环境化学

2参18X 1 3 9401903COZ催化氢化研究一REY负载双金属催化剂的催化作用/银小龙(太原工业大学应用化学系)…/l’环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.1993,14(5)一19一23环情X一5 用高压釜实验评价了用离子交换法制备的负载于REY和ZSMS分子筛上的多种过渡金属对CO:加氢合成醇和甲烷化的催化活性。实验结果表明,双金属催化剂的活性按下列顺序降低,CoZ甲烷:Ru>NIRu> Nipd>NIIr;合成醇:NICu>Ni>NIMn>NICo。用2%Ru/REY催化剂,在473K、39MPa、C02/HZ二l/5、反应时间Zoh条件下,760,0的CO:转化为甲烷。反应温度、压力和溶剂等条件对…     

常压下Ni-Fe/γ-Al_2O_3合成气甲烷化的催化机理研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了γ-Al2O3负载的Ni金属催化剂和Ni-Fe双金属催化剂,采用BET、XRD、H2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行了表征,利用固定床反应装置考察了催化剂的合成气甲烷化的催化活性,研究了常压下不同负载量的镍铁双金属催化剂在不同空速下及不同温度下的催化活性。结果表明:反应空速为30 000 m L/(g·h),反应原料气体积分数为N2:20%、H2:60%、CO:20%的反应条件下,Ni-Fe/γ-Al2O3双金属催化剂表现出高的甲烷化活性,CO的转化率接近100%,CH4的选择性可达90%以上。得到在Ni和Fe的负载量均在15%的情况下,催化剂催化效果达到最佳,BET、XRD及H2-TPR分析表明,在这样的比例下,Ni-Fe/γ-Al2O3双金属催化剂中Ni、Fe之间产生了明显的相互作用,在还原后的催化剂中以Ni-Fe合金形式存在,铁助剂的添加可以使催化剂的还原温度降低,利于活性组分被还原。镍、铁之间的相互作用有利于产生电子效应,并使得Ni O的分散度有所提高,催化剂能够充分地被还原,从而提高催化剂活性。     

CeO2负载型双金属Pd/Fe催化还原四氯化碳的实验研究

实验采用共沉淀法制得CeO_2负载型双金属Pd/Fe催化剂,并对催化剂的结构特征进行了X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析.使用负载型双金属催化剂对四氯化碳进行还原脱氯研究,探究了温度、溶液初始pH值、催化剂投加量及不同钯载率对四氯化碳脱氯的影响;对比了不同催化剂包括纳米零价铁、纳米钯铁双金属和CeO_2负载型双金属Pd/Fe对四氯化碳的脱氯效果.实验结果表明负载型双金属催化剂在温度为40℃,溶液初始pH为6.5,催化剂投加量为0.4 g·L-1,钯载率为0.5%的条件下,对初始浓度为5 mg·L-1的四氯化碳的去除率高达99.88%.在相同的反应条件下,纳米零价铁和纳米钯铁双金属对四氯化碳的脱氯率分别为58.25%、87.94%.此外,对四氯化碳的脱氯机制进行了探讨.     

巯基改性高岭土负载CeO2-CdS光催化降解结晶紫

为获得高效催化活性的光催化材料,实现偶氮类染料的高效降解,试验以巯基乙酸钠作为硫源和高岭土改性剂合成了巯基高岭土/CeO₂-CdS催化剂,并以降解结晶紫为模板反应,优化确定了巯基高岭土/CeO₂-CdS催化剂的制备条件.采用XRD（X射线衍射）、SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、TEM（透射电子显微镜）、FTIR（傅里叶红外光谱）和UV-Vis（紫外-可见光漫反射光谱）对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:①催化剂是由巯基高岭土、立方相结构的CdS和萤石结构的CeO₂组成;②CdS和CeO₂的负载破坏了巯基高岭土的层状结构;③最优催化剂和巯基高岭土/CeO₂的可见光的响应范围分别为550和450 nm;④当CeO₂:CdS（摩尔比,下同）为4:6,巯基高岭土:CeO₂-CdS（质量比,下同）为1:3时,催化剂具有最优的光催化活性;⑤在50 mL结晶紫浓度为10 mg/L的溶液中,添加0.1 g最优催化剂后,采用350 W氙灯对其光照150 min时,结晶紫的降解率为95.1%;⑥最优催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能,重复使用5次时,对结晶紫的降解率为90.4%.研究显示,结晶紫降解的最终产物为CO₂和H₂O,催化剂对结晶紫的降解机理是以羟基自由基氧化为主和超氧基氧化为辅的共存氧化机理.      

树脂负载FeⅢ F催化过氧化氢降解染料孔雀石绿

为强化多相类芬顿反应的速率,以氟为配体的三价铁氟化合物（FeⅢF/R）为催化剂,进行催化过氧化氢降解孔雀石绿实验.同时,探讨了初始pH值、温度、过氧化氢初始浓度和孔雀石绿初始浓度等对反应速率的影响.结果表明,与FeⅢ/R相比,催化剂FeⅢF/R具有更强的催化活性,能强化羟基自由基（OH· ）的产生.反应的最佳pH值为6.0;反应速率常数与过氧化氢和孔雀石绿（MG）的初始浓度呈正相关;温度越高,反应速率越快,反应遵循假一级反应动力学,反应活化能为89.30 kJ· mol-1.催化剂重复使用表明,铁在树脂表面负载比较牢固,具有较好的稳定性和耐用性.     

ZSM-5分子筛负载过渡金属型低温催化剂的制备

在40℃下采用微波-超声浸渍方法制备了高分散Fe/Cu-ZSM-5催化剂,在小型脱硝活性测试装置中进行脱硝实验。实验结果表明,相比于传统的脱硝催化剂,铁铜负载的ZSM-5分子筛脱硝催化剂具有更低的反应温度,负载量最优的催化剂在120℃即具有80%以上的脱硝效率。Fe和Cu双过渡金属负载的效果要好于单金属负载,这可能是双金属之间相互作用的结果。     

硝酸铁-过硫酸盐改性 GAC催化 H2 O2氧化橙黄Ⅳ

通过浸渍法在活性炭上负载硝酸铁、过硫酸盐对活性炭进行改性,以此为催化剂催化过氧化氢氧化去除有机废水橙黄Ⅳ.研究了体系pH值、催化剂投加量、反应温度、橙黄Ⅳ以及H2O2初始浓度等因素对橙黄Ⅳ去除率的影响,并对该催化剂重复使用性能进行测试.结果表明,硫的掺杂可以显著地提高硝酸铁改性活性炭的催化活性.目标物的初始浓度越低,反应速率越快,该反应遵循二级反应动力学,反应的活化能Ea为68.19 kJ.mol-1.在pH值2.4～9.1的范围内,催化剂均能有效地对橙黄Ⅳ进行催化降解.随着催化剂投量的增加,橙黄Ⅳ的去除效率明显提高,催化剂重复使用6次仍具有较好的催化活性,去除率仍可达到70%以上.自由基实验表明该氧化体系主要遵循自由基作用机制.     

树脂负载Fe3+/Cu2+多相类芬顿降解染料橙黄

制备了新型多相类Fenton催化剂(Fe3+cu2+)/R(Fe3+和cu2+同时负载于离子交换树脂),以橙黄Ⅳ为研究对象,探讨了初始过氧化氢浓度、橙黄Ⅳ浓度、催化剂量、初始pH值及温度等因素对催化反应速率的影响,并对该催化剂重复使用性能进行测试.研究结果表明,该催化剂(Fe3++Cu2+)/R与Fe3+/R相比表现出更好的催化过氧化氢分解的活性,使橙黄Ⅳ的降解率提高10%;催化过氧化氢氧化橙黄Ⅳ的反应遵循假一级反应动力学,反应活化能为10.71 kJ·mol-1;催化剂表现出良好的重复使用性能,Fe3+和cu2+在树脂表面负载比较牢固,具有较好的稳定性和耐用性.同时,电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试结果表明,cu2+的掺杂能有效地促进OH·的产生;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果表明,反应过程中存在高价态铁物种.因此,在该体系反应过程中产生的活性物种是OH·和高价态铁同时共存.     

双金属和多金属系统对零价铁利用效率的改进

为解决Fe0-PRB(零价铁-渗透反应格栅)中Fe0利用效率低、易板结堵塞的问题,分别采用粒径为0.074 mm的试剂铁粉和0.150～0.270 mm的工业铁粉为反应介质,在铁粉表面负载不同比例的Cu或Ni制备Cu/Fe、Ni/Fe双金属和Cu/Ni/Fe多金属颗粒,研究Fe0、双金属和多金属系统去除Cr(Ⅵ)的性能、机制.结果表明:双金属和多金属系统的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率明显高于Fe0,试剂铁粉的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率明显高于工业铁粉.反应8 h达到平衡后,试剂铁粉和工业铁粉的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率仅为45%和20%,Cu/Fe双金属、Cu/Ni/Fe多金属的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率均能达到90%以上,以试剂铁粉和工业铁粉制备的Ni/Fe双金属的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率最高分别为76.6%和44.0%.不同负载率的双金属和多金属系统反应过程中可溶的ρ〔Cr(Ⅲ)〕较低.反应后溶液的pH从反应前的5.0升至10.0左右.反应初期ρ(TFe)(TFe为总铁)超过了0.30 mg/L,其余时间均达标.反应过程中ρ(Cu2+)均在0.40 mg/L以下,均未检测出Ni2+.研究显示,双金属和多金属系统显著提高了Fe0利用效率.      

生物碳基纳米钯铜催化剂的优化制备及脱硝研究

针对目前高效处理水体硝酸盐污染的技术瓶颈,以毛竹生物碳为载体基材,通过湿化学-浸渍还原的手段制备生物碳基纳米钯铜双金属催化剂(Nano-PdCu-BC),并以其为粒子电极,协同传统的二维电化学反应器,搭建三维粒子电催化反应体系去除水体中的硝酸盐污染物.探究了催化剂制备的前驱液浓度、初始硝酸盐氮浓度、电流强度、催化剂投加量和初始pH值对电催化还原NO₃-N的影响.结果显示,通过浸渍还原的方法可以将钯铜双金属成功负载在毛竹生物碳载体上,获得纳米钯铜双金属催化剂.在前驱液为0.60g/LPdCl₂和0.15g/LCuCl₂的溶液组合,初始硝酸盐氮(NO₃-N)浓度为100mg/L、电流强度为220mA、初始pH值为7,催化剂投加量为0.80g/L的条件下,反应180min后硝酸盐氮去除率可达99.68%,N₂选择性约为44.25%;Nano-PdCu-BC电催化还原NO₃-N的反应符合一级反应动力学,反应动力学常数k值为0.034/min;经3次循环使用后,NO...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.