利用好氧硝化颗粒污泥SBR处理分离尿液的研究

在不同接种污泥条件下的序批式活性污泥系统（sequencing batch reactor, SBR）中,研究了分离尿液（source-separated urine, SSU)的处理情况和污泥特性.在硝化污泥接种的SBR中,对SSU中的可生化降解有机物具有较高的去除效率,而对其中氨氮的硝化效率很低,系统中没有出现生物体聚集状态的污泥.在用实验室内培养的好氧颗粒污泥接种的SBR系统中,对SSU不仅有较高的有机物去除效率,同时还可以有效实现氨氮的硝化过程,经过约70 d的运行之后,系统中出现了稳定状态的生物聚集体——好氧硝化颗粒污泥,氨氮容积负荷以氮计算为0.5 kg/（m³·d）.好氧硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降效果和活性,颗粒表面聚集着硝化杆菌和球菌.好氧硝化颗粒污泥的粒径比接种的好氧颗粒污泥的粒径有较明显的减少,沉降速率却比相同粒径的好氧颗粒污泥有较大的改善.好氧硝化颗粒污泥对SSU中有机物和氨氮的转化效率都在90％以上,有效地保证了反应器中较小生长速率的硝化细菌的数量并实现系统的稳定运行.     

好氧颗粒污泥生物脱氮技术的研究现状及方向

结合国外关于好氧颗粒污泥的研究成果,论述了有关好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的影响因素,如沉降时间、水流剪力、溶解氧(DO)、胞外多聚糖(EPS)等.介绍了好氧硝化颗粒污泥、亚硝化颗粒污泥、同步硝化反硝化颗粒污泥及同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥等生物脱氮的研究现状,指出了连续流条件下好氧颗粒污泥亚硝化反硝化及颗粒污泥活性恢复等研究方向.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器脱氮特性

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）连续运行71 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化(SND)能力.进水TOC浓度为56.8～132.6mg/L时,膜出水TOC去除率为84.7%～91.9%;进水氨氮浓度为28.1～38.4mg/L时,稳定运行阶段氨氮去除率为85.4%～99.7%,总氮去除率为41.7%～78.4%.结合反应器中污泥生长形态,对不同粒径污泥的同步硝化反硝化研究表明,好氧条件下絮状污泥几乎没有反硝化能力,SND能力来源于颗粒污泥,并且随着污泥粒径的增大,反硝化速率以及总氮去除效率提高.通过扫描电镜对颗粒污泥外观以及沿传质方向剖面内部特征的观察分析,对颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化的作用过程进行了探讨.     

异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥培养条件研究

以具有好氧反硝化功能的异养硝化菌剂作初始接种物,粉末状活性炭对该菌剂进行预固定,批次进水的方式培养出了异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥,研究了颗粒污泥的培养条件.结果表明,有机负荷、进水水质、曝气量和沉降时间都对异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥的形成发育起着重要作用.模拟废水和猪场废水都可以培养出异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥.在COD负荷4.0 g·(L·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷0.212 g·(L·d)~(-1),曝气量为200 L·h~(-1),沉降时间为2.0～4.0 min条件下可形成颗粒污泥.采用葡萄糖为碳源的模拟废水培养颗粒污泥容易引起丝状菌的增殖,导致颗粒污泥沉降性能变差和脱氮功能减退.采用猪场配水能够将丝状菌有效地淘汰出反应器,恢复颗粒污泥沉降性能和脱氮功能,并促进颗粒污泥发育成熟.成熟的颗粒污泥性状稳定,当COD负荷为6.6～8.6 g·(L·d)~(-1),总氮负荷为0.409～0.474 g·(L·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.285～0.304 g·(L·d)~(-1)时,颗粒污泥对以葡萄糖为补充碳源的猪场废水的总氮去除率为84.75%～88.33%,氨氮去除率为99.9%以上,COD去除率为97.29%～98.62%.     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥基于胞内储存物质的同步硝化反硝化

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),以乙酸钠为有机基质成功富集了聚糖菌颗粒污泥.聚糖菌颗粒污泥厌氧-好氧批式实验表明,聚糖菌颗粒污泥具有较强的SND能力,TOC/N分别为5.0,4.0,2.8时,SND效率分别96.4%、95.3%及96.2%,而周期总氮去除效率随着碳氮比降低而降低,分别为66.0%、61.2%及56.3%.通过对周期氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、TOC以及胞内糖原、PHB变化的测定分析,证明聚糖菌颗粒污泥SND过程中,污泥以厌氧阶段储存于胞内的多聚物PHB作为反硝化碳源,并且反硝化聚糖菌是系统中反硝化能力的来源.与溶解性基质相比,PHB的降解速率相对较低,因此在SND过程中,反硝化可以与硝化保持相近的速率,从而有助于获得良好的SND效果.     

SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,研究序批式反应器(SBR)中好氧颗粒污泥的培养.实验结果表明:通过对进水碳源进行调控,反应器中形成了高活性具有同步硝化反硝化能力的好氧颗粒污泥,反应器中COD和NH₃-N的去除率分别为74.0%～92.8%和82.3%～98.5%.颗粒污泥的粒径一般为0.5～1.0mm,MLSS达到4.5g·L^-1以上,SVI值约为32.5,其有效生物量及脱氮性能远远高于一般的好氧活性污泥.     

不同好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构特点

为了探讨活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程对微生物种群的影响、不同底物及不同颗粒化方法培养的好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构的差异,以接种污泥、模拟废水好氧颗粒污泥和分别投加粉末活性炭和硅藻土的实际生活污水好氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE对比分析了接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物群落结构.结果表明:活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程会减少微生物种群多样性,影响颗粒污泥稳定性的细菌被淘汰,而聚磷菌、反硝化菌、难降解有机物降解菌等污水处理功能微生物都在颗粒化过程中得到保留.活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中能够实现亚硝化细菌(AOB)一定程度的富集.与接种活性污泥相比,好氧颗粒污泥中AOB的多样性指数与均匀性指数均有提高.好氧颗粒污泥中的优势菌群主要分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium).其中AOB均属于β-Proteobacteria的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).     

含水层介质中1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定与脱氮性能

从受氮污染浅层含水层介质中分离纯化得到1株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌XK51,经过菌落形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为假单胞菌属恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Putida)。脱氮性能结果表明:XK51为兼性反硝化细菌,能在好氧或缺厌氧条件下高效反硝化脱氮,最大和平均反硝化速率分别为27.3,4.4 mg/(L·h),硝酸盐脱除率为95.3%;该菌株同时具有较高异养硝化能力,最大和平均硝化速率分别为4.2,1.4 mg/(L·h),氨氮脱除率为98.5%。XK51最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,适宜生长温度为28~35 ℃,最适温度为30 ℃;适宜生长pH为6.5~8.0,最适pH为7.0。XK51可同时进行异养硝化及同步硝化-反硝化,培养期间未出现明显亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐累积,在含氮污废水处理和地下水氮污染修复方面具有潜在工程应用价值。     

pH值对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化过程的影响

从反应器脱氮性能和好氧颗粒污泥理化性状方面研究了pH值对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程的影响.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥微生态环境的形成,大大增强其耐酸碱冲击负荷能力,在pH值8～9范围内氨氮去除率均达到95%以上.在pH值6～9范围内,好氧颗粒污泥理化性状稳定,没有发生解体现象.     

耐冷好氧反硝化菌脱氮技术研究进展

耐冷好氧反硝化菌因其独特的生长特性与同步异养硝化好氧反硝化的功能,为解决天然水体中氮素的去除提供了新的技术思路。综述了好氧反硝化作用机理研究进展,包括耐冷好氧反硝化菌的富集-驯化-筛选方法,已分离的耐冷好氧反硝化菌的类群及其生长特性,耐冷好氧反硝化菌的生物脱氮影响因素及其应用领域。耐冷好氧反硝化菌在低温环境生物脱氮方面具有明显的优势。因此,对耐冷好氧反硝化菌的脱氮作用机理和实际工程应用进行展望。     

好氧颗粒污泥吸附Cu2+的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中培养出沉淀性能较好的好氧颗粒污泥,研究了好氧颗粒污泥对Cu2+的吸附作用.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要由球状菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在恒温水浴30℃、pH为7.5的条件下,Langmuir吸附等温模型较Freundlich等温吸附模型能更好的进行拟合(RL=0....     

Characteristics of aerobic granules grown on glucose a sequential batch shaking reactor

Aerobic heterotrophic granular sludge was cultivated in a sequencing batch shaking reactor(SBSR) in which a synthetic wastewater containing glucose as carbon source was fed. The characteristics of the aerobic granules were investigated. Compared with the conventional activated sludge flocs, the aerobic granules exhibit excellent physical characteristics in terms of settleability, size, shape, biomass density, and physical strength.Scanning electron micrographs revealed that in mature granules little filamentous bacteria could be found, rod-shaded and coccoid bacteria were the dominant microorqanisms.     

Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated adopting internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor.The contradistinctive experiment about short-term membrane fouling between aerobic granular sludge system and activated sludge system were investigated.The membrane foulants was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy technique.The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge had excellent denitrification ability;the removal efficiency of TN could reach 90%.The aerobic granular sludge could alleviate membrane fouling effectively.The steady membrane flux of aerobic granular sludge was twice as much as that of activated sludge system.In addition,it was found that the aerobic granular sludge could result in severe membrane pore-blocking, however,the activated sludge could cause severe cake fouling.The major components of the foulants were identified as comprising of proteins and polysaccharide materials.     

Isolation and characterization of a strain with high microbial attachment in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granule is a special microbial aggregate associated with biofilm structure. The formation of aerobic granular sludge is primarily depending on its bacterial community and relevant microbiological properties. In this experiment, a strain with high microbial attachment was isolated from aerobic granular sludge, and the detailed characteristics were examined. Its high attachment ability could reach 2.34 (OD_600nm), while other low attachment values were only around 0.06-0.32, which indicated a big variation among the different bacteria. The strain exhibited a very special morphology with many fibric fingers under SEM observation. A distinctive behaviour was to form a spherical particle by themselves, which would be very beneficial for the formation and development of granular sludge. The EPS measurement showed that its PN content was higher than low attachment bacteria, and 3D-EEM confirmed that there were some different components. Based on the 16S rRNA analysis, it was identified to mostly belong to Stenotrophomonas. Its augmentation to particle sludge cultivation demonstrated that the strain could significantly promote the formation of aerobic granule. Conclusively, it was strongly suggested that it might be used as a good and potential model strain or chassis organism for the aerobic granular sludge formation and development.     

好氧颗粒污泥形成过程与机理分析

以西安市第三污水处理厂氧化沟中的普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,人工配制的模拟生活废水为营养,表面气体上升流速为1.06~1.77 cm/s时,在SBR反应器中成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,SVI值由最初的168 mL/g逐渐降低至40 mL/g左右,污泥表现出了良好的沉降性能,同时,对COD、TN、TP的去除率分别达到了95%、96%和98%。研究认为,颗粒污泥的形成是一个微生态系统形成的过程,水力剪切力是其形成的一个重要影响因素,直接影响到好氧颗粒污泥微生物种群的结构和分布;从丝状微生物与微生态群落的关系分析,胶团菌与结构丝状菌之间相互依存,丝状微生物形成了絮体骨架,为絮体形成较大颗粒提供了必要条件。     

Effects of activated sludge flocs and pellets seeds on aerobic granule properties

Aerobic granules seeded with activated sludge flocs and pellets (obtained from activated sludge flocs) were cultivated in two sequencing batch reactors and their characteristics were compared. Compared with granules seeded with activated sludge flocs, those seeded with pellets had shorter start-up time, larger diameter, better chemical oxygen demand removal e ciency, and higher hydrophobicity, suspended solid concentration, and Mg2+ content. The di erent inocula led the granule surface with di erent microbial morphologies, but did not result in di erent distribution patterns of extracellular polymeric substances and cells. The anaerobic bacterium Anoxybacillus sp. was detected in the granules seeded with pellets. These results highlighted the advantage of pellet over activated sludge floc as the seed for aerobic granulation and wastewater treatment.     

处理番茄酱加工废水的活性污泥颗粒化过程

为解决新疆番茄酱加工废水排放量大、处理效果参差不齐的情况,在SBR（序批式反应器）中接种絮体污泥,以人工合成番茄酱加工废水为基质成功培养出粒径为0.50~1.61 mm的好氧颗粒污泥,并采用扫描电镜、三维荧光光谱（3D EEM）、激光共聚焦（CLSM）、死活细菌染色以及高通量测序等技术表征活性污泥的颗粒化过程.结果表明,颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、PO₄3--P的平均去除率分别为90%、85%、45%.扫描电镜下,椭球状的颗粒污泥轮廓清晰,结构密实.蛋白质在颗粒化过程中逐渐增加,α-多糖、β-多糖和蛋白质贯穿整个颗粒截面,在颗粒中分布广泛,构成了颗粒的骨架.颗粒内部的孔隙为溶解氧和营养物质传递提供了条件,因此活细菌则更多地靠近颗粒边缘及内部的孔隙周围,并包裹着死细菌.颗粒化过程中,微生物的丰富度和均匀性逐渐上升,物种多样性也不断变化,Chao1指数先由515.26降至444.30后又增至526.72,Shannon-Wiener指数由2.81增至5.45.优势降解菌拟杆菌和变形菌相对丰度不断发生变化,拟杆菌由8.85%增至45.95%,而变形菌由78.17%逐渐减至36.66%.研究显示,不同的细菌种群之间的相互作用对有机物的降解以及反应体系的稳定起到重要的作用.      

好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其微观特性表征

采用厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,并对其微观特征进行了研究。COD负荷为1.5kg/m3·h～1.8kg/m3·h,表面气体流速在0.0052m/s之间,沉淀时间控制在10～8min时,有利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成。20d后完成好氧颗粒污泥的驯化和培养。研究发现培养的好氧颗粒污泥微生物相以杆菌和丝状菌为主,球菌较少。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察好氧颗粒污泥的微观结构,颗粒污泥具有不平整的表面,轮廓清晰,表面有薄层粘液覆盖并有绒毛状结构。颗粒污泥表面和内部有明显的孔洞或孔隙。研究结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的有机物降解能力和同步硝化反硝化能力。     

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by seeding different inoculated sludge

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical charactedstics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specitic gravity, and ratio Of water containing were distinct wnen the inoculate sludge differe. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.