电增强活性炭纤维吸附有机污染物的动力学研究

研究了在电极化条件下,几种具有代表性污染物质在活性炭纤维上的电吸附动力学特性.结果表明,各种污染物的电吸附动力学比较好地符合Lagergren一级吸附动力学,其平衡吸附量在电极化下的增加量各不相同.在400mV的极化电位下,苯酚钠的吸附量从开路时的0.008 3mmol·g^-1增加到0.18 mmol·g^-1,增加了17倍;而对硝基苯酚的吸附量从开路时的2.93mmol·g^-1降到2.65 mmol·g^-1.在-400mV的极化电位下,苯胺的吸附量从开路时的3.60 mmol·g^-1增加到3.88 mmol·g^-1;而十二烷基苯磺酸钠的吸附量从开路时的2.20 mmol·g^-1降到1.59 mmol·g^-1.说明不同取代基的苯衍生物,电吸附改变量不相同,供电子基团的单取代苯,正极化都能明显增强其吸附量;但是吸电子基团的单取代,正负极化对吸附量的影响都很小;供体-共轭桥键-受体型结构的苯衍生物,正负极化都使其吸附减弱但吸附速率加快.静电作用在离子型污染物的电吸附中表现明显.     

Adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous manganese dioxides

This study focused on the adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous MnO₂(s) (δMnO₂), and investigated the feasibility of employing δMnO₂ for humic acid removal from drinking water. Effects of such parameters as molecular mass of humic acid, kinds of divalent cations on adsorptive behaviors and possible mechanisms involved were investigated. This study indicated that humic acid with higher molecular mass exhibited more tendency of adsorbing onto δMnO₂ than that with lower molecular mass. Ca²⁺ facilitated more humic acid adsorption than Mg²⁺; UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated higher capabilities of Ca²⁺ coordinating with acidic functional groups of humic acid than that of Mg²⁺. Additionally, ζ potential characterization indicated that Ca²⁺ showed higher potential of increasing gz potential of δMnO₂ than Mg²⁺. Ca²⁺ of 1.0 mmol/L increased ζ potential of δMnO₂ from −37 mV (pH 7.9) to +7 mV (pH 7.2), while 1.0 mmol/L Mg²⁺ increased to lower value as −9 mV (pH 6.5), correspondingly. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂, showing the important roles of-COO⁻ functional groups and surface Mn-OH in the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 351–355 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Effect of denitrifying bacteria on the electrochemical reaction of activated carbon fiber in electrochemical biofilm system

An electrochemical-activated denitrifying biofilm system consisting of activated carbon fiber electrodes immobilized with denitrifying bacteria film as cathode was studied. A revised model for an electrochemical-activated denitrifying biofilm was developed and validated by electrochemical analysis of cathodal polarization curves and nitrate consumption rate. The cathodal polarization curve and nitrate consumption rate were introduced to verify the rate of electrochemical reaction and the activity of denitrifying bacteria, respectively. It was shown that the denitrification process effectively strengthened the electrochemical reaction while the electron also intensified denitrification activity. Electron was transferred between electrochemical process and biological process not only by hydrogen molecule but also by new produced active hydrogen atom. Additionally, a parameter of apparent exchange current density was deprived from the cathodal polarization curve with high overpotential, and a new bio-effect current density was defined through statistical analysis, which was linearly dependent to the activity of denitrification bacteria. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrode was also found to be more suitable to the electrochemical denitrifying system compared with graphite and platinum. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(7): 501–504 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

石墨烯凝胶电极的制备及电吸附Pb2+的性能

电吸附去除水中重金属离子具有吸附容量高和电极可再生的优点.本文采用高温水热法还原氧化石墨烯(GO)得到石墨烯水凝胶(GS)并经压片制得GS电极.本文对GS电极的电化学性能进行了测试,考察了GS电极电吸附Pb~(2+)的动力学和热力学特性,以及电极的脱附和循环使用情况.结果表明,GS电极的电化学性能优异,其单位质量比电容高达200.4 F·g~(-1)(1 A·g~(-1));提高电压有利于GS电极电吸附Pb~(2+),电压为-1.2 V时,GS电极对Pb~(2+)的去除率达96.4%;GS电极电吸附Pb~(2+)的饱和吸附量达461.20 mg·g~(-1),是不加电时饱和吸附量的2倍;施加反向电压可以实现Pb~(2+)的脱附和电极再生,电吸附-脱附15次后,电极对Pb~(2+)的去除率保持在95%以上.     

2,6-二氨基蒽醌/石墨烯复合电极强化电吸附Pb2+

电吸附高效去除水中重金属离子的关键在于开发性能优异的电极材料.采用2,6-二氨基蒽醌(DA)修饰还原氧化石墨烯(r GO),通过溶剂热法成功制备了DA@rGO复合电极,考察了复合电极的电化学性质及电吸附Pb~(2+)性能.循环伏安测试表明,复合电极电化学性质优异,比电容在电流密度为1 A·g-1时达到304. 4 F·g-1,DA修饰显著提高了复合电极的赝电容.电吸附Pb~(2+)测试表明,施加电压为-1. 2 V时电吸附效果最优,反应60 min后Pb~(2+)去除率达94. 8%.电吸附过程符合一级动力学方程,Langmuir模型拟合得到Pb~(2+)的饱和吸附量为356. 66 mg·g-1,明显高于r GO电极(319. 40 mg·g-1),DA修饰引起的电容增加是复合电极Pb~(2+)吸附量提高的重要原因.使用0. 5 mol·L-1硝酸处理可使电极吸附的Pb~(2+)在5 min内脱附完全,实现吸附剂再生.经过10次电极吸附-脱附循环后,DA@rGO复合电极对Pb~(2+)的吸附去除率保持在88%左右,电极循环性能稳定.     

高锰酸钾对牛粪微生物燃料电池长期产电性能的影响

为探讨KMnO₄用作阴极电子受体对牛粪长期发酵产电性能的影响,构建了以牛粪为主要底物的双室微生物燃料电池（Microbial fuel cell,MFC）,考察了50,200,800mg/L KMnO₄时牛粪MFC开路电势、输出电压、功率密度、有机底物变化及降解情况.结果表明：当KMnO₄为800mg/L（MFC-800）时产生的开路电势和输出电压最高,分别达到1148mV和234mV,最大功率密度达177mW/m³,库伦效率和净产能最大,分别为18%和19.5MJ/t;电池运行203d后,MFC-800的COD去除率最高,达68.1%;在电池运行过程中,MFC-800的VFA浓度增加了3.5倍,达388mmol/L;pH值从7.25下降到5.71下降了1.54;产电结束后,阳极发酵固态剩余物的成分符合《有机肥料》（NY525-2012）标准,可用于有机肥料生产.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

Adsorption of fluoride on clay minerals and their mechanisms using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

This research investigates the adsorption mechanisms of fluoride (F) on four clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, chlorite, and illite) under different F⁻ concentrations and reaction times by probing their fluoride superficial layer binding energies and element compositions using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At high F⁻ concentrations (C ₀ = 5–1000 mg·L⁻¹), the amount of F⁻ adsorbed (Q _F), amount of hydroxide released by clay minerals, solution F⁻ concentration, and the pH increase with increasing C ₀. The increases are remarkable at C ₀>50 mg·L⁻¹. The QF increases significantly by continuously modifying the pH level. At C ₀<5–100 mg·L⁻¹, clay minerals adsorb H⁺ to protonate aluminum-bound surface-active hydroxyl sites in the superficial layers and induce F⁻ binding. As the C ₀ increases, F⁻, along with other cations, is adsorbed to form a quasi-cryolite structure. At C ₀>100 mg·L⁻¹, new minerals precipitate and the product depends on the critical Al³⁺ concentration. At [Al³⁺]>10^−11.94 mol·L⁻¹, cryolite forms, while at [Al³⁺]<10^−11.94 mol·L⁻¹, AlF₃ is formed. At low C ₀ (0.3–1.5 mg·L⁻¹), proton transfer occurs, and the F⁻ adsorption capabilities of the clay minerals increase with time.     

Atomic force microscopy study on the microtopography of natural organic matter and newly formed hydrous MnO2

To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process, the microtopography of its reductive products, the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide and the aged hydrous manganese dioxide, was investigated. The morphology of natural organic matter (NOM) adsorbed by the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was also compared with that of NOM alone. By using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM), the observation results show that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide possess a perforated sheet (with a thickness of 0–1.75 nm) as well as some spherical particle structures compared with the hydrous manganese dioxide with 2 h aging time, which demonstrated that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide had a large surface area and adsorption capacity. When 1 mmol/L newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was added, the microtopography of NOM molecules shifted from a loosely dispersed pancake shape (with adsorption height of 5–8.5 nm) to a densely dispersed and uniform spherical structure. These results provide a valid proof that it is the perfect adsorption capability of the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide that might result in the coagulation aid effect of potassium permanganate preoxidation. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(5): 945–949 [译自: 环境科学]     

Circulating fluidized bed biological reactor for nutrients removal

A new biological nitrogen removal process, which is named herein “The circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)”, was developed for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and organic matter. This process was composed of an anaerobic bed (Riser), aerobic bed (Downer) and connecting device. Influent and nitrified liquid from the aerobic bed enters the anaerobic bed from the bottom of the anaerobic bed, completing the removal of nitrogen and organic matter. The system performance under the conditions of different inflow loadings and nitrified liquid recirculation rates ranging from 200% to 600% was examined. From a technical and economic point of view, the optimum nitrified liquid recirculation ratewas 400%. With a shortest total retention time of 2.5 h (0.8 h in the anaerobic bed and 1.5 h in the aerobic bed) and a nitrified liquid recirculation rate of 400% based on the influent flow rate, the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were found to be 88% and 95%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations of TN and SCOD were 3.5 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively. The volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration, nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the system were less than 1.0 g/L, 0.026-0.1 g NH₄ ⁺-N/g VSS·d, and 0.016–0.074 g NO_x ⁻-N/g VSS·d, respectively. __________ Translated from Environmental Engineering, 2007, 25(6): 2, 7–10 [译自: 环境工程]     

天然海水中碳钢缓蚀剂吸附和阳极脱附行为的研究

以锌盐、葡萄糖酸盐为主要缓蚀成分复配的适用于天然海水中碳钢的高效缓蚀剂,采用极化曲线、循环伏安曲线和交流阻抗谱图分析了该缓蚀剂的阳极脱附行为.结果表明,碳钢在海水中的零电荷电位约为-0.6 V;缓蚀剂的吸附电位区间为-0.5～-0.8 V,缓蚀剂在该区间内存在特性吸附.当阳极极化电位超过-0.45 V时,极化电流迅速增大,缓蚀剂因发生大量脱附而失去对阳极过程的控制.     

Adsorption and partition of benzo(a)pyrene on sediments with different particle sizes from the Yellow River

Experiments have been carried out to study the sorption of Benzo(a)pyrene(Bap) on sediment particles from the Yellow River using a batch equilibration technique. Effects of particle size on the adsorption and partition of Bap were investigated with the particle content of 3 g/L. Several significant results were obtained from the study. (1) Isotherms of Bap could be fitted with the dual adsorption-partition model under different particle sizes, and the measured value of the adsorption and partition was in agreement with the theoretical value of the dual adsorption-partition model. (2) When the particle diameter was d ⩾ 0.025 mm, the adsorption was predominant in the sorption of Bap, which accounted for 68.7%–82.4% of the sorption. For the particles with the size of 0.007 mm⩽d<0.025 mm, the adsorption was predominant when the equilibrium concentration of Bap was 0–8.87 μg/L in the water phase; and the partition was predominant when the equilibrium concentration of Bap was higher than 8.87 μg/L in the water phase. When the particle diameter was d<0.007 mm, the partition was predominant. (3) On the point of particle size, the contribution of adsorption to sorption followed the order: “d⩾0.025 mm”>“0.007 mm ⩽d<0.025 mm” >“d<0.007 mm”. (4) The partition coefficients of Bap in solids with different particle sizes were linearly correlated with the organic content, and the K _oc of Bap was about 1.26 × 10⁵ (L/kg). Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(2): 269–274 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

In vitro radical scavenging activity of two Columbian Magnoliaceae

The recent interest in the conservation of the tropical forest is due, at least in part, to the potential economic and health benefits that can be exploited from several plants. This report shows the in vitro antioxidant activity of some fractions isolated from leaves of two Columbian Magnoliaceae, Talauma hernandezii G. Lozano-C and Dugandiodendron yarumalense Lozano. The activity was determined using the radical monocation 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS·+) and the stable free radical 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), as part of general biological screening of these plants. The antioxidant capacity obtained from fractions was similar to those of α-tocopherol, tert-butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and ascorbic acid. The most active scavenger extract was the fraction 7 (TAA = 48.6 mmol Trolox/kg extract and IC₅₀ ≤ 0.01 kg extract/mmol DPPH); and the least active was the fraction 1 (TAA = 11.23 mmol Trolox/kg extract and IC₅₀ = 0.21 kg extract/mmol DPPH) all of them isolated from D. yarumalense. These results suggest that these plants can be attractive as source of antioxidant compounds with the ability to reduce radicals like ATBS and DPPH.     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E _a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

Capture of carbon dioxide by amine-impregnated as-synthesized MCM-41

The novel carbon dioxide(CO2) adsorbents with a high capture effciency were prepared through impregnating the as-synthesized MCM-41 with three kinds of amines,namely diethylenetriamine(DETA) ,triethylenetetramine(TETA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol(AMP) .The resultant samples were characterized by small angle X-ray diffraction and low temperature N2 adsorption.The synthesis way not only saves the energy or extractor to remove the template but also is environmentally friendly due to the absence of the potential pollutants such as toluene.CO2 capture was investigated in a dynamic packed column.The sample impregnated by TETA showed the highest adsorption capacity,approximately 2.22 mmol/g at 60°C due to its highest amino-groups content among the three amines.The CO2 adsorption behavior was also investigated with the deactivation model,which showed an excellent prediction for the breakthrough curves.     

非活性黑根霉菌对废水中重金属离子的吸附

为探讨发酵工业中废弃的菌丝体黑根霉菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｕｓｎｉｇｒｉｃａｎｓ）对水中重金属离子的吸附特性,考察ｐＨ、浓度、共存离子等因素对吸附能力的影响,进行了实验室吸附试验,绘制出吸附等温线,并由Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ曲线和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ曲线求出相应参数。对化学改性前后的黑根霉进行了吸附对比。初步分析了吸附机理。结果表明,黑根霉在ｐＨ＝３—６．５范围内,对Ｐｂ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）几种主要重金属离子都有吸附作用,其中吸附Ｐｂ２＋能力最高,饱和吸附量可达８８ｍｇ／ｇ。经化学改性的黑根霉可不同程度地提高吸附能力。用０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣＩ和ＮａｏＨ可以洗脱和再生。     

Capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas on TEPA-grafted metal-organic framework Mg2(dobdc)

Carbon dioxide （CO2） adsorption on a standard metal-organic framework Mg2（dobdc） （Mg/DOBDC or Mg-MOF-74） and a tetraethylenepentamine （TEPA） modified Mgz（dobdc） （TEPA-Mg/DOBDC） were investigated and compared. The structural information, surface chemistry and thermal behavior of the adsorbent samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, infrared spectroscopy （IR）, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. CO2 adsorption capacity was measured by dynamic adsorption experiments with N2-CO2 mixed gases at 60℃. Results showed that the CO2 adsorption capacity of Mg/DOBDC was significantly improved after amine modification, with an increase from 2.67 to 6.06 mmol CO2/g adsorbent. Moreover, CO2 adsorption on the TEPA-Mg/DOBDC adsorbent was promoted by water vapor, and the adsorption capacity was enhanced to 8.31 mmol CO2/g absorbent. The adsorption capacity of the TEPA-Mg/DOBDC adsorbent dropped only 3% after 5 consecutive adsorption]desorption cycles. Therefore, this kind of adsorbent can be considered as a promising material for the capture of CO2 from flue gas.     

Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan with quaternary ammonium and its application for Cr(VI) and P(V) removal

Pollutants that exist in anionic species are issues of concern in water treatment. Compared to cationic pollutants, the removal of anionic pollutants by adsorption is more difficult because most adsorbents carry predominantly negative charges in neutral and alkaline environments. In this study, a cross-linked chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium and magnetic properties（QM-chitosan） was prepared and employed to remove chromium（VI） and phosphorus（V）（Cr（VI） and P（V）） from aqueous environments. The QM-chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, energy dispersive X-ray（SEM-EDX） and zeta potential.Batch experiments show that QM-chitosan can effectively remove Cr（VI） and P（V）, and the main mechanism was believed to be electrostatic interaction. A pseudosecond-order model was fitted to describe the kinetic processes of Cr（VI） and P（V） removal. The adsorption isotherms of both Cr（VI） and P（V） on the QM-chitosan were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The saturated adsorption capacity of P（V）（2.783 mmol/g） was found to be higher than that of Cr（VI）（2.323 mmol/g）, resulting from the size of the H2PO-4ions being smaller than that of the HCr O-4ions. However, the theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that QM-chitosan had a stronger affinity for Cr（VI） than P（V）. The adsorption–desorption of the QM-chitosan was evaluated, and high regeneration rates were demonstrated.     

3种低分子量有机酸对紫色土吸附菲的影响

采用静态吸附实验,研究了3种低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸)对紫色土吸附菲的影响.结果表明紫色土吸附菲的动力学过程符合二级动力学模型,3种低分子量有机酸(LMWOAs)均能显著降低紫色土吸附菲的速率常数;线性吸附模型很好地描述了紫色土对菲的吸附热力学过程是以分配作用为主.当加入的3种LMWOAs浓度低于5 mmol·L~(-1)时,促进紫色土吸附菲;当LMWOAs浓度≥10 mmol·L~(-1)时,抑制紫色土吸附菲,抑制作用随LMWOAs浓度的增加而加强.当LMWOAs浓度为20 mmol·L~(-1)时,其抑制作用能力表现为柠檬酸草酸苹果酸,这与3种LMWOAs的分子结构和酸性强弱有关.与对照相比,随着LMWOAs浓度的增加,紫色土溶出的溶解性有机质(DOM)含量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,紫色土对菲的吸附量与土壤溶出的DOM含量呈负相关.     

海洋巨藻生物吸附剂对Hg~(2 )吸附性能的研究

就丰产廉价的海洋巨藻(Durvillaea Potatorum)所制的生物吸附剂对Hg2 的吸附性能进行了研究,该生物吸附剂经特殊的稳定化预处理而得。研究表明,该生物吸附剂的Hg2 吸附容量对溶液的pH值十分敏感,在pH=3时,最大吸附容量达到3.1mmol/g(干重),在溶液pH=0.4～5.0的范围内,Hg2 的吸附容量为0.49—3.1mmol/g(干重);溶液中的C1-能显著地降低生物吸附剂对Hg2 的吸附容量;其对Hg2 的去除率可达到99％以上。该生物吸附剂可以有效地去除工业废水中的Hg2 。