基于能值分析的崇明岛“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统可持续性评估

运用能值分析的理论和方法，以中国第三大岛崇明岛为研究对象，定量分析和评价了1980～2003年岛内“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统的能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度、环境负荷率、人口承载量以及基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等多项指标的变化趋势，并将2003年的数据进行了国内外对比。针对崇明建设生态岛的目标，分析了崇明岛的优势和不足，为其可持续发展提出了对应的建议和措施。研究表明：虽然良好的生态环境提升了人民的生活质量，但由于缺乏经济和科技竞争力，崇明岛的发展水平处于全国平均水平，与所处的长三角地区整体发展水平相差较大。但岛屿系统现状良好，运行稳定、健康、有活力，可持续性高。未来崇明岛的发展应当合理权衡和协调绎济发展和环境保护的关系，维持系统的可持续性。     

重庆市北碚区经济、社会和资源环境协调度分析

一个地区经济、社会和资源环境的协调发展状况直接反映区域的可持续发展能力。重庆市北碚区作为"城乡结合"型的国家可持续发展实验区，其可持续发展能力对重庆市乃至整个西部地区的可持续发展都将产生较强的示范作用。为将北碚建设成为国家可持续发展示范区，探讨有北碚特色的可持续发展模式，首先建立反映北碚区经济、社会和资源环境发展状况的指标体系；在此基础上,利用SPSS软件对数据进行因子分析，得到三大体系的综合评价指数；将综合评价指数代入eview软件选择适合的回归方程，再利用模糊数学的方法，计算出成立试验区以来北碚的经济、社会和资源环境的协调发展度；最后在综合评价指数和协调度的基础上，发现北碚区协调发展的主要问题并给出建议。     

安庆市生态经济与可持续发展战略初步研究

发展经济和保护生态环境,是长江沿岸地区可持续发展的两大战略任务,在实地调研的基础上,以可持续发展为宗旨,分析了安庆市社会经济发展中存在的主要问题,对区域可持续发展水平进行了综合评价,认为安庆区域可持续发展的整体水平低于全国和安徽省,对安庆市未来经济增长趋势以及差距进行了趋势拟合,结果显示在目前国家和区域的增长方式下,安庆市将继续处于经济低谷地位,应用系统的观点,对安庆市生态经济系统中主要矛盾的形成机理进行了分析,认为围湖造田,工业化和城市化,区域发展机制与生态环境恶化有直接的关系,评价了安庆发展生态经济的优势条件,在此基础上,提出了7年方面的发展战略,以实现生态经济和区域可持续发展,具体包括：生态与社会经济协调发展战略,资源保护战略,生态建设战略,消除贫困战略,解决“三农”问题战略,基础设施建设战略和旅游发展战略。     

湖南资阳区生态经济社会系统协调度评价研究

构建和谐社会已经成为人类社会发展的主流方向，以区域农业系统为研究对象，在构建了系统评价的协调度函数、协调等级和评价指标体系的基础上．从生态经济社会子系统三个层次及系统层次上分析了湖南省益阳市资阳区1995-2002年区域农业系统协调度的变化趋势。研究结果表明：资阳区从1995-2002年区域农业系统处于低度失调与弱度失调状态，协调等级为4-5，协调度变化处于缓慢上升趋势。经济子系统的协调度表现较快增长趋势，协调等级从3上升到7；社会子系统协调度表现U型变化趋势，协调等级为4-3-4；生态子系统协调度表现较大的下滑趋势。协调等级从7级下降到4级。经济子系统在系统的协调度增长中发挥了重要的作用。资阳区在强调经济发展的同时应该加强环境建设和重视社会建设。以推动区域农业系统的协调发展。     

江苏土地利用综合效益空间分异研究

研究江苏土地利用效益空间分异特征对制定差异化土地利用战略从而实现全省土地资源的合理利用与调控,促进区域之间以及社会、经济与生态环境的协调发展具有重要作用。首先建立了以土地利用综合效益为总目标,土地利用社会效益、经济效益和生态环境效益为子目标,包括22个评价因子的土地利用综合效益评价指标体系。在此基础上,采用多因素加权综合评价法,对江苏省各县（市）进行了土地利用综合效益及协调度评价,根据两者的组合状态将江苏分成高效协调区、中效基本协调区和低效基本协调区三大类型区。整体上看,土地利用综合效益及协调度有从南到北逐渐降低的空间分异特征,其中社会经济发展水平是引起土地利用综合效益和协调度差异的主要原因。针对不同类型区域应实行不同的土地利用战略及相关政策来促进区域之间、社会经济与生态环境之间的协调发展。     

基于协调发展视角的区域发展差异研究

20世纪90年代以来，区域差异研究成为学术界和政府管理者关注的热点领域。长期以来学者们主要以单一经济指标或复合经济指标作为衡量因子，分析区域经济差异时空演变及差异背后的自然、社会、经济驱动机理。从可持续发展的角度看，区域发展不单是区域经济的发展，而应是社会、经济与资源环境三方面的协调。基于这一理解，从可持续协调发展入手，建立了区域发展综合评价指标体系，选取了表征社会进步、经济发展和资源环境支持3个方面的27个因素作为评价指标，分析了区域综合发展的测算方法，提出了综合发展指数和发展协调指数。在案例分析中运用所设计的测度方法对江苏省内县级行政单位的综合发展进行了评价和分析。     

基于SDGs及旅游竞争力指数的旅游型城市可持续发展评估——以桂林市为例北大核心CSCDCSSCI

建立旅游型城市可持续发展评价技术体系是科学识别旅游型城市发展问题、定量评估其可持续发展状况的关键举措。文章基于联合国可持续发展目标体系(SDGs)和旅游竞争力指数评估实践,构建了由3大系统、14个支柱、37个独立指标和6个综合指标组成的旅游型城市可持续发展评价指标体系,采用基于变异系数—熵权法的指标线性加权判断方法,并引入耦合度及耦合协调度分析、灰色关联度分析、障碍度分析等技术方法建立综合评价技术体系。以桂林市(国务院第一批批准建设的国家可持续发展议程创新示范区,国家发展改革委首次批准建设的国际旅游胜地)为评价对象,对其2008—2019年连续12年的可持续发展水平进行分析,结果显示:(1)桂林市可持续发展水平呈现波动上升趋势,2008—2019年综合得分由26.26分提升至50.10分,其中社会治理系统得分提升34.79分,景观资源系统得分提升27.41分,经济动力系统得分提升6.14分,经济动力不足是制约桂林市可持续发展水平的短板。(2)在14个支柱中经济开放度和科技创新支柱得分下降、亟需在后续发展规划中重点关注,景观资源保护支柱得分未发生明显变化、有进一步提升的潜力,其余11个支柱得分均有所提升,尤其是旅游安全与健康医疗支柱得分提升明显。(3)景观资源、经济动力及社会治理三系统处于高水平耦合状态,耦合协调度从2008年的勉强失调型演变为2019年的初级协调发展型,但经济动力与景观资源、社会治理两系统的耦合协调度较低,经济新动能的培育是未来发展的关键。(4)从关联度上看,与桂林市可持续发展水平变化关联度最高的指标为道路密度、旅游资源开发利用程度、人均旅游接待人次、空气质量达标率;从障碍度上看,制约桂林市可持续发展水平提升的关键指标是地均星级饭店数量、万人非物质文化遗产数量、每万人口发明专利拥有量、贸易自由度,上述指标在未来桂林市可持续发展水平提升过程中需要重点关注。     

蓄滞洪区可持续发展评价指标体系及案例研究

本文以蓄滞洪区复合系统为评价对象，在对相关子系统进行综合分析的基础上，设计了可持续发展评价指标体系，并以洪湖蓄滞洪区为实例，对其发展资本、发展水平、防洪情势和综合发展度进行了评价，分析了洪湖蓄滞洪区各个子系统之间的协调关系。评价结果表明：洪湖蓄滞洪区的发展资本和发展水平都处于比较良好的状态，防洪情势为风险型，是洪湖蓄滞洪区可持续发展的制约因素。洪湖蓄滞洪区实现可持续发展的重点是解决社会经济与防洪子系统之间的矛盾，加强防洪子系统的发展，改善社会经济结构，同时注意保护和利用环境。     

区域经济－旅游－生态环境耦合协调度研究——以安徽省为例

在阐述区域经济、旅游业与生态环境相互协调发展的作用机理的基础上，建立了区域经济 旅游 生态环境耦合协调度指标体系，并引入耦合协调度数学模型及计算方法，以安徽省为例，对安徽省1990～2008年经济 旅游 生态环境耦合协调度进行了实证分析。研究结果表明，安徽省经济 旅游 生态环境耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势，但仍属于中等水平的勉强协调类型。近年来三者的耦合协调关系处于颉颃状态，生态环境已经成为制约耦合协调度进一步提高的瓶颈。     

江苏沿海城镇化与生态环境协调发展量化分析

城镇化与生态环境之间存在着客观的动态耦合关系,以江苏沿海三市(南通、盐城、连云港)2000-2009年统计数据为基础,分别从人口、经济、空间、社会城镇化和生态环境压力、状态、响应等层面构建了城镇化与生态环境协调发展的综合评价指标体系,利用协调发展模型对其演化趋势进行了量化分析。结果表明:①城镇化指数逐步提高,呈线性增长趋势,进入城镇化快速发展时期;②生态环境指数具有不同的变化特征,表现为波动上升趋势,生态环境质量不断得到改善;③城镇化与生态环境协调发展度指数表现出多样化的等级类型,当城镇化水平发展到一定阶段,生态环境压力也随之增大,同时人们的环境保护意识与逐步增强,两者之间的交互作用逐步走向适应与协调。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.