连续流生物制氢反应器乙醇型发酵的运行特性

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),利用厌氧活性污泥,在制糖废水产酸发酵过程的同时制取氢气.探讨了生物制氢反应器连续流稳定运行的工程控制参数.研究表明,在污泥接种量为15g/L、温度为35℃±1℃、COD容积负荷为40kg/(m³·d)、HRT为4h、系统pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)分别在4.6～4.9、-450～-470mV等条件下,可以实现连续流生物制氢反应系统乙醇型发酵的高效稳定运行.此时,液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占挥发酸总含量的80%以上,COD去除率22%～26%,气相中的氢气含量约为40%～58%,最大产氢能力为7.63m³/(m³·d).     

pH5条件下生物制氢反应器的启动及运行特性

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),以糖蜜废水为底物,探讨了pH5条件下生物制氢反应器的启动和运行特性.结果表明,保持反应器内pH为5,污泥接种量为6g/L、COD启动负荷为7.0kg/(m³·d)、水力停留时间(HRT)为6h等条件,可在30d内完成产氢发酵菌群的驯化.此时系统氧化还原电位(ORP)稳定在-460mV～-480mV之间,系统呈现明显的混合酸发酵特性.其液相末端发酵产物比例分布相当,乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丙酸和戊酸含量分别占发酵产物总含量的36%,33%,18%,13%.没有占绝对优势的发酵产物.气相中的氢气含量30%～35%,其最大产氢能力为1.3m³/(m³·d).生物制氢反应器混合酸发酵稳定运行期各种产酸发酵细菌处于均势地位,以球菌和杆菌为主.     

厌氧活性污泥工艺生物发酵产氢能力研究

为了获得廉价氢气,开发新能源,利用厌氧活性污泥对有机废水的发酵作用制取氢气,应用研制的连续流生物制氢反应器进行试验。结果表明,碳水化合物的产氢─产酸过程是通过乙醇型发酵。在最佳运行条件下,产氢能力达0.42～0.47LH2/L·h,气体产率达0.3m^{3发酵气/kg进水COB。还探讨了COD容积负荷、搅拌器转速等运行参数对产氢能力的影响,提出了获得较高产氢能力的工程控制对策,为进一步开发生物制氢技术,实现工业化提供了依据。}     

发酵生物制氢反应器的产氢菌生物强化作用研究

将发酵产氢菌Ethanoligenens sp. B49投加到连续流搅拌槽式反应器（CSTR）的活性污泥中,以糖蜜废水为底物,进行强化活性污泥产氢效能的研究.对生物强化前和生物强化后反应系统的产氢能力、发酵产物组成和pH值进行了对比分析.结果表明,在COD容积负荷为12 kg/(m³·d)条件下,投加产氢菌可显著提高反应系统的产氢能力并改善发酵产物组成.反应系统的比产氢速率从强化前的3.6 mmol/(kg·d)提高到强化后的5.7 mmol/(kg·d),是生物强化前的1.5倍.生物强化前,反应系统液相发酵产物乙醇、乙酸和丙酸的平均浓度分别为6.8、 5.3和4.8　mmol/L,生物强化后乙醇、乙酸和丙酸的平均浓度分别为10.5、 7.5和1.7 mmol/L,其中乙醇型发酵目的产物乙醇和乙酸在总发酵产物中的比例从生物强化前的72.0%提高为强化后的86.8%.生物强化作用使出水pH值从4.5～4.7下降为4.3.产氢菌的生物强化作用有助于反应器在低负荷运行期迅速形成产氢能力较高的乙醇型发酵.     

发酵生物制氢反应器研究进展

发酵法生物制氢受到广泛关注。在发酵细菌制氢过程中,反应器的设计和运行模式对产氢量和产氢速率具有重要影响。暗发酵生物制氢反应器主要包括序批式制氢反应器和连续流制氢反应器,其中序批式制氢反应器操作简单和容易控制,主要用于实验室研究;从经济性和实用性的角度考虑,连续流制氢反应器是实现工程应用的关键。文章综述了影响发酵制氢的影响因素:菌种准备、环境条件、营养条件和一些其他因素等。并分析了几种常用连续流发酵制氢反应器类型及其应用状况。     

利用Ethanoligenens harbinense R3连续培养的CSTR的启动与运行

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)为实验装置,探讨了利用新型发酵产氢菌R3的生物制氢反应器的启动与运行情况.实验表明,维持反应器内pH在4.5左右、COD启动值为6000 mg·L-1、水力停留时间为8 h等条件,可在30 d内完成反应器内菌种对环境的适应并进入稳定运行阶段,此时系统氧化还原电位(HRT)稳定在-400mV左右.系统内的液相末端发酵产物中乙醇含量最大,占发酵产物总含量的65%,乙醇和乙酸所占比例为95%,系统呈现明显的乙醇型发酵特性.启动和运行阶段的积累产氢量为399.33 L,最大产氢量达15768.8 mL·d-1,最大氢气产率为49.94%.有机氮源可被微生物利用而无机氮源对产氢并无太大影响.使用有机氮源和磷源时积累产气量、积累产氢量和发酵液相末端产物与空白对照相比有所增大.     

ABR发酵系统运行特性及产氢效能研究

为解决连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)发酵制氢系统存在的不足,如单位基质氢气转化率低、因搅拌带来的耗能,抗负荷冲击能力不强等问题,开展了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)发酵产氢的研究.结果表明,在35℃和进水COD 5000mg/L等条件下,ABR系统可在26d达到乙醇型发酵,其比产氢速率为0.13L/(gMLVSS·d),而在同样条件下, CSTR达到乙醇型发酵后,比产氢速率仅为0.06L/(gMLVSS·d).ABR通过生物相的分离,使产氢系统梯级利用有机物并达到深度产氢的目的.与CSTR相比,ABR具有较高的产氢活性、较低能源消耗等优点,是一种较为理想的有机废水发酵制氢反应设备.     

有机废弃物氢发酵制备生物氢气的研究

在批式培养实验中以有机废弃物为原料,通过厌氧生物发酵制备生物氢气研究了菌种来源、有机废弃物种类对产氢能力的影响,以及生物氢发酵过程中液相组成的变化以活性污泥为菌种来源,以淀粉为底物,在30L改进的UASB反应器中进行了放大实验,生物气中氢气浓度达40%～51%,CO₂浓度为49%～60%,且没有检测到甲烷气体,生物气经碱液吸收后氢气纯度大于97%持续产氢时间超过120d.     

丁酸型发酵生物制氢反应器的运行特性研究

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),利用厌氧活性污泥以糖蜜废水为底物发酵产氢,探讨了丁酸型发酵生物制氢反应器稳定运行的工程控制参数,并运用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(denaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis,DGGE)对微生物菌群结构稳定性进行了分析.研究表明,在污泥接种量(SS)为15g·L-1、温度为(35±1)℃、容积负荷为40kg·m-3·d-1、水力停留时间(HRT)为4h条件下,可以获得CSTR丁酸型发酵的最大产氢速率2 37m3·(m3·d)-1.此时系统的pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)分别在5 2～5 5、-480～-500mV之间.液相末端发酵产物中乙酸和丁酸、乙醇、丙酸、戊酸的含量分别占挥发酸总含量的70%,20%,7%,6%.气相中的氢气含量在30%～40%之间.根据PCR DGGE指纹图谱显示此时期丁酸型发酵优势菌群在反应器内结构保持稳定.     

荧光原位杂交技术解析发酵产氢细菌群落结构

应用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术,研究了连续流搅拌槽式(CSTR)发酵制氢反应器中2种产氢发酵类型的菌群组成和发酵类型转化过程中的菌群种类和数量变化及其对产氢速率、生物量和发酵产物的影响.结果表明,梭菌属和肠杆菌科在决定产氢发酵类型方面有重要作用.以梭菌为优势种群的乙醇型发酵比以肠杆菌为优势种群的丁酸型发酵具有更佳的产氢能力.实验结果能够与生物发酵系统常规监测指标形成很好的印证.     

pH对热处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

采用自制连续流厌氧发酵产氧反应器,接种经过50 min热处理的污泥,以蜜糖废水为底物,探讨pH值的变化对反应器运行中产氢和产酸的影响.在进水COD浓度为5 000 mg/L、温度为37℃、HRT为6 h、负荷为67 kgCOD/(m3·d)的条件下,分别在pH为6.0、5.5、5.0、4.5时对反应器内产氧产酸等情况进...     

The integration of methanogenesis with denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＵＡＳＢｒｅａｃｔｏｒａｎｄｉｔｓｖａｒｉｏｕｓｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｖａｒｉｏｕｓｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒ(ｈｉｇｈｔｏｌｏｗｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ ,ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌａｎｄｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ)ｕｎｄｅｒｐｓｙｃｈｒｏｐｈｉｌｉｃ ,ｍｅｓｏｐｈｉｌｉｃａｎｄｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｈｉｌｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ(Ｌｅｔｔｉｎｇａ ,1995 ) .Ｍｏｄｅｒｎａｎａｅｒｏｂｉｃｒｅａｃｔｏｒｓ…     

HRT对糖蜜废水发酵产氢的影响

采用自制的UASB反应器,以糖蜜废水为底物,接种絮状污泥进行HRT对发酵制氢的影响研究.结果表明:在温度为(37±1)℃,进水COD浓度为4 000 mg/L,出水pH为4.6～5的条件下,HRT在8～6 h范围时,反应器的产气速率和产氢速率达到最大并保持稳定,平均值分别为41 L/d和21 L/d左右,氢气含量稳定在...     

pH6.0酸性条件下产甲烷EGSB反应器的运行研究

采用中性颗粒污泥接种,运行一个3.1L的EGSB反应器共345d,通过逐步降低pH值,获得了耐酸的产甲烷颗粒污泥并实现厌氧反应器在低pH、低碱度条件下的稳定运行.在pH 6.0,进水COD 3000mg/L,COD容积负荷5kg/(m³·d)时,反应器的COD平均去除率为95.0%,出水总碱度(以CaCO₃计)仅为328.5mg/L,每g去除COD的沼气产量为372.2mL,沼气中甲烷含量约为57.6%;在进水COD 4 000mg/L,COD容积负荷7.5kg/(m³·d)时,COD平均去除率为90.9%,出水总碱度仅为404.8mg/L,每g去除COD的沼气产量为446.3mL,甲烷含量约为55.9%.EGSB反应器在pH6.0～6.1的范围内共运行112d,表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的.     

The integration of methanogenesis with denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an expaned granular sludge bed reactor

The integration of methanogenesis with denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) was studied in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor in this work. Experimental results from the continuous treatment of wastewater with nitrite and ammonium, which lasted for 107 days, demonstrated that wastewater with high nitrite and ammonium could be anaerobically treated in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor. More than 91% to 97% of COD were removed at up to about 3.9 g COD/(L x d) of COD volumetric loading rate. More than 97% to 100% of nitrite was denitrified at up to about 0.8 g NO2(-) -N/(L x d), which is 16 times higher than that in a conventional activated sludge system with nitrification/denitrification (0.05 gN/(L x d)). No dissimilatory reduction of nitrite to ammonium occurred in the process. However, maximum of about 40% ammonium was found to be lost. Batch tests of 15 days with sludge from the reactor showed that 100% of nitrite was denitrified completely, and about 3% of ammonium was removed when only ammonium (34.3 mg/L) and nitrite (34.3 mg/ L) were added into the sludge suspension medium. Furthermore, about 15% of ammonium amounts were lost with organic COD addition. It suggested that the methanogenesis in the system could enhance ANAMMOX because of intermediate hydrogen produced during methanogenesis.     

EGSB厌氧发酵垃圾渗滤液制氢的启动特性研究

利用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB),对生活垃圾堆肥厂初期渗滤液的厌氧生物发酵制氢启动特性进行了研究,探讨了反应器对渗滤液中COD、总氮、总磷的去除效果和产氢能力.结果表明在中温35℃±1℃,有机负荷1.4~16.7 g/(L.d),pH为5.0~5.5的条件下,经过20 d的适应期后,EGSB反应器可以实现连续稳定产氢.在水力停留时间为30 h,液体上升流速为3.0 m/h的稳定运行阶段,最高产氢率为1 460 mL/(L.d),氢气含量为19%~33%,COD去除率为50%~70%,总磷、总氮的去除率稳定在40%~70%、32%~65%.液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸总含量占挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量的80%以上,发酵类型以乙醇发酵型为主.     

Biphasic production of hydrogen and methane from waste lactose in cyclic-batch reactors

The biphasic production of the energy gases hydrogen and methane was possible in a fed batch culture resulting in a volumetric mix of approximately 20% H₂ and 80% CH₄ and an energy conversion efficiency of 95%, based on the measured Chemical Oxygen Demand and theoretical calculations assuming that the substrate (a dairy waste permeate) was lactose. Gas production showed a rapid initial phase over 0–20 h in which the composition was up to 50% hydrogen with the balance mainly carbon dioxide. This was accompanied by the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in which butyric was predominant. A slower second phase of gas production produced a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with a reduction in the accumulated acids. The duration of this second phase depended on the initial load applied to the reactor, and in the experiments carried out lasted between 6 and 12 days. Where the applied initial load led to an acid accumulation such that the pH fell below 5.5, the second phase of gas production was inhibited. Where pH control was exerted to prevent the pH dropping below 6.5, ethanol accumulated alongside VFA as a first phase product, with the gas comprised entirely of carbon dioxide. Despite the excellent energy conversion and the production of biogas fuel elements matching those for hythane (a mixture of hydrogen and methane, with improved combustion characteristics), the overall process loading was considered too low for efficient volumetric conversion of the feedstock to energy. The concept could be further developed based on high rate reactor systems with granular or immobilised biomass either as a single tank biphasic system or in a split tank two phase production process.