无机-有机复合混凝剂处理夏季引黄水库水的对比研究

合成了具有不同Fe(Al)/聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)质量比的无机-有机复合混凝剂PFC-PDMDAAC和PAC-PDMDAAC,并对夏季引黄水库水进行混凝处理.考察了复合比例、投药量、pH值和投加方式对浊度、有机物和叶绿素-a的去除效果;并通过混凝过程中形成絮体的Zeta电位的变化分析了2种混凝剂的混凝机理.结果表明,无机-有机复合混凝剂处理夏季引黄水库水的效果好于2种单独成分的复配使用;复合比例对PFC-PDMDAAC和PAC-PDMDAAC处理夏季引黄水库水的效果影响较大,Fe(Al)/PDMDAAC质量比为4:1,投药量为4mg/L时混凝效果最好;与无机混凝剂相比,复合混凝剂的最佳pH值范围较广,可在5.0~8.0的pH值范围内取得良好的混凝效果;2种混凝剂相比,PAC-PDMDAAC对浊度和叶绿素-a的去除效果较好,而PFC-PDMDAAC对有机物的去除效果更佳.     

臭氧-混凝交互作用对混凝效果的影响

采用臭氧-混凝联用(臭氧与混凝剂同时投加)和预臭氧混凝(预臭氧后待水中臭氧浓度为0后再投加混凝剂)两种方式处理水样,分析其氧化、混凝效果和消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)等的差异,研究臭氧-混凝交互作用对处理效果的影响.结果表明,联用和预臭氧混凝效果之间存在明显差异.联用工艺中臭氧与混凝剂间发生交互作用,导致混凝剂水解形态分布发生改变是影响混凝效果的重要原因.联用处理后水样的浊度高于预臭氧混凝,主要原因之一在于臭氧降低了混凝剂水解形态分布中Alb的含量;Cl-DBPFP低于预臭氧混凝出水,是混凝剂Al Cl3及其某些水解形态对臭氧具有催化氧化的作用,促进了消毒副产物前驱物的氧化降解所致.联用对MCAA和CF生成势的去除效果显著强于预臭氧混凝,其中MCAAFP分别为5.6μg·L-1和16.9μg·L-1,CFFP分别为12.5μg·L-1和24.1μg·L-1.臭氧与混凝剂交互作用显著影响混凝效果及消毒副产物的生成,是臭氧和混凝配合使用安全性研究中需要重点关注的内容.因而,相关科研和实际水处理工艺中必须明确预臭氧及混凝剂投加位点和相对次序.     

淀粉改性混凝剂复合硅酸盐对微污染水强化混凝性能研究

传统混凝工艺对微污染地表水净化效果有限,此外,近年来淀粉等天然高分子混凝剂由于绿色环保等特点而备受关注.本研究采用一种阳离子改性淀粉材料(淀粉-3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵,St-CTA)为混凝剂,分别与实验室自制的聚硅酸(PSA)及聚硅酸钛锌(PSTZ)进行复合强化混凝,应用于处理微污染水体.首先以高岭土-腐殖酸(HA)混合液为模拟水样,基于表观混凝性能、絮体特征及混凝后上清液ζ电位等,详细考察了强化混凝工艺的净水效果及混凝机制.结果表明,St-CTA分别复合两种不同硅酸盐的强化混凝工艺均对模拟水样具有良好的净水效果;St-CTA与PSTZ复合优于其与PSA组合工艺的混凝性能,且St-CTA/PSTZ复合工艺能缓解St-CTA过量引起的再稳定效应,具有较宽的有效混凝范围.St-CTA通过电中和作用与污染物结合,可有效压缩表面双电层;而带正电性的PSTZ,相比于负电性的 PSA,不仅具有粘结架桥强化效应,还具有电中和作用,且与HA可形成Zn-HA复合物,实现高效净水效果.除模拟水样外,还考察了两种强化混凝工艺对实际微污染地表水的混凝效果,其均表现出良好的混凝性能,有效弥补单一混凝剂对有机微污染水体混凝效率较低的不足,进一步证实了该强化混凝工艺的有效性.此外,与处理模拟水样效果一致,St-CTA复合PSTZ的净化效果更佳,但PSA具有更低的应用成本.本研究提供了一种绿色环保的强化混凝工艺,可有效净化微污染水体,具有良好的应用前景.     

铝盐混凝剂的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系研究

研究了氯化铝、硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(poly-aluminum chloride, PAC)3种铝盐混凝剂在腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样中的应用,以比较3种混凝剂在该水样中的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系.结果表明, 3种铝盐混凝剂在试验选取的投加量下对浊度和UV254的去除率最高可达90%左右,PAC能在较高的投加量下达到较好的混凝效果;较高投加量下PAC混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝含量为0.9 mg/L左右,余铝率为-3.0%左右,均明显低于传统的铝盐混凝剂;3种混凝剂混凝处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样时,残留铝均大部分以溶解性总铝的形式存在,且溶解性有机铝在总溶解性铝中所占比例较大;PAC在腐殖酸-高岭土混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝的含量下降最快,且能够有效降低出水中毒性较大的溶解性铝的含量,其混凝沉淀出水中残留总溶解性铝含量为0.6 mg/L左右.     

混凝沉淀过程中铝系混凝剂的形态转化规律

研究了模拟配水中硫酸铝和氯化铝2种传统铝凝聚剂和2种聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂在混凝过程中的形态转化规律以及原水浊度和溶解性有机碳(DOC)对残余铝形态分布的影响.结果表明,在低浊体系中,投加铝系混凝剂是导致出水余铝升高的主要原因;但在高浊体系中,铝系混凝剂,尤其是聚合铝具有一定的除铝功能;混凝沉淀过程中传统铝凝聚剂的残余铝总量明显高于聚合铝混凝剂的残余铝总量;聚合铝混凝剂的残余铝全部为悬浮态铝,传统铝混凝剂的残余铝中还存在着胶体态铝和溶解态铝.原水浊度和DOC浓度增加,会提高残余铝中胶体态铝和溶解态铝的含量.     

聚合铝的水解形态对混凝过程中磷分布转化的影响

用碱化度不同的混凝剂对水体进行混凝处理,对混凝前后水体中磷的含量、形态分布以及藻类可利用性等进行了研究.结果表明,不同碱化度的混凝剂除磷效果不同,对水体中磷形态分布的影响差别显著;Ala在混凝剂去除磷实验过程中起重要作用,碱化度越低的混凝剂除磷率越高,PACl0除磷效果最好.随着混凝剂(PACl0)投量的增加,水体中溶...     

聚铁硅型复合无机高分子絮凝剂的混凝性能

采用常规烧杯搅拌试验方法对聚铁硅型复合混凝剂的混凝性能进行了系统的研究 .结果表明 ,所研究聚合铁硅型复合混凝剂的混凝性能随氧化硅的种类与Si/Fe比的不同而有显明的差异 ,而碱化度的影响较为有限 .三类氧化硅中Silica(A)与Silica(B)的特性比较类似 ,显著地降低了混凝剂的电中和能力 ,仅仅在较高投药量时带来混凝效果一定的改善 .Silica(C)的引入对电中和能力的影响不大 ,但显著地提高了混凝效能 ,归因于其高效的架桥作用     

新型混凝剂处理印染废水的实验研究

采用自行制备的具有不同SiO2 :Al:Fe(摩尔比值 )和碱化度的两类新型无机高分子混凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝铁 (PSAFC)和聚硅酸硫酸铝铁 (PSAFS)各 7种 ,直接对印染废水进行处理。从中选出 2种混凝剂 ,考察了pH值、混凝剂投量等对混凝效果的影响 ,并对混凝处理后 ,印染废水出水中残留混凝剂主要成分Al、Fe、SiO2 的含量进行分析。实验结果表明 ,氯化物型 (PSAFC)和硫酸盐型 (PSAFS)混凝剂对印染废水的色度、浊度、CODCr均有良好的去除效果 ;总体而言 ,PSAFS的混凝效果略优于PSAFC ;混凝处理后印染废水出水中残留铝、铁、硅的含量均比较低 ;pH值和碱化度对混凝剂在水体中残留铝含量有影响     

硫酸铝/PDM 复合混凝剂对夏季太湖水的混凝脱浊

 采用混凝烧杯实验,考察了硫酸铝(AS)/聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)复合混凝剂的复合比例、PDM 特征黏度对夏季太湖含藻水脱浊效果及絮团沉淀性能的影响,并与预加氯工艺条件下的混凝脱浊效果进行了比较.结果表明,对浊度22~26NTU、温度28~30℃、藻含量2.5×107个/L的太湖水,在与某市水厂混凝强度相近的搅拌强度下,PDM明显提高了AS的混凝脱浊效果与沉淀性能,且AS(以Al₂O₃计)/PDM复合配比越低,PDM 特征黏度越高,脱浊效果与沉淀性能越好.在达到2NTU 沉淀出水剩余浊度的情况下,AS 需4.27mg/L 的投加量,而质量复合比例为20:1~5:1 的AS/PDM 的复合混凝剂需AS 投加量3.99~2.07mg/L,减少6.56%~51.52%的AS 投加量;在沉淀出水浊度要求提高至1NTU 的情况下,AS 需7.11mg/L 的投加量,而质量复合比例为20:1~5:1 的AS/PDM 复合混凝剂需6.61~3.38mg/L 的投加量,减少AS 投加量13.36%~52.46%.复合混凝剂能够在一定程度上取代预加氯的助凝脱浊功能,尽可能地减少预加氯投加量.     

不同交联剂制备的环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物的结构及脱色性能

以环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺为原料,加入不同的胺类交联剂(乙二胺、二乙烯三胺和三乙烯四胺)合成出一系列环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物(EPI-DMA).研究了交联剂及用量对产品特性的影响;利用红外光谱(IR)和电子透射电镜(TEM)等现代分析仪器研究了EPI-DMA的结构及在水中的聚集形态;并通过烧杯实验研究了EPI-DMA对染料模拟废水和实际印染废水的处理效果.结果表明,交联剂的加入使EPI-DMA的粘度和阳离子度发生变化;不同交联剂制备的EPI-DMA的IR谱图相差不大,但在水溶液中的结构形貌不相同;EPI-DMA处理模拟活性艳红废水时以电中和和吸附架桥为作用机理,在处理还原大红废水时以电中和作用为主;在用EPI-DMA处理实际废水时脱色率和COD的去除率分别可达80%和60%.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.