氧化还原介体催化强化Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1反硝化特性研究

考察了Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1的醌呼吸特性及4种结构相似的醌类介体(AQS,α-AQS,AQDS和1,5-AQDS)催化强化Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1的反硝化过程.结果表明,Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1能利用醌类介体作为其电子传递链中的电子受体进行呼吸,使醌类介体还原为相应的氢醌形式;在35℃条件下,采用间歇试验法,4种介体浓度均为0.24mmol.L-1时,可分别提高硝酸盐氮降解速率1.14～1.63倍、总氮去除速率1.12～2.02倍,其从大到小顺序为:AQDS>1,5-AQDS>AQS>α-AQS;介体可降低Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1硝酸盐降解过程中氧化还原电位约33～75 mV;介体催化强化硝酸盐降解过程中pH变化趋势与空白对照组类似,最终pH稳定在9.0左右;在0～0.32 mmol.L-1AQDS浓度范围内,体系硝酸盐氮降解零级反应速率常数K与介体的浓度cAQDS呈线性关系.本研究为解决生物脱氮技术存在降解速率低的问题提供了有效途径.     

短程硝化-反硝化生物滤池脱氮机制研究

研究了短程硝化生物滤池的调控因素以及短程硝化-反硝化生物滤池的脱氮机制.结果表明,针对城市污水处理厂二级出水中的氨氮和总氮,在水温为(30±1)℃的条件下,提高进水pH值有助于硝化生物滤池中亚硝酸盐的积累,较好地实现短程硝化过程,当进水pH值平均为8.5时,亚硝酸盐的积累达到最大.沿硝化生物滤池水流方向,pH和DO的变化呈相反趋势,亚硝酸盐的积累呈增加趋势,在反应器出水口较好地实现了亚硝酸盐的积累.短程硝化-反硝化生物滤池对NH4+-N有较好的去除效率(90%以上);当反硝化生物滤池进水COD/TN为3.0时,出水TN的浓度降低到8～9 mg.L-1的范围,去除率稳定在79%～81%.     

蒽醌染料中间体催化强化偶氮染料生物脱色

考察了醌还原菌群利用6种蒽醌染料中间体对偶氮染料生物脱色的催化强化作用.结果表明,溴氨酸(1-氨基-4-溴蒽醌-2-磺酸, BAA)的催化强化效果最好;游离态菌群以BAA作为氧化还原介体可催化强化多种偶氮染料的生物脱色,其中对酸性大红3R脱色的适宜条件为pH 6～9之间;外加葡萄糖浓度400～600 mg/L;BAA浓度19～34.2 mg/L,染料起始浓度≤900 mg/L.在此条件下,最大脱色率约为95%、达到最大脱色率的时间<7 h.同时发现,投加氧化还原介体BAA浓度为38～57mg/L时,固定化菌群降解酸性大红3R(180 mg/L)的最大脱色率在14 h内达到93%;在不补加BAA的情况下,固定化菌群经7次循环使用后,脱色率仍保持在85%以上.     

氧化还原介体厌氧催化酸性红B生物脱色研究

研究了筛选出的四种结构相似的醌类氧化还原介体对酸性红B厌氧脱色的促进作用,并以催化效果最佳的蒽醌-2-磺酸钠为醌介体模型,探讨了醌介体催化酸性红B厌氧生物降解路径。在35℃中温厌氧条件下,采用间歇批量实验法,测定不同体系中醌介体催化酸性红B脱色效果。结果表明:①在酸性红B浓度为150mg·L-1,醌介体浓度为0.16mmol/L,反应时间为4h时,结构相似的四种醌介体均可促进酸性红B脱色,反应效率提高了1.6².4倍,其大小顺序为AQS>2,7-AQDS>AQDS>α-AQS;②AQS在催化酸性红B降解过程中与传统厌氧微生物降解路径保持一致。     

厌氧-好氧-缺氧短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺研究

构建了主要由厌氧-好氧-缺氧构成的短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺,并在常温条件下用于生活污水的处理.研究发现,通过调节反应器内好氧区的pH(8.2～8.7)和溶解氧(DO为3～5mg·L-1)能实现该工艺的快速启动,在好氧区内实现亚硝酸盐的累积.在稳定运行期内,DO是影响短程硝化的主要影响因素,好氧1区DO控制在1.5～2.0mg·L-1,好氧2区DO控制在0.5～1.0mg·L-1,好氧区内亚硝酸盐氮累积浓度稳定在5～10mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达到90%以上.各反应单元内碳源、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对除磷贡献的研究表明,该工艺的缺氧段实现了在不外加碳源的情况下以亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐共同作为电子受体的反硝化除磷,反硝化除磷量占系统总除磷量的80%以上.     

高氮城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮

采用"两级UASB-缺氧-好氧系统"处理高COD与高NH4 -N的城市生活垃圾渗滤液.180天的试验结果表明:UASB1(一级UASB)与UASB2(二级UASB)最大COD去除速率分别为12.5、8.5 kg·m-3·d-1,UASB1的NOx--N的最大去除速率为3.0 kg·m-3·d-1.系统COD去除率为80%～92%,出水COD为800～1500 mg·L-1.原渗滤液的NH 4-N为1100～2000 mg·L-1,A/O工艺的最大NH4 -N去除速率为0.68kg·m-3·d-1;在17～30℃,通过NO-2-N累积率为90%～99%的短程硝化,NH4 -N的去除率在99%左右,出水NH4 -N小于15 mg·L-1.回流处理水和二沉池回流污泥中的NOx--N分别在UASB1和A/O工艺的缺氧段实现完全反硝化,使系统无机氮TIN去除率达80%～92%.同时高效的反硝化为硝化提供了充足的碱度,使A/O工艺pH大于8.5,维持较高的游离氨浓度,结果表明,高游离氨(FA)是导致短程硝化的主要因素.以pH作为控制参数调控A/O工艺的曝气时间,可以有效的抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的增长,实现种群优化和稳定的短程硝化.     

污水反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐的积累规律

采用SBR反应器,以甲醇为碳源,研究了污水反硝化过程中的亚硝酸盐积累现象.在试验温度为14℃,初始pH值为7.33,污泥浓度为1 000 mg·L<'-1>条件下,反硝化过程中出现了明显的亚硝酸盐积累,亚硝酸盐浓度随着硝酸盐的不断还原而逐渐增加,2.5 h时,硝酸盐基本消耗完毕,亚硝酸盐浓度达到最大值22.35 mg·...     

厌氧氨氧化微生物在有机碳源条件下的代谢特性

通过多系列血清瓶实验并结合吉布斯自由能量分析探讨了厌氧氨氧化微生物在有机碳源条件下的代谢特性.实验结果表明：在葡萄糖作为有机碳源的条件下,低浓度的葡萄糖 (0.5 mmol·L-1) 能够促进厌氧氨氧化反应的速率,高浓度的葡萄糖 (≥1 mmol·L-1) 抑制了厌氧氨氧化活性;厌氧氨氧化微生物不仅具有厌氧氨氧化的代谢特性,还具有反硝化和硫酸盐还原的代谢能力.吉布斯自由能量分析表明： 在低浓度葡萄糖条件下,尽管最初厌氧氨氧化途径具有优势,但随后与反硝化途径展开竞争并处于劣势;在高浓度葡萄糖条件下,与厌氧氨氧化途径相比,反硝化途径完全占据优势;硫酸盐还原途径与厌氧氨氧化和反硝化途径相比不具有能量优势,只能发生在这两个途径之后.     

微生物异化还原针铁矿过程中4-硝基苯乙酮降解动力学特征及机理初探

以硝基类有机污染物为研究对象,探讨了在多相界面(矿物相/生物相)反应体系及纯生物相反应体系中4-硝基苯乙酮微生物还原动力学特征,同时对"针铁矿-微生物-4-硝基苯乙酮"相互作用机制进行了初步阐明.结果表明,2-磺酸钠蒽醌(AQS)对4-硝基苯乙酮微生物还原降解速率有显著的促进作用;不同反应体系中还原降解产物4-氨基苯乙酮含量(μmol·L-1)的对数值和反应时间(h)之间均呈典型的动力学一级增长模式(ExpGro1 Mode),ExpGro1模型拟合的校正R2系数(R2adj)在0.9699～0.9894之间.针铁矿介导下的多相界面反应体系中,4-硝基苯乙酮微生物还原过程可分为耦合的两个子过程,即针铁矿的微生物还原解离过程和吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)调控下的非生物还原过程.不同浓度的AQS以及反应体系中针铁矿的介入,导致4-硝基苯乙酮微生物还原反应所需"活化时间"存在一定程度的差异.研究进一步证实,针铁矿还原解离过程生成的吸附态活性Fe("Ι)在4-硝基苯乙酮微生物还原过程中起到了至关重要的作用.     

EGSB反应器中耦合厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的研究

将好氧活性污泥接种于膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,经过120 d的启动运行,形成颗粒污泥.在启动好的EGSB反应器进水中添加亚硝酸盐和氨盐,反应器内温度控制在32～35 ℃,pH为7.5～8.3,氧化还原电位为-150～-40 mV;水力停留时间4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h,经过270 d运行,逐步富集和耦合产甲烷菌、反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在进水ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L,有机容积负荷速率为4.800 kg/(m3·d)(以COD_Cr计)和1.152 kg/(m3·d)(以N计)的条件下,出水ρ(COD_Cr)维持在80 mg/L以下;COD_Cr,氨氮,亚硝态氮和总氮去除率分别为85%, 35%, 99.9%和67%;其去除速率分别稳定在6.12,0.202,0.575和0.777 kg/(m3·d);其中氨氮和总氮的去除速率分别是传统活性污泥法硝化/反硝化(0.05 kg/(m3·d))的4和15.5倍. pH,温度,溶解氧,氧化还原电位,亚硝酸盐和COD_Cr对EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的耦合和颗粒污泥的特性均有影响.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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