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X701 9603341生物膜填料塔净化有机废气研究/孙琉石…(昆明理工大学环境工程及化学工程系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1996,16(2)一92~95环信X一58 为在国内开展生物化学法净化低浓度有机废气的研究工作,采用国内现有微生物菌种挂膜接种的生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气,结果表明,在入口气体甲苯浓度0.183~1.803mg/L及气体流量86.4~190.SL/h(停留时间6.2~13.65)的实验范围内,增加入口气体甲苯浓度和气体流量,可使甲苯的生化去除量增大,每升体积的生物膜填料对甲苯的生化去除量最大可达157.13mg/h。由实验结果推断,生物膜填料塔对…     

生物降解工业废气中甲苯的研究

对生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气进行研究,结果表明,构成生物膜的假单胞菌属中的短杆菌对废气中甲苯有很强的生物降解能力,每升体积的生物膜填料对甲苯的生化去除量最大可达104.4mg/h,且当入口气体甲苯浓度低于约2.0mg/L时,单塔净化效率可保持在80%以上.甲苯在生物膜内的一级和零级表面生化降解反应速度常数分别为K_(1a)=0.1802m/h和K_(0a)=193.61mg/m~2·h,反应级数的转换约在其液相浓度为0.8～1.2mg/L(相当于气相浓度约1.7～2.1mg/L)时发生.     

甲苯废气的生物膜法净化处理研究

采用国内现有微生物菌种挂膜接种的生物膜填料塔净化低浓度有机废气是可行的。初步实验研究结果表明,增加口气体甲苯浓度和气体流量,同时减小循环液体喷淋量,可使甲苯的生经去除量增大,每Ｌ体积的生物膜填料对甲苯的生化去除量最大可达１５７．１３ｍｇ／ｈ。     

生物膜填料塔净化甲醛有机废气实验初探

在综述目前国内外净化甲醛有机废气方法的基础上 ,着重对生物膜填料塔净化甲醛有机废气进行了研究。初步实验研究结果表明 ,在入口气体甲醛浓度为 5～2 5mg/m3、气体流量为 0 .1 0～ 0 .6 0 m3/h、循环液体喷淋量为 1 0～ 4 0 L /h的实验范围内 ,生物膜填料塔对气体中甲醛的净化效率可达到 75%左右。这表明采用国内现有微生物菌种挂膜的生物膜填料塔净化有机废气是可行的。     

生物膜填料塔净化甲醛有机废气实验初探

在综述目前国内外净化甲醛有机废气方法的基础上，着重对生物膜填料塔净化甲醛有机废气进行了研究。初步实验研究结果表明，在入口气体甲醛浓度为5～25mg／m^3、气体流量为0．10～0．60m^3／h、循环液体喷淋量为10～40L／h的实验范围内，生物膜填料塔对气体中甲醛的净化效率可达到75％左右。这表明采用国内现     

高流量负荷下低浓度VOCs废气的生物法处理

高流量负荷下生物膜填料塔净化低浓度甲苯废气的实验结果表明,当气体流量在0.8m/h,入口气体甲苯浓度为105mg/m,停留时间18.3s时,甲苯的净化效率可达到61.9%,出口气体甲苯浓度低于国家对现有企业的排放标准(≤60mg/m³).适宜的操作温度应控制在20～25℃之间,氮磷营养添加量的配比应控制为C:N:P=200:5:1.依据实验结果数据,对相关的机理问题进行了分析探讨.     

甲苯废气的生物净化性能与动力学模拟研究

以轻质陶块为填料，探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高气体流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物降解性能。实验结果表明：生物膜填料塔对甲苯具有较强的降解能力，净化效率维持在40．6％～61．9％；随着气体流量负荷和入口气体甲苯浓度负荷的增加，甲苯的净化效率也随之下降。结合实验数据对“吸附-生物膜”理论的动力学模式进行模拟研究，对比验证结果表明动力学模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性，从而验证了该模型的正确性。     

吸附-生物膜理论模型对鼓泡塔和生物膜填料塔净化NO_X的适用性研究

依据"吸附-生物膜"理论对烟气同时脱硫脱氮用鼓泡塔和生物膜填料塔净化NO_X进行了模拟研究,结果表明,运用"吸附-生物膜"理论及其动力学模型模拟鼓泡塔和生物膜填料塔对低浓度的NO_X净化过程均具有良好的适用性。在进气量为0.4 m~3/h、循环液喷淋量为12~15 L/h、pH为0.5~2.0、入口气体NO_X浓度为1100~1700 mg/m~3的操作条件下,两类净化塔NO_x的出口浓度、生化去除量、净化效率的模拟理论值和实验值之间均具有良好的相关性,相关系数都0.79。     

甲苯废气的生物净化性能与动力学模拟研究

以轻质陶块为填料,探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高气体流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物降解性能。实验结果表明:生物膜填料塔对甲苯具有较强的降解能力,净化效率维持在40.6%~61.9%;随着气体流量负荷和入口气体甲苯浓度负荷的增加,甲苯的净化效率也随之下降。结合实验数据对“吸附-生物膜”理论的动力学模式进行模拟研究,对比验证结果表明动力学模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性,从而验证了该模型的正确性。     

甲苯废气的生物净化性能与动力学模拟研究

该研究以轻质陶块为填料，探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高气体流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物降解性能。实验结果表明：生物膜填料塔对甲苯具有较强的降解能力，净化效率维持在40．6％～61．9％；随着气体流量负荷和入口气体甲苯浓度负荷的增加，甲苯的净化效率也随之下降。结合实验数据对“吸附-生物膜”理论的动力学模式进行模拟研究，对比验证结果表明动力学模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性，从而验证了该模型的正确性．     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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