生物反应器填埋条件下垃圾生物质组分的初期降解规律

在经甲烷化填埋层渗滤后的渗滤液循环回灌的新鲜垃圾填埋层内,以生物质分类表征为基础,分析了新鲜垃圾填埋层内固相各生物质组分（总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素和木质素）的初期降解规律.结果表明,垃圾中原有总糖组分和蛋白质的快速水解发酵是新鲜垃圾填埋后产生高有机质浓度渗滤液的主要机制;脂肪和纤维素的降解产物不是填埋初期高有机质浓度渗滤液的主要来源;纤维素是填埋层稳定产甲烷阶段的主要碳源,其水解速率可能是甲烷化过程的限速步骤;纤维素/木质素之质量比可作为指示填埋垃圾稳定化的指标.各生物质组分的初期降解速率常数均在0.01至0.1之间,而填埋气体中甲烷体积分数在60d内达到45%.食品垃圾组分富集的生活垃圾,应用生物反应器填埋技术时,必须具备足够的降解容量以代谢填埋初期固相中总糖和蛋白质快速水解产生的酸性液相产物.     

餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性研究

餐厨垃圾可定向发酵产乙醇,但复杂的预处理导致处理时间长、工艺复杂度增加. 本文通过直接接种酵母菌和灭菌后接种酵母菌对比试验,分析发酵系统内乙醇、乙醇前体物还原糖、还原糖前体物淀粉的降解与产生规律,探讨餐厨垃圾直接接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性及规律. 结果表明:酵母菌的添加能够促进餐厨垃圾固体厌氧发酵产生乙醇,接种酵母菌后乙醇浓度为11.86~12.09 g/L,是空白对照的8.41~31.50倍,且高于灭菌预处理后接种的6.88~10.02 g/L;基于修正的Gompertz模型分析也证实了上述结果,接种酵母菌后,系统产乙醇潜力(P_m)和单位最大乙醇产率(R_m)也随之上升,但接种量对餐厨垃圾的P_m和R_m影响不大. 对乙醇前体物还原糖的分析表明,接种酵母菌能够在发酵初期就可以发挥作用,促使系统内还原糖在0~4 h内快速降为43.37~46.55 mg/g,从而加速了餐厨垃圾的稳定化进程,但在4~24 h内,由于次生代谢物的抑制作用,系统内还原糖未出现明显的产生和降解. 还原糖前体物淀粉的水解情况分析表明,接种酵母菌可将淀粉的水解率由19.36%提高到27.90%~37.57%,但淀粉含量在274.02~316.51 mg/g之间时已不再发生水解. 研究显示,直接接种酵母菌有助于餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇含量的提高,体系中还原糖、淀粉含量并未成为餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇量的限制性因素.      

米曲霉协同抗酸化菌剂制备餐厨垃圾氨基酸液态肥

餐厨垃圾全量资源化过程中大分子物质与易降解有机质的同步转化,是制备高品质液态肥的关键. 本文采用自主筛选的抗酸化菌剂和米曲霉协同制备富含氨基酸的液态肥,通过温度、初始pH、菌剂接种量等工艺条件优化,解析大分子物质(有机质、蛋白质、淀粉等)的降解转化特性,阐明微生物群落演替规律. 结果表明:抗酸化菌剂与米曲霉的协同作用可促进餐厨垃圾中大分子物质的有效降解转化,当温度为38 ℃、初始pH为6.5、接种量为1%时,好氧发酵6 d后产物中游离氨基酸浓度显著提高,达到4.09 g/L. 极差分析发现,对产物中游离氨基酸浓度影响的显著性由高到低依次为接种量、温度和初始pH. 微生物群落演替规律分析表明,Bacillus和Aspergillus是发酵过程中的优势微生物,与游离氨基酸浓度具有较强的相关性;Agaricales、Cladosporium、Vibrio在淀粉的降解、溶解性碳水化合物的赋存中起到重要作用. 研究显示,米曲霉协同抗酸化菌剂好氧发酵餐厨垃圾可实现易降解有机质与大分子物质的同步转化,提高产物游离氨基酸含量,为餐厨垃圾高值化利用提供技术支撑.      

园林/餐厨垃圾联合堆肥工艺研究

以干草落叶混合物及酒店餐厨垃圾为原料,在自然通风条件下,利用自行研制的引风式堆肥装置,通过为期10d的园林/餐厨垃圾混合物高温好氧初级发酵,研究混合原料中餐厨垃圾不同配比对园林垃圾快速堆肥效果的影响。结果表明:在质量配比75.64%、67.45%、51.37%中,当餐厨垃圾质量比67.45%时,含水率61.15%对园林垃圾堆肥效果最好,减容率24.83%,减重率28.33%,初级发酵结束C/N比15.41。     

短期高温预处理对餐厨垃圾堆肥进程及产品质量的影响

为探索短期高温预处理对餐厨垃圾堆肥进程及产品质量的影响,设计预处理温度(65、80、95℃)、时间(2、4、6 h)和通风量(0、0.1、0.2m3·min^-1·m^-3)的三因素三水平正交试验.结果表明,高温预处理能促进半纤维素的降解,增加腐殖质前体物质氨基酸、还原糖等溶出,两者在高温预处理组(HTP)中的含量分别比对照组(CK)高出41.41%和35.51%.经短期高温预处理后,所有试验组都可在20 d时完全腐熟(种子发芽指数(GI)>70%),部分试验组甚至在15 d即可腐熟,而CK组在20 d时GI仅65.7%.HTP组堆肥产品总氮、总磷和总钾的平均含量分别比CK组高6.19%、10.96%和6.61%.以GI、腐殖质、聚合度和总养分为评价指标进行正交和方差分析,得出最佳预处理条件为温度80℃,时间4 h,通风量0.1 m3·min^-1·m^-3.研究结果表明短期高温预处理可以显著加速餐厨垃圾堆肥进程、提高产品质量,这可为突破传统堆肥耗时长、产品肥效低的瓶颈提供指导.     

餐厨垃圾营养复配及其在复合微生物菌剂作用下的好氧降解

针对餐厨垃圾自身特点,选用花生壳、香蕉皮对餐厨垃圾进行复配以改善其营养结构,并通过微生物强化其好氧降解。对餐厨垃圾降解菌剂CCJ-Bac-1进行多样性分析及鉴定发现,该菌剂以芽孢杆菌（Bacillus spp.）为主,主要包括贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（B.velezensis）、栗褐芽孢杆菌（B.badius）、热噬淀粉芽孢杆菌（B.thermoamylovorans）、普鲁兰类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus pueri）、格氏乳杆菌（Lactobacillus gasseri）、食蔗糖驹形氏杆菌（Komagataeibacter saccharivorans）,其中栗褐芽胞杆菌、热噬淀粉芽孢杆菌和普鲁兰类芽孢杆菌均为首次在餐厨垃圾降解中报道。以花生壳和香蕉皮对餐厨垃圾原料进行理化性质调控,确定出最适的复配比为餐厨垃圾（湿料）:花生壳（干料）:香蕉皮（干料）=0.7:0.2:0.1。此复配原料经CCJ-Bac-1与嗜热毁丝霉、嗜热链球菌按照1:1:1复合制备的菌剂降解后,减重率达到63.9%。该成果可为餐厨垃圾制作可生物转化的原料提供基础数据。     

餐厨垃圾堆肥作为黑麦草生长基质的研究

顺着城市化的急速发展,餐厨垃圾已成为目前城市环境保护的重点。本文通过分析餐厨垃圾的特点,阐述当前餐厨垃圾处理的方式。为研究对堆肥产品的应用可行性,筛选了以餐厨垃圾堆肥产品为原料的不同基质的最佳配方。以黑麦草为例,将餐厨垃圾堆肥、珍珠岩和泥炭按比例混和制成基质,通过栽培试验观察并测试发芽率、株高、SPAD值等生物指标,筛选出适宜育苗和生长的基质,得出最佳的配方。实验结果表明:以腐熟的餐厨垃圾堆肥为原料配制基质,以黑麦草为供试作物,检验不同配比基质的生物效应。筛选出适宜黑麦草生长的最佳基质配方是:泥炭:堆肥:珍珠岩(v/v)=0.6∶0.4∶1.4)。     

污泥和餐厨垃圾联合干法中温厌氧消化性能研究

采用完全混合式反应器R1～R5(进料脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾的湿重混合比分别为1:0、4:1、3:2、2:3和0:1),在半连续运行的状态下,考察了停留时间(solid retention time,SRT)为20 d时脱水污泥和餐厨垃圾混合干法厌氧消化的产气性能、有机质降解性能和系统稳定性.结果表明,随着进料中餐厨垃圾所占比例的增大,系统的产气率和甲烷产率呈上升趋势,产气中甲烷含量呈下降趋势,污泥中添加餐厨垃圾有助于在利用原有消化罐容积的前提下显著提高有机负荷和体积产气率.餐厨垃圾比例越大,混合物料的水解速率常数越大,有机质降解率越高,R1～R4中有机质水解速率常数分别为0.25、0.61、1.09和1.56 d-1,有机质降解率分别为37.4%、50.6%、60.7%和68.2%,水解速率差异是导致VS降解率不同的主要原因.随着餐厨垃圾比例的增大,系统内pH、总碱度(total alkalinity,TA)、总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)和游离氨氮(free ammonianitrogen,FAN)呈下降趋势,当污泥中添加的餐厨垃圾提高60%时,系统内pH、总碱度、总氨氮和游离氨氮分别下降6%、16%、22%和75%.游离氨和Na+分别是影响污泥和餐厨垃圾单独干法消化稳定性的重要因素,污泥和餐厨垃圾混合消化可降低潜在抑制性物质的浓度,显著提高系统稳定性.     

基于土地利用的污泥-餐厨蚯蚓堆肥中碳氮元素的转化特征

我国城市剩余污泥有机物含量低,与厨余垃圾协同处理处置引起广泛关注。以城市污泥和厨余垃圾为堆肥原料,锯末为调理剂,考察二者协同堆肥的工艺性能,探讨基于土地利用为目的的处置途径下碳、氮元素的转化特征。结果表明：在含水率为(73±2)%,温度为(23±1)℃的条件下,蚯蚓能够在剩余污泥和餐厨垃圾中存活和生长并提高堆肥稳定化程度;在为期60 d的堆肥周期后,蚯蚓组的TOC平均降解率为32.62%左右,而对照组的平均降解率为27.13%左右,蚯蚓组的TN增幅为18.90%～29.80%,而对照组为15.83%～27.40%,C/N在堆肥的前后都有所降低,且蚯蚓组的降解率更高;剩余污泥∶餐厨垃圾∶锯末=4∶3∶3(以干重计)堆肥环境下的蚯蚓生长繁殖特征更为优良。市政污泥、餐厨垃圾、锯末联合蚯蚓堆肥处理,可以有效加快堆肥进程,提高有机物的稳定化和资源化利用的程度,利于进行后续土地利用。     

餐厨垃圾堆肥处理的蚯蚓适应性研究

为探究校园餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中蚯蚓生长、繁殖的最佳条件,从赤子爱胜蚓的生活习性和生理特性入手,在pH值、含水率和温度相对稳定条件下,设计了4组为期7周的堆肥实验,每周观察和记录蚯蚓的体重和数量,计算其日增重倍数和日繁殖倍数。结果表明:向120 g质量比为1∶6的新鲜餐厨垃圾与基土混合物中投加6条单蚓重150~200 mg的赤子爱胜蚓进行餐厨垃圾堆肥时,蚯蚓的生长繁殖状况最好,这可能是从生物视角上餐厨垃圾蚯蚓堆肥处理的最佳条件。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.