地保护政策体系和协调机制、恢复湿地系统的生态功能等相应的对策与措施.     

多工艺组合人工湿地在西北农村地区的发展现状及展望

介绍了人工湿地的分类和特点,发展组合人工湿地的原因及国内外近年来多工艺组合人工湿地发展现状及未来趋势,结合实际分析各个工艺的优点与不足。对多工艺组合人工湿地在我国西北农村地区的使用进行分析和展望,可运用组合人工湿地工艺弥补传统水处理工艺的不足,如光催化高级氧化法与人工湿地组合工艺可有效减少水处理时产生的二次污染和土地占用,使社会效益和经济效益最大化,以期为西北地区组合人工湿地研究提供参考。     

环境综合治理项目渐成环保市场主流——上市公司披露环保项目分析

总结了2017年上半年主要环保上市公司的披露项目中标、签约情况,从项目类型、企业占比、地区分布等多个角度分析了环保市场的发展态势,认为环境治理市场正在由重点治理向全面治理转型,龙头企业将向综合环境服务商转型。     

国际资讯

英国经济力争向低碳转型；美国旧车换现金；新大使期待中美扩大能源环境合作；巴西将建最长湿地公园；美促进暴雨雨水利用；利用震动环保发电。     

信息化与工业化融合是发展低碳经济的有效途径

哥本哈根的气候会议之后,发展低碳经济已成为大势所趋。依靠高新技术发展经济,大力发展低碳经济将成为我国由过去高消耗、高污染经济模式向低消耗、低污染理想模式转型的契机。信息化与工业化融合将对实现能源品种多元化、节能减排、降低污染、发展低碳工业具有重要的技术辅助作用,是发展低碳经济的一条有效途径。     

可持续发展呼唤文明健康的生活方式

可持续发展观强调的是环境与经济协调发展,追求的是人和自然的和谐,它所追求的目标是:既要使人类的各种需要得到满足,又要保护资源和生态环境,不对后代人的生存和发展构成威胁。可持续发展要求人们改变传统的劳动方式和消费方式,要由资源消耗型向资源节约型发展,即依靠科技进步,节约资源和能源,减少废物排放,实现清洁生产和文明消费,也就是要求人们在生产时要尽量少耗费、多产出,在消费时尽可能多利用、少排放。要想保持自然和社会稳定、健全、持续发展,就要摈弃愚昧、野蛮、掠夺式的生活方式,代之以文明健康的生活方式。     

生态文明导向下的“两型”农业

十八大将生态文明并列到经济、政治、社会、文化建设中,彰显了生态文明在未来国家发展战略中的重要地位。十八大之后的北京三农工作,应着重加强北京作为全国首善之区对二产化农业向三产化的"社会农业"做出方向性调整,改变1956年提出的农业现代化和1996年提出农业产业化这两大追求GDP的传统战略,进一步结合国情市情和国内外转型经验,推动符合生态文明内涵的、市民农民相结合的都市农业。     

新型农业模式如何体现未来方向

近30年里,中国农业的发展解决了13亿人口的粮食安全问题。但在传统农业向现代农业转型的过程中,却产生了食品安全等问题。在农业和食品领域,应对现代农业问题的努力可分为两个方向,一是现代农业体系内的自我改善,一是各种针对弊端的替代农业模式或新型农业模式。作为舶来品,中国的新型农业模式存在种种局限,并且它们在全球食品体系中所占比重非常小。因此,未来农业的可持续发展依旧要建立在当前现代农业发展的基础之上。     

Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

An Ecological Integrity Index for Littoral Wetlands in Agricultural Catchments of Semiarid Mediterranean Regions

The main goal of the present study was to develop an ecological integrity index for littoral wetland management and conservation in semiarid Mediterranean areas that have been highly impacted by agriculture, including the selection of pressure and state indicators at landscape and wetlands scales that reflect the status, condition, and trends of wetlands ecosystems. We used a causality framework based on the relationship between pressure of anthropogenic activities and the ecological state of wetlands and their catchments, integrating environmental, biologic, economic, and social issues. From the application of 51 indicators in 7 littoral wetlands in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, we selected 12 indicators (5 at catchment scale and 7 at wetland scale) to constitute the ecological integrity index proposed. The potential nitrogen export per area at catchment scale and the potential relative nitrogen export from the area surrounding the wetlands were the best pressure single predictors of state indicators with a causal relationship with environmental meaning. Wetlands in catchments with more agriculture had less ecological integrity than those in less impacted areas. A wide riparian zone in some wetlands acts as a buffer area, diminishing the effects of intensive agriculture. The index of ecological integrity developed here has a number of essential characteristics that make it a useful tool for ecosystem managers and decision-makers. The index can be used to (1) assess and control ecological integrity, (2) diagnose probable causes of ecological impairment, (3) establish criteria for protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems, and (4) integrate catchment management. Published online     

Working Wetland Potential: An index to guide the sustainable development of African wetlands

Past experience shows that inappropriate agricultural development in wetlands can undermine sustainability and may have profound social and economic repercussions for people dependent on the range of ecosystem services provided by those wetlands. Nonetheless, there is escalating pressure to expand agriculture within wetlands due to increasing population, in conjunction with efforts to increase food security. This paper describes the development of a semi-analytical framework for identifying, organizing and analyzing the complex factors that link people, agriculture and wetland ecosystems — an index of Working Wetland Potential (WWP). The method is based on a form of multi-criteria analysis that integrates biophysical and socio-economic aspects of wetland utilization. The WWP index emerges from the aggregation of two values: the first arising from an appraisal of both the biophysical and socio-economic suitability of using the wetland for agriculture; and the second resulting from an assessment of the possible hazards, in relation to both social welfare and the ecological character of the wetland. Hence, the approach provides a way to explicitly integrate biophysical and social aspects of wetland utilization in a single index to enable an initial assessment of the suitability of using a wetland for agriculture. Results from three contrasting wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa are presented.     

Use of created cattail (Typha) wetlands in mitigation strategies

In order to balance pressures for land-use development with protection of wetland resources, artificial wetlands have been constructed in an effort to replace lost ecosystems. Despite its regulatory appeal and prominent role in current mitigation strategies, it is unclear whether or not created systems actually compensate for lost wetland resources. Mitigation predictions that rely on artificial wetlands must be analyzed critically in terms of their efficacy. Destruction of wetlands due to burial by coal fly ash at a municipal landfill in Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, provided an opportunity to compare resulting growth of created cattail (Typha) marshes with natural wetland areas. Once the appropriate cattail species was identified for growth under disturbed landfill conditions, two types of artificial wetlands were constructed. The two systems differed in their hydrologic attributes: while one had a surface water flow characteristic of most cattail wetlands, the second system mimicked soil and water conditions found in naturally occurring floating cattail marshes. Comparison of plant growth measurements for two years from the artificial systems with published values for natural cattail marshes revealed similar structure and growth patterns. Experiments are now in progress to investigate the ability of created cattail marshes to remove and accumulate heavy metals from polluted landfill leachate. Research of the type reported here must be pursued aggressively in order to document the performance of artificial wetlands in terms of plant structure and wetland functions. Such research should allow us to start to evaluate whether artificial systems actually compensate for lost wetlands by performing similar functions and providing the concomitant public benefits.     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

Wise Use of Wetlands: Current State of Protection and Utilization of Chinese Wetlands and Recommendations for Improvement

Wetland protection and utilization sometimes appear to be in conflict, but promoting the wise use of wetlands can solve this problem. All countries face the challenge of sustainable development of wetlands to a greater or lesser extent, but the problem is especially urgent in developing countries, such as China, that want to accelerate their economic development without excessive environmental cost. Chinese wetlands contribute greatly to economic development, but improper use of these natural resources has endangered their existence. It is thus necessary to provide scientific guidance to managers and users of wetlands. In this paper, we analyze the present status of Chinese wetland protection and utilization, and discuss problems in six categories: a lack of public awareness of the need for wetland protection; insufficient funding for wetland protection and management; an imperfect legal system to protect wetlands; insufficient wetland research; lack of coordination among agencies and unclear responsibilities; and undeveloped technologies related to wetland use and protection. The wise use of Chinese wetlands will require improvements in four main areas: increased wetland utilization research, scientific management of wetland utilization, improved laws and regulations to protect wetlands, and wider dissemination of wetland knowledge. Based on these categories, we propose a framework for the optimization of wetland use by industry to provide guidance for China and other countries that cannot sacrifice economic benefits to protect their wetlands.     

乡村在城镇化过程中受到的冲击及其发展问题

中国是一个农业历史悠久的大国,乡村在社会中具有重要地位。通过近30多年的改革开放,乡村的建设和农业生产水平均有了显著的提高。但是在工业化、城镇化的浪潮下,乡村所受到的冲击十分剧烈。城镇化是经济与社会发展的强大动力,也是历史发展的必然趋势。城镇化进程有其客观规律,而且城市与乡村之间有着密切联系。因此,人为地阻挡城镇化不利于经济发展。然而,若不顾实际条件,不惜代价地加快城镇化进程,不仅难以保持和提高城市的经济发展和生活质量,而且对乡村的影响会更大。本文在论述中国1949年以来几个阶段城镇化特点的基础上,从近年来城乡差距与乡村人口劳动力的变化、土地高速非农化与粮食安全、乡村生态环境、乡村文化四个方面论述快速城镇化对乡村的冲击,并在此基础上讨论乡村的发展问题。根据上述乡村发展问题,本文提出若干意见,其中最要顾及的是新型城镇化进程中的乡村建设和农业生产。由于我国的自然条件、资源禀赋、各地的经济区位差异很大、发展的起点不同、进程有快慢、水平有高低,所以,以人为本的新型城镇化,特别要在城乡发展一体化的进程中,构建平等协调的城乡关系。各地城镇化的发展时序可有所不同,但必须因地制宜、同时做好乡村发展规划,力求农业现代化与工业化、信息化、城镇化同步,从而使农业和乡村经济得到持续发展。     

皖南山区特色农业发展研究

皖南山区是我国著名的南方亚热带丘陵山地的重要组成部分。从自然生态环境、社会经济条件、发展基础、科技支撑、发展资金等方面对本区特色农业发展条件进行了深入分析，并指出了皖南山区特色农业的发展必须坚持以市场为导向、发挥比较优势、依靠科技进步、尊重农民意愿、可持续发展的原则，以及皖南山区特色农业的发展重点是茶叶、蚕桑、干鲜果、中药材、蜂产品等的生产与基地建设。从合理布局与科学规划、开拓资金来源渠道、培育和完善市场体系、科技兴农、建立特色农产品原产地保护制度和进行组织创新等方面提出了皖南山区特色农业发展的对策。     

Assessing the Impact of Pluriactivity on Sustainable Agriculture. A Case Study in Rural Areas of Beotia in Greece

Pluriactivity of farms, or part-time farming, is a common feature of agriculture in all countries regardless of their socioeconomic system and level of development. Currently, pluriactivity is related to the values of sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study is to delineate those specific characteristics of pluriactive farms that contribute to sustainable agriculture. In rural areas of Boetia in Greece, a socioeconomic survey was carried out on 114 farms to determine the types of farming applied. The results demonstrate that pluriactivity is a stable component of the agricultural structure in the rural areas of Boetia. It is widespread in plains, but its presence is more important in mountainous and semimountainous areas. The choice of young farmers is to opt for pluriactivity. Farm size does not differ between pluriactive and full-time farms. Pluriactive and full- time farms use the same level of input and get the same output for the same type of crop. However, pluriactive farmers under the same land-productive conditions are oriented toward a more extensive farming system, managing their land with crops that need less inputs. Considering these findings, it can be claimed that pluriactivity can contribute to diminishing the demand on natural resources in favored (level and irrigated) areas, to continue agricultural production in unfavorable (mountainous and semimountainous) areas, and to help the sustenance of the rural population.     

Selecting Sites for Converting Farmlands to Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain are rich in biodiversity and natural resources in the northeast of China. However, this wetland area has decreased in size and deteriorated in quality owing to expanded agricultural activities since the 1950s. Converting farmlands to wetlands is necessary to improve these conditions. Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies, we derived farmland productivity data and hydrology data for the Sanjiang Plain. The farmland productivity data were derived from land use and net primary productivity (NPP) data of the MODIS products. We obtained three productivity farmland classes (low, medium, and high) through the NPP anomaly percentage method. We were only concerned with the low-productivity farmland. Hydrology data were modeled with a wetness index, which was derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Based on these two data layers, we identified and prioritized sites for the conversion of farmlands to wetlands. The areas with low farmland productivity and medium or high wetness values have potential to support the conversion of farmlands to wetlands. Potential sites were prioritized in terms of patch size and proximity to natural wetlands and water bodies. We obtained three priority classes, among which the high-priority class would be used as the areas for the recent conversion of farmlands to wetlands. The area of this class was 75,888 ha and accounted for 1.3% of the total farmland area.