为国家环境保护应对气候变化提供技术支持与服务

中环联合（北京）认证中心有限公司（简称CEC）是联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）批准的清洁发展机制（CDM）指定经营实体（DOE）,面向全球开展温室气体减排项目的审定与核查／核证业务,是中国环境认证领域的权威认证机构。CEC是中国首家获得DOE资质的机构．也是中国首家获得UNFCCC认可的具有清洁发展机制全部15个业务领域审定与核查／核证资质的DOE。     

中国CDM项目商机初现

经过国际社会共同努力，《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约国签订的《京都议定书》在2005年2月16日正式生效，而《京都议定书》所引入的清洁发展机制（CDM）、排放贸易（ET）和联合履约（JI）3个灵活机制也随之进入了公众视线。     

气候变化与实施清洁发展机制的展望

本文第一部分介绍了《气候变化框架公约》的达成与主要内容，以及在柏林、日内瓦、京都与布宜诺斯艾利斯先后召开的４ 次缔约方会议的结果； 第二部分介绍了清洁发展机制（ＣＤＭ） 同《京都议定书》的其他灵活机制的异同，以及ＣＤＭ 的特点、方法学与技术问题； 第三部分分析了ＣＤＭ 的前景、影响其成功实施的因素、它可能提供的潜在机遇以及实施中的需求与供给；最后就ＣＤＭ 的实施作了展望。     

清洁发展机制在国内外的实践及启示

清洁发展机制产生的背景 为了减缓和应对全球气候变化，国际社会经过艰苦谈判，在1992年通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（简称“《公约》”）。《公约》依照“共同但有区别的责任”原则，规定附件1国家，包括发达国家和前苏联、东欧等经济转型国家，在2000年将温室气体排放控制到1990年的水平。对于非附件1国家，即包括中国在内的发展中国家，没有减排或限排义务。     

我国清洁发展机制制度研究

清洁发展机制是《京都议定书》下促进温室气体减排的激励机制之一。本文从实践出发,结合《联合国气候变化框架公约》及《京都议定书》的规定,重点分析了我国现行清洁发展机制制度中对碳减排一级市场交易参与者的资质要求,对经核证减排量所有权转让的限制及指导价格政策三大问题,进而对应如何完善我国的清洁发展机制提出了有针对性的建议。     

“共同执行活动”（AIJ或联合执行JI）项目实施机制探讨

“联合执行”作为一种全球有效的减排温室气体的机制，可以使框架公约附件Ｉ国家以较低的成本履行其在公约中的承诺，并且通过投资资本和新的清洁技术的转移，帮助发展中国家实现可持续发展的国家目标。本文分析了目前国际环境中ＡＩＪ活动实施中的障碍，提出了评价ＡＩＪ或ＪＩ实施机制的准则，并依此准则评价了现有的和作者提出的几种ＡＩＪ（ＪＩ）项目实施机制。     

建设全国性碳排放交易中心发展CDM项目

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》提出的在全球范围内实施温室气体减排的重要机制,是发达国家与发展中国家基于项目的合作形式,是一种“双赢”政策。文章首先简述了清洁发展机制及与碳交易市场的情况,接着论述了清洁发展机制在中国的发展,提出建设全国的碳排放交易中心及意义,从而促进CDM在中国的发展。     

中国碳交易中的法律问题

清洁发展机制为中国提供了在应对气候变化同时发展自身的宝贵机会,改善当地环境,实现中国的可持续发展,但是CDM在实践过程中也暴露出一些问题。目前对清洁发展机制的研究主要集中于经济学领域,而在法律上对其探讨的甚少。本文根据清洁发展机制的内在经济学原理,分析了清洁发展机制中的产权、合同和国际法因素,指出目前清洁发展机制中存在的核证减排量（CERs）的产权属性不明确、合同效力无法保障、国际法的局限性三方面问题,并提出了大体的解决方案。清洁发展机制中的法律问题关系到中国自身利益,还需要我们更进一步的深入研究。     

CDM项目中的技术转让：问题与政策建议

清洁发展机制(CDM)是<联合国气候变化框架公约>(以下简称<公约>)之<京都议定书>(以下简称<议定书>)所规定的三种灵活机制之一,也是唯一一种发达国家和发展中国家可以共同实施的碳减排交易机制.CDM有两个目的:一是帮助发达国家缔约方实现其量化的温室气体减排承诺:二是帮助发展中国家缔约方实现可持续发展,并实现<公约>的最终目的.     

两部委发文 明确CDM项目税收优惠及企业佣金税前扣除

日前,财政部和国家税务总局联合发布两项通知,分别明确了中国清洁发展机制基金及清洁发展机制项目（CDM项目）,实施企业的相关企业所得税政策和企业手续费及佣金税前扣除政策。     

Biochar—One way forward for soil carbon in offset mechanisms in Africa?

The Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has had relatively little success in Africa due to a number of factors. Increases in agricultural soil carbon have strong benefits for soil health as well as potential for carbon sequestration, but such projects are currently excluded from the CDM and other offset mechanisms. Small-scale biochar systems with net emission reductions may hold a key for Africa to engage with the international offset mechanisms and open the door to soil carbon sequestration projects.     

金属静电粉末喷涂清洁生产途径探讨

清洁生产作为防治污染的最佳模式,是实现可持续发展和循环经济的必由之路.根据目前金属静电粉末喷涂典型生产工艺流程,分析其产污环节及污染物排放情况,并从原料、工艺和设备出发,探讨金属静电喷涂的清洁生产途径,以减少静电喷涂过程污染物排放对环境和生态的影响.     

云南省清洁发展机制项目潜力调研

清洁发展机制(CDM)的实施能使区域经济获得生态环境保护与经济发展“双赢”。云南尚有很大的CDM项目潜力。结合项目背景和国内外发展状况,通过调查数据整理和案例研究,对促进云南省CDM项目实施提出对策建议。     

Issues related to including forestry-based offsets in a GHG emissions trading system

Including the forestry sector as a mitigation option is critical to successful implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Since emissions trading and other related economic instruments are likely to be used to meet the treaty's goals, integrating carbon credits from the forestry sector in an emissions trading system and into the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation is necessary if the GHG mitigation potential of the forestry sector is to be fully realized.Some of the concepts presented in this paper build on a discussion paper prepared for the Australian Greenhouse Challenge Office, preparatory to a sinks workbook. The sinks workbook is designed to help Australian companies measure carbon sequestration from projects undertaken to fulfill their pledges as part of the Australian government's voluntary Greenhouse Challenge initiative. The ideas presented in the original discussion paper (as well as in this paper) were intended to stimulate discussion and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Australian government.This paper outlines some of the methodological questions raised in determining how to generate credits from forestry projects in the context of the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation and national emissions trading programs. These include baseline determination, which carbon pools to count, leakage issues, carbon accounting methods and the fate of wood products.     

The dri thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description,evaluation and applications in U.S. Air quality studies

The thermal/optical reflectance method of carbon analysis developed by Huntzicker et al. (in Particulate Carbon, Atmospheric Life Cycle, edited by Wolff G. T. and Klimisch R. L., pp. 79–88, Plenum Press, New York, 1982) has been adapted by several laboratories for the quantification of organic and elemental carbon on quartz-fiber filter deposits. While the principle used by these laboratories is identical to that of Huntzicker et al., the details differ with respect to calibration standards, analysis time, temperature ramping and volatilization/combustion temperatures. This paper reports a variation on this method which has been applied to over 27,000 samples taken in more than a dozen urban and regional air quality studies in the U.S.A. In this variation, a 0.5 cm² punch from a dozen urban and regional air quality studies in 120, 250, 450 and 550°C in a pure helium atmosphere, then to combustion at temperatures of 550, 700 and 800°C in a 2% oxygen and 98% helium atmosphere. The carbon which evolves at each temperature is converted to methane and quantified with a flame ionization detector. The seven separate carbon fractions facilitate evaluation of the method and increase the information content concerning the samples.The reflectance from the deposit side of the filter punch is monitored throughout the analysis. This reflectance usually decreases during volatilization in the helium atmosphere owing to the pyrolysis of organic material. When oxygen is added, the reflectance increases as the light-absorbing carbon is combusted and removed. Organic carbon is defined as that which evolves prior to re-attainment of the original reflectance, and elemental carbon is defined as that which evolves after the original reflectance has been attained. By this definition, “organic carbon” is actually organic carbon that does not absorb light at the wavelength used (632.8 nm) and “elemental carbon” is light-absorbing organic and elemental carbon. Assumptions underlying the procedure are discussed, as well as comparisons with other methods and recommendations for further work.     

Land Use,Land-Use Change,Forestry, and Agricultural Activities in the Clean Development Mechanism: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Offset Potential

Activities involving land use, land-use change,forestry, and agriculture (LUCF) can help reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphereby increasing biotic carbon storage, by decreasing GHGemissions, and by producing biomass as a substitutefor fossil fuels. Potential activities includereducing rates of deforestation, increasing landdevoted to forest plantations, regenerating secondaryforest, agroforestry, improving the management offorests and agricultural areas; and producing energycrops.Policymakers debating the inclusion of a variety ofLUCF activities in the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol need to consider themagnitude of the carbon contribution these activitiescould make. Existing estimates of the cumulative GHGoffset potential of LUCF activities often take aglobal or regional approach. In contrast, land-usedecisions are usually made at the local level anddepend on many factors including productive capacityof the land, financial considerations of thelandowner, and environmental concerns. Estimates ofGHG offset potential made at a local, or at mostcountry, level that incorporate these factors may belower, as well as more useful for policy analyses,than global or large regional estimates. Whilecountry-level estimates exist for forestry activities,similar estimates utilizing local information need tobe generated for agricultural activities and biofuels,as well as for the cumulative potential of all LUCFactivities in a particular location.     

中国碳排放权交易市场发展历程 ——从试点到全国

碳排放权交易作为控制温室气体排放的一种市场化手段,相对于行政手段具有全社会减排成本较低、能够为企业减排提供灵活选择等优势。2011年以来,我国在北京、天津、上海、重庆、湖北、广东、深圳7个地方开展了碳排放权交易试点工作,为全国碳市场建设积累了宝贵经验。2017年年底,以发电行业为突破口的全国碳市场启动。2018年4月,国务院碳交易主管部门由国家发展和改革委转隶至生态环境部,生态环境部从推动碳交易立法、建立健全制度体系、加快基础设施建设、强化基础能力建设等方面稳步推进全国碳市场建设。本文梳理了我国碳市场的发展历程,并对全国碳市场的进一步完善提出建议。     

脉冲燃烧控制技术在加热炉中的环保节能应用

党的十七大提出"加强能源资源节约和生态环境保护,增强可持续发展能力",这是我们党科学发展、和谐发展理念的一次升华。开发低碳能源是建设低碳城市的基本保证,清洁生产是建设低碳城市的关键。传统燃煤加热炉能耗高、污染重。P-HTAC是在蓄热式加热炉的基础上研制的先进技术,采用脉冲方式控制燃烧系统,使燃烧更充分、炉温控制更精确,为企业走上一条经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少的可持续发展道路铺垫了坚实的技术基础。     

Will Simplified Modalities and Procedures Make More Small-Scale Forestry Projects Viable Under the Clean Development Mechanism?

Simplified modalities and procedures (M&P) are expected to increase the viability of small-scale project activities under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A small-scale afforestation or reforestation (AR) project is defined as a project removing less than 8 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) per year. Depending on the project type and the method for measuring scale, 8 kilotons of CO₂e per year correspond to highly diverse areas, possibly ranging from 200 to 6000 ha. Using a model to calculate the minimum project scale above which the CDM is a positive financial incentive for eligible AR project activities, the paper analyzes whether a reduction of transaction costs under simplified M&P will be a sufficient incentive to motivate small-scale participation in the CDM. Model results show that, even under optimistic assumptions on carbon market conditions and transaction costs, small-scale project activities will not benefit from simplified M&P. Results also show that project activities removing more than 8 kilotons of CO₂e per year and registered as small-scale would be the ones that could benefit the most from simplified M&P. It is concluded that the participation of small-scale project activities to the CDM requires more than simplified M&P, the price of expiring Certified Emission Reductions being one of the most critical parameters.     

The relationship between economic and carbon footprint changes in EU: The achievements of the EU sustainable consumption and production policy implementation

The Sustainable Consumption and Production policy is a key objective in the renewed European Union (EU) Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS). EU countries implement the targets of Sustainable Consumption and Production policy at different a level. Nevertheless, SDS targets are concerned more with production than consumption side. In addition, analysis of the carbon footprint data, which was supplied by the Global Footprint Network, showed that in all EU countries consumption-based carbon footprint caught-up and exceeded the level of production-based carbon (except Denmark and Estonia) during 1993–2010 period. The significant absolute decoupling in terms of carbon footprint from production-based perspective was observed in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Slovakia, Poland, United Kingdom and Germany, meanwhile from consumption-based perspective only in Denmark, Estonia and Germany. Moreover in Spain, Portugal, Italy and Croatia the consumption-based carbon footprint grew faster than economy in general. Results imply that EU should put more focus on consumption side in terms of Sustainable Consumption and Production policy and measures taken. A commitment to reduce the environmental impact from consumption-based perspective should be more addressed covering values and lifestyles.