基于表面活性剂和混凝机理控制陶瓷窑炉黑烟污染的实验研究

针对工业燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟难治理的现状,提出了控制黑烟的新方法.在燃煤陶瓷窑炉的烟道中采集沉积炭黑,并分析炭黑物理、化学性质.从改变炭黑的润湿效果、沉降状态入手,通过一系列的正交实验,分析了选取的表面活性剂及混凝剂对炭黑的润湿与混凝作用,筛选出了效果较好的混凝剂与表面活性剂的混合溶液作为去除炭黑的吸收液.对筛选出的混合溶液进行炭黑沉降实验,分析炭黑沉降率得到最佳配方: 100 mmol/L Na₂SO₄+ 1.2 mmol/L SDBS+ 40 mg/L PAM.吸收炭黑后,溶液与炭黑有明显的分层,中间溶液澄清透明,其炭黑的去除率达94.34%.配制吸收液的药品价格便宜且吸收液可以循环利用,可节省药剂和水的用量.      

Effects of ionic strength and temperature on the aggregation and deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The aggregation and deposition of carbon nanotubes(CNTs) determines their transport and fate in natural waters.Therefore,the aggregation kinetics of humic-acid treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes(HA-MWCNTs) was investigated by time-resolved dynamic light scattering in NaCl and CaCl_2 electrolyte solutions.Increased ionic strength induced HA-MWCNT aggregation due to the less negative zeta potential and the reduced electrostatic repulsion.The critical coagulation concentration(CCC) values of HA-MWCNTs were 80 mmol/L in NaCl and 1.3 mmol/L in CaCl_2 electrolyte,showing that Ca~(2+) causes more serious aggregation than Na~+.The aggregation behavior of HA-MWCNTs was consistent with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.The deposition kinetics of HA-MWCNTs was measured by the optical absorbance at 800 ran.The critical deposition concentrations for HA-MWCNT in NaCl and CaCl_2 solutions were close to the CCC values,therefore the rate of deposition cannot be increased by changing the ionic strength in the diffusion-limited aggregation regime.The deposition process was correlated to the aggregation since larger aggregates increased gravitational deposition and decreased random Brownian diffusion.HA-MWCNTs hydrodynamic diameters were evaluated at 5,15 and 25℃.Higher temperature caused faster aggregation due to the reduced electrostatic repulsion and increased random Brownian motion and collision frequency.HA-MWCNTs aggregate faster at higher temperature in either NaCl or CaCl_2electrolyte due to the decreased electrostatic repulsion and increased random Brownian motion.Our results suggest that CNT aggregation and deposition are two correlated processes governed by the electrolyte,and CNT transport is favored at low ionic strength and low temperature.     

Pathway of the ozonation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in aqueous solution

The reaction mechanism and pathway of the ozonation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in aqueous solution were investigated. The removal efficiency and the variation of H₂O₂, Cl⁻ formic acid, and oxalic acid were studied during the semi-batch ozonation experiments (continuous for ozone gas supply, fixed volume of water sample). The results showed that when there was no scavenger, the removal efficiency of 0.1 mmol/L 2,4,6-TCP could reach 99% within 6 min by adding 24 mg/L ozone. The reaction of molecular ozone with 2,4,6-TCP resulted in the formation of H₂O₂. The maximal concentration of H₂O₂ detected during the ozonation could reach 22.5% of the original concentration of 2,4,6-TCP. The reaction of ozone with H₂O₂ resulted in the generation of a lot of OH• radicals. Therefore, 2,4,6-TCP was degraded to formic acid and oxalic acid by ozone and OH• radicals together. With the inhibition of OH• radicals, ozone molecule firstly degraded 2,4,6-TCP to form chlorinated quinone, which was subsequently oxidized to formic acid and oxalic acid. Two reaction pathways of the degradation of 2,4,6-TCP by ozone and O₃/OH• were proposed in this study. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(12): 1619–1623 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Kinetics of enhanced adsorption by polarization for organic pollutants on activated carbon fiber

The adsorption kinetics for model pollutants on activated carbon fiber (ACF) by polarization was investigated in this work. Kinetics data obtained for the adsorption of these model pollutants at open-circuit, 400 mV, and −400 mV polarization were applied to the Lagergren equation, and adsorption rate constants (K _a) were determined. With the anodic polarization of 400 mV, the capacity of sodium phenoxide was increased from 0.0083 mmol/g at open-circuit to 0.18 mmol/g, and a 17-fold enhancement was achieved; however, the capacity of p-nitrophenol was decreased from 2.93 mmol/g at open-circuit to 2.65 mmol/g. With the cathodal polarization of −400 mV, the capacity of aniline was improved from 3.60 mmol/g at open-circuit to 3.88 mmol/g; however, the capacity of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was reduced from 2.20 mmol/g at open-circuit to 1.59 mmol/g. The enhancement for electrosorption changed with different groups substituting. Anodic polarization enhances the adsorption of benzene with the electron-donating group. But whether anodic or not, cathodal polarization had less effect on the adsorption of electron-accepting aromatic compounds, and decreased the adsorption capacity of benzene-bearing donor-conjugate bridge-acceptor, while increasing its adsorption rate. Electrostatic interaction played a very important role in the electrosorption of ion-pollutants. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(6): 1111–1116 [译自: 环境科学]     

山西省农村地区燃煤采暖情况入户调查及排污量估算

目前对北方农村地区燃煤采暖情况的调查研究主要集中在北京及其周边地区,尚缺少不同气候条件、不同经济水平下的更大范围的样本.为了系统掌握山西全省的农村燃煤采暖情况,并为北方同类地区提供参考,考虑不同地区冬季气温及年采暖期的差异,采用随机分层抽样方法,对山西省农村地区2015年燃煤采暖的情况进行了抽样调查,对全省燃煤采暖的燃煤量以及大气污染物排放量进行了估算.调查共在8市10县获得有效样本394个.结果显示:山西省燃煤采暖的农户约占89.3%,户均采暖燃煤量3.4 t/a;冬季气温对户均采暖燃煤量有显著影响,晋北严寒地区户均采暖燃煤量可达4.4 t/a,而在晋南等相对温暖地区户均采暖燃煤量仅是其57%.在同一地区,家庭经济条件会影响所选择的采暖器具,进而影响采暖燃煤量,经济条件较好的家庭选择土暖气,户均燃煤量是选择暖炕加小煤炉采暖家庭的2.3倍.估算2014—2015年采暖期山西省农村采暖燃煤约1 297.8×104 t,PM、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、BC、OC、CO约分别排放13.0×104、9.1×104、19.9×104、2.1×104、4.1×104、5.6×104、123.3×104 t.研究显示,山西省单位面积采暖燃煤量约是北京、河北等同类地区的1/3,考虑到山西省经济条件较差,建议对城中村、城边村采暖实施煤改气、煤改电,其他地区则主要通过增强建筑的保温性,使用低硫煤等措施减少农村采暖燃煤排污.      

Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing,2003

The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99° N, 116.31° E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m³, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM₁₀ and 82.6% of BC exited in PM_2.5. The BC in PM₁₀ accounted for 5.11% of the PM₁₀ mass. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(1): 17–22 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

贵州乌江渡水库沉积速率及碳氮埋藏通量估算

我国西南地区峡谷型梯级水库沉积物的碳汇效应对全球碳循环有着重要意义。为了探明该区域水库的碳汇强度,本研究选择乌江流域的乌江渡水库作为研究对象,于2015年5月对水库沉积物进行采样,并利用210Pbex核素计年技术,结合沉积物碳氮分析,估算乌江渡水库的碳埋藏量。结果表明:乌江渡水库沉积物平均沉积速率为0.155g/(cm~2·a),TOC沉降通量为70.85g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为29.14g/(m~2·a);TN沉降通量为8.22g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为2.79g/(m~2·a)。乌江渡水库沉积物年均TOC总埋藏通量为1.39×10~9g/a,其中82%来自水库内部光合作用形成的有机质。因此,依据保守的估算,乌江渡水库沉积物的净碳汇通量为23.9g/(m~2·a),保存的净碳汇量为1.1×10~9g/a。研究结果表明水库沉积物是一个重要的碳汇。     

Technical feasibility study of an onshore ballast water treatment system

To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines for approval of ballast water management system (G8), a set of onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizing micro-pore ceramic filtration (MPCF) and UV radiation (MPCF&UV) system was designed and set up with a maximum flow rate of 80 m³·h⁻¹. Technical feasibilities of MPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas: removal efficiencies of indicator organism and oceanic bacteria, perdurability of a ceramic filter, and application on native seawater. The results showed that no indicator organism (Dunaliella) or oceanic bacteria was detected after treatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10⁴ μW·s·cm⁻². A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuously for 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m³·h⁻¹ before its pressure drop up to 0.195 MPa. The removal percentage of total plankton amounts were 91.9% at a flow rate of 70 m³·h⁻¹ by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10⁴ μW·s·cm⁻².     

油团聚法处理炭黑废水的研究

根据炭黑疏水性的特点 ,本试验采用油团聚工艺成功地处理了炭黑废水。经处理后 ,出水中炭黑含量小于 5.0 mg/ L,出水可回用 ,回收的炭黑用四氯化碳处理后 ,经过滤干燥可得到含水率小于 1 .0 %的炭黑 ,油相可回用。     

SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞凋亡及其信号调节

SO2是一种常见的大气污染物,急性和慢性暴露都会对植物造成伤害.因此,本文以景观绿化植物萱草叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO2对气孔保卫细胞的致死效应及其可能的信号调节途径.结果表明,利用SO2体内衍生物-亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液处理萱草表皮3 h后,随着处理浓度(1.0~5.0 mmol·L-1)的增加,萱草保卫细胞生理活性下降,甚至死亡;浓度超过2.0 mmol·L-1时,细胞死亡率显著增高(p0.05),死细胞出现核固缩、核拉长、核碎片等典型凋亡特征,保卫细胞内的活性氧种(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和Ca2+水平显著升高.采用不同浓度的抗氧化剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA),Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和Ca2+通道抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl3)及NO清除剂羧基-2苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3氧化物(C-PTIO)和合成抑制剂叠氮钠(NaN3)处理后,均可使SO2衍生物诱发的细胞死亡率降低,以200 U·mL-1CAT、0.05 mmol·L-1的AsA、EGTA、LaCl3及0.20 mmol·L-1的C-PTIO、NaN3的效果最佳,同时胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平下降.以上结果表明,一定浓度的SO2可诱导萱草保卫细胞死亡,可能通过诱导ROS和NO爆发,激活细胞质膜钙通道,进而引起胞内Ca2+增加,通过ROS-NO-Ca2+信号途径介导细胞死亡.SO2诱导的萱草细胞死亡可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on immobilization of DNA-Cu(II) in DNA/chitosan polyion complex membrane

DNA/chitosan polyion complex membrane was used as a support for immobilization of electrocatalytic species-copper ions, which specifically bound to dsDNA and catalyzed the hydrogen peroxide reduction. The polyion complex membrane consisted with DNA-Cu(II) complex and chitosan was prepared on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical measurements of the DNA-Cu(II)/chitosan membrane-modified GCE revealed that the copper ion embedded in the DNA/chitosan layer exhibited good electrochemical behaviors. The DNA-Cu(II)/chitosan/GC electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the H₂O₂ reduction. Even in the presence of dissolved oxygen, the sensor exhibited highly sensitive and rapid (response time, about 6 s) response to H₂O₂. The steady-state cathodic current responses of the sensor obtained at ?0.2 V versus Ag/AgCl in air-saturated 100 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) increased linearly up to 10 mmol/L with the detection limit of 3 μmol/L. Effects of applied potential and buffer pH upon the response currents of the sensor were investigated for an optimum analytical performance. Ascorbic acid and glucose almost have no interference to measurement of H₂O₂. In addition, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility.     

光合细菌接触氧化工艺的研究

一、前言 光合细菌法(简称PSB法)具有负荷高、效果好、占地省等优点,菌体污泥又有很高的营养价值,可以回收利用。因此这是近年来引人注目的一种废水资源化及综合利用的新技术。有不少排出高浓度有机废水的工厂,     

Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited (C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L) medium. Several sets of shaking flask experiments were conducted. The results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture (24 h after the inoculation) simulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme production. The manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures without glucose feeding. Furthermore, the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also investigated. Compared to cultures with glucose feeding every 48 h, cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L (final concentration) every 24 h produced more enzymes. The peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture, respectively, and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2007, 27(3): 363–368 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

微生物燃料电池电活化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙偶氮染料

为研究MFC（微生物燃料电池）产生电能活化PDS（过硫酸盐）对偶氮染料的降解能力,以MO（甲基橙）为目标污染物,探讨pH、c（PDS）、初始c（MO）、无机阴离子等对MO降解的影响及降解机理.结果表明:①当pH为3~5时,MO降解率随pH降低而升高;当pH低于3时,MO降解率随pH的降低而降低;MO降解率随初始c（MO）的增大而降低.当c（PDS）为1~2 mmol/L时,MO降解率随c（PDS）增加而增大;当c（PDS）超过2 mmol/L后呈减小趋势.②最佳反应条件[pH为3、初始c（MO）为0.10 mmol/L、c（PDS）为2 mmol/L]下,反应4 h后MO降解率可达86.5%.③无机阴离子HCO₃-、NO₃-、CO₃2-对MO降解存在抑制作用,当阴离子投加量为10 mmol/L时,降解率分别为64.2%、68.8%、76.1%,而Cl-对MO降解无显著影响.④淬灭试验表明,体系的主要活性物质为SO₄-·及少量·OH.⑤通过紫外-可见光谱扫描,依据MO结构与特征吸收峰的关系,推测MO降解途径,即MO发色基团偶氮双键断裂,生成含苯环类中间产物,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.研究显示,MFC能有效活化PDS产生SO₄-·,对偶氮染料有较好的降解和矿化效果.      

Adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous manganese dioxides

This study focused on the adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous MnO₂(s) (δMnO₂), and investigated the feasibility of employing δMnO₂ for humic acid removal from drinking water. Effects of such parameters as molecular mass of humic acid, kinds of divalent cations on adsorptive behaviors and possible mechanisms involved were investigated. This study indicated that humic acid with higher molecular mass exhibited more tendency of adsorbing onto δMnO₂ than that with lower molecular mass. Ca²⁺ facilitated more humic acid adsorption than Mg²⁺; UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated higher capabilities of Ca²⁺ coordinating with acidic functional groups of humic acid than that of Mg²⁺. Additionally, ζ potential characterization indicated that Ca²⁺ showed higher potential of increasing gz potential of δMnO₂ than Mg²⁺. Ca²⁺ of 1.0 mmol/L increased ζ potential of δMnO₂ from −37 mV (pH 7.9) to +7 mV (pH 7.2), while 1.0 mmol/L Mg²⁺ increased to lower value as −9 mV (pH 6.5), correspondingly. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂, showing the important roles of-COO⁻ functional groups and surface Mn-OH in the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 351–355 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

低分子量有机酸对三峡水库消落区土壤中汞赋存形态及其活性的影响

为研究植物根系分泌物的主要成分——低分子量有机酸对土壤汞的活化作用,利用室内模拟实验,通过分析不同浓度的柠檬酸、酒石酸和草酸溶液对三峡库区消落带土壤中汞赋存形态的影响及其随培养时间的变化特征,探究了低分子量有机酸对汞迁移能力和生物有效性的作用.结果表明,柠檬酸可增强土壤汞的迁移能力,而草酸和酒石酸则表现出软弱的抑制作用.3种低分子量有机酸均能明显地增强土壤中汞的生物有效性,整体活化效果为:柠檬酸酒石酸≈草酸.有机酸对土壤中汞形态的作用随其浓度的增加而增强,且当浓度为15 mmol·L~(-1)(柠檬酸)、10 mmol·L~(-1)(酒石酸和草酸)时开始趋于稳定.在15 mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸培养的土壤中,汞形态分布的变化随培养时间的延长而愈加显著,直到14d时才基本停止,此时胃酸溶解态汞增加最为明显,其主要来自于部分被活化的强络合态汞.     

三峡库区高水位运行期典型干支流水体CO2分压及其水面通量特征

本文以三峡库区典型干支流作为研究对象,重点研究高水位运行期库湾水体及库区干流CO2分压(p CO2)的分布规律,计算CO2的扩散通量和释放总量。本研究于2013年9月至11月利用走航式观测系统对库区奉节段干支流表层水体及定点剖面水体中p CO2和相关水质参数进行了逐月观测。研究结果表明,干支流表层水体p CO2的分布和扩散通量差异显著。干流CO2扩散通量(F-CO2)9月至11月变化不大,为28.19±0.80mmol/(m2·d);支流在观测期内,扩散通量由负变正,其中朱衣河F-CO2从-6.86增至32.05mmol/(m2·d);梅溪河从-6.94增至37.85mmol/(m2·d),草堂河从-6.97增至31.05mmol/(m2·d)。由10至11月的数据推广到全年的高水位运行阶段(10月至次年1月),全库区CO2排放量可达166 450t,其中支流占30.17%。     

阶梯曝气对城市污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

为实现低C/N城市污水的同步脱氮除磷,采用SBR反应器以厌氧/好氧(A/O)为运行方式,在保持总曝气量900 L不变的条件下调整曝气策略[将均匀曝气2. 81 L·(h·L)-1改为先高强度4. 22 L·(h·L)-1后低强度1. 88 L·(h·L)-1的"高/低曝气"和先低强度1. 88 L·(h·L)-1后高强度4. 22 L·(h·L)-1的"低/高曝气"].试验考察了不同曝气策略下系统的脱氮除磷性能及污泥特性.结果表明,高/低曝气下系统的脱氮除磷效果最佳,出水NH_4+-N、NO_2--N、NO_3--N和TP浓度分别为0、0. 15、8. 12和0. 04 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率分别为78. 33%和99. 19%,同步硝化内源反硝化(SNED)作用明显,SNED率为77. 08%.且相比于均匀曝气,系统硝化速率及反硝化速率均增加,反硝化速率(以N/VSS计)达到整个运行过程中的最大值,为14. 33 mg·(g·h)-1,同时颗粒污泥密实度、沉降性能及稳定性提高,污泥容积指数(SVI)为23. 49 m L·g~(-1).调整曝气策略为低/高曝气后,系统脱氮除磷性能变差,TN和TP去除率均降至最低,分别为51. 26%和58. 32%,但此时系统硝化性能最佳,氨氧化速率和硝酸盐生成速率均达到整个运行过程中的最大值,分别为14. 92 mg·(g·h)-1和7. 50 mg·(g·h)-1,同时颗粒污泥中丝状菌大量繁殖、结构松散、沉降性及稳定性均变差,SVI升至40. 76 m L·g~(-1).故采取高/低阶梯曝气策略有利于AGS系统高效脱氮除磷及提高稳定性.     

硫代硫酸钠对排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的影响及其作用机制

通过测定不同浓度Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O培养时排硫硫杆菌(DSM 505)菌液的总有机碳浓度(TOC),分析Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O对排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的影响,并结合各浓度Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O条件下固碳关键酶Rubis CO编码基因cbb的转录特性和胞外游离有机碳浓度(EFOC),阐明Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O影响排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的作用机制.结果表明,适当范围内增加Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O的浓度能显著提高排硫硫杆菌的固碳能力,降低胞外游离有机碳在总有机碳中所占的比例.cbb基因转录特性分析结果表明,Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O浓度对cbb基因的转录效率和表达模式均无显著影响.因此推测Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O影响排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的作用机制可能是作为电子供体提供能量,促进细胞骨架合成,从而削弱胞外游离有机碳对排硫硫杆菌自养过程的抑制作用,进而增强固碳能力.     

电-Fenton法降解低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中腐植酸

为研究采用碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系处理模拟低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中的腐植酸的影响因素和降解机制,通过单因素试验,以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,以Fe2+添加量、通氧量、电流密度、pH为考察因素,探讨了不同条件对电-Fenton体系ρ（H₂O₂）和COD_Cr去除率的影响.结果表明:采用电-Fenton法降解模拟反渗透浓缩液,较低的含盐量有助于COD_Cr的去除,与高含盐量（1 000~2 000 mg/L）相比,在低含盐量（500~1 000 mg/L）条件下COD_Cr去除率提高10%~20%;并且最佳条件下实际电流效率（GCE）达到15.6%,电化学能耗为32 kW·h/kg.最佳反应条件:通氧量为0.3 m3/L,Fe2+添加量为0.1 mmol/L,电流密度为3.5 mA/cm2,pH=3,在该条件下反应180 min时,电-Fenton体系产生的ρ（H₂O₂）为105 mg/L,可使ρ（COD_Cr）由150 mg/L降至16 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率达到90%.研究显示,较宽的pH范围（3~7）内碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系对腐植酸的降解表现稳定,COD_Cr去除率均达到60%以上.