山东半岛地质环境承载力评价指标体系构建及应用研究

资源环境承载力研究是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,已经上升到国家战略地位。地质环境承载力评价是资源环境承载力研究的重要内容之一,也是可持续发展研究的重要方向。结合山东半岛地质环境现状和特点,将山东半岛地质环境承载力指标体系划分为水文地质环境、工程地质环境和环境地质问题3类一级指标,每类一级指标各选择其典型二级指标(共12项)构建地质环境承载力评价体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各个评价指标的权重,采用综合加权指数方法,借助地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析及数据属性库管理相结合的方法对现阶段山东半岛地质环境承载力进行了评价。评价结果将山东半岛地质环境承载力划分为4个等级,并对每个等级区域做了分析说明,以期为推进生态文明建设及可持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于层次分析法的坦塘垃圾填埋场适宜性评价

垃圾填埋场场址的适宜性评价是生活垃圾填埋场建设和运营的前提和基础。以湖南省永州市坦塘垃圾填埋场为例,在分析研究区的地质与水文地质条件的基础上,确定了填埋场适宜性的影响因素为填埋场规模、运输条件、环境条件、建场条件和地质条件,具体包括填埋场面积及容量、综合路况条件、对地表水体污染的可能性、地形平坦程度以及场地是否处在岩溶区等条件,明确了局部地区岩溶发育是制约其适宜性的主要因素。结合垃圾填埋场的建设情况和相关规范、标准,采用层次分析法对坦塘垃圾填埋场进行适宜性评价。评价结果表明,坦塘垃圾填埋场是一个适宜场地,评价结果与实际情况相符。     

拟建窑河洼电厂灰场对地下水环境的影响评价

在对淮南市窑河洼区环境水文地质调研基础上,对拟建窑河洼电厂灰场及邻区的浅层地下水环境质量现状进行了模糊数学评价。基于地下水水质模型,以F^-作为模拟因子,对地下水F^-浓度变化进行了数值模拟,对其5a后的污染范围和程度进行了预测评价。结果表明,模型较为可靠、合理,灰场建成后对场区及邻区地下水环境质量的短期影响不大,这为电厂灰场选址决策及电厂灰场建设后,可能引起地下水污染的范围和程度预测提供了科学依据。     

滇池流域地下水污染风险评价及其防控研究

地下水是维系水系统良性循环和支撑生态系统协调发展的重要保障.针对滇池流域水文地质特征,选择含水层介质、地形坡度、河网距离以及硝态氮单位面积污染负荷4个评价因子对地下水污染风险进行综合评价.利用层次分析法确定4个评价因子的权重并进行图层叠加分析,将地下水污染风险划分为敏感区、易污染区和一般防控区进行分区防控.最后提出防治措施,以期为水资源的优化配置和水体保护提供参考.     

某小型油库周边地下水中锰元素的分布及迁移机制研究

在分析了某小型油库周边地区水文地质条件的基础上,对研究区内8个采样点进行地下水取样测试,选取其中含量较高的锰元素进行分布特征与迁移机制分析。以《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—93)为评价标准,采用单因子指数评价法对区内地下水中锰元素进行评价。结果表明,油库周边地区地下水中含锰量普遍偏高,大部分都超出了GB/T 14848—93规定的锰限值。     

环境保护科技攻关座谈会在杭召开

一九八三年十二月五日至八日,城乡建设环保部环保局于杭州召开了环境保护科技攻关座谈会。华东地区环境科技座谈会也一并召开。中国环境科学研究院,中国环境监测总站及承担攻关项目的各省、市城乡建设环境保护厅(局)、所、站及地矿部吉林省环境水文地质总站的有关负责同志参加了会议。环科院副院长王     

滨海宜居环境评价指标体系的初步构建——以上海为例

立足滨海环境,在宜居环境和宜居城市等概念的基础上,提出了滨海宜居环境的概念.以上海为例,依据指标选择的原则,参照相关宜居城市评价指标体系,结合上海滨海环境特点,从社会文明度、经济富裕度、环境优美度、公共安全度和生活便宜度5大方面,建立了上海滨海宜居环境的评价指标体系.同时,按照初步建立的上海滨海宜居环境评价指标体系,上海的滨海环境宜居指数为86.54.按照等级划分标准,上海滨海环境为"宜居环境".     

规划环境影响跟踪评价初探

2003年开始实施的<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>对跟踪评价提出了明确规定.对跟踪评价方法在规划环境影响评价中的运作程序进行了分析,包括判别规划是否需跟踪评价、现状调查、环境影响识别、回顾性评价、有效性分析、预测评价和战略调整7个步骤.并基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型建立了指标体系,采用指标体系法有效简化了跟踪评价工作的复杂性.并以<上海市某区国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要>跟踪评价为例,进行了规划环境影响跟踪评价的案例研究.通过回顾性评价和预测评价,识别出了主要环境问题以及环境制约因素,并根据规划总目标、阶段目标和环境保护规划、环境功能区划,进一步提出环境保护对策和措施,且对规划目标进行了调整.     

中国交通规划战略环境评价的若干问题探讨

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施5年多以来,交通规划战略环境评价的开展有效推进了中国交通建设的可持续发展。目前,该领域在理论研究和实践应用方面都取得了一定的成绩,但也存在一些不足。在回顾国内外交通规划战略环境评价发展历程和特点的基础上,就中国交通规划战略环境评价在层次性、定性与定量评价的把握以及如何有效融入决策过程等方面的问题进行了初步探讨,并建议尽早开展利益相关方分析、推广"综合情景+定量模型"的技术方法、引入制度分析方法并开展广泛的公众参与等,为完善中国的交通规划战略环境评价提供参考。     

基于预警视角的南京市资源环境承载力评价研究

参考国家相关指南并结合南京市实际,以区级行政区为评价单元对南京市进行资源环境承载力评价。基于预警视角从资源、环境、生态等维度选取典型指标构建评价指标体系,分别进行针对资源、环境与生态的基础评价和针对农产品主产区的专项评价。采取"短板效应",结合基础、专项评价结果进行南京市资源环境承载力集成评价,为南京市资源环境承载力评价预警工作提供基础数据支撑,并从水资源、土地资源、大气环境、水环境、生态系统等方面进行超载因子识别与分析,提出相应的管控对策建议。     

Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect

Efforts to understand and mitigate thehealth effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollutionhave a rich and interesting history. This review focuseson six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There hasbeen substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidiity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonaryhealth. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.     

有害物质环境测试组合舱的研制及性能评价

研制了一种新型有害物质环境测试组合舱,该测试舱由舱体系（内舱和外舱）、恒温恒湿空气处理系统、空气循环装置和信号控制与处理软件组成。该测试舱具有可分别使用内舱和外舱对样品进行测试的特点,并采用美国FLUNT公司开发的air pack软件包对内舱和外舱的气流进行模拟与计算,并划分出内舱的层流区域,同时也对舱体系的性能进行了测试与评价。结果表明,有害物质环境测试组合舱的温湿度的相对标准偏差分别为0.04℃和0.7%,混合性达到90.7%。因此,该有害物质环境测试组合舱对温湿度控制精准,气流稳定,混合性能良好,能为室内空气污染研究提供条件稳定的室内仿真环境。     

Aerobic biodegradability of the calcium channel antagonist verapamil and identification of a microbial dead-end transformation product studied by LC-MS/MS

In recent years pharmaceuticals and personal care products have been detected in increasing concentrations in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants (STP) as well as in different environmental compartments such as surface water, groundwater and soil. Little is known about the elimination of these substances during sewage treatment or about the formation of potential metabolites in the environment caused by bacterial biotransformation. To assess the biodegradability of the popular cardiovascular drug verapamil and the possible formation of potential microbial degradation products, two tests from the OECD series were used in the present study: the widely used Closed Bottle test (OECD 301 D) and the modified Zahn-Wellens test (OECD 302 B). In the Closed Bottle test, a screening test that simulates the conditions of an environmental surface water compartment, no biological degradation was observed for verapamil at concentrations of 2.33mgl(-1). In the Zahn-Wellens test, a test for inherent biodegradability which allows evaluation of aerobic degradation at high bacterial density, only a partial biological degradation was found. Analysis of test samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to multiple stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSn) revealed 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropyl-5-(methylamino)pentane nitrile, already known as D617 (Knoll nomenclature), a metabolite of mammalian metabolism, which is the major degradation product and dead-end transformation product of aerobic degradation of verapamil.     

Integrated presentation of environmental information the for economic the Czech Republic, 1992 to 1996/1997

The integrated presentation of economic and environmental information contributes to an evaluation of the past and current influences of economic and social activities of society on the environment. At the same time, it allows simulation of the future influence of alternative economic and political decisions on the environment. This paper attempts to formulate and develop a model for such a presentation for the Czech Republic for the period from 1992 to 1996/97. The main aim was to test the national information system from the points of view of preparedness, credibility and applicability for the development of such an integrated presentation. An additional aim was to test the possibility of developing additional indicators for the evaluation of the sustainability of economic development in the Czech Republic.     

Risk based characterisation of contaminated industrial site using multivariate and geostatistical tools

Human and ecological risk assessment requires the sources, distribution, mobility and environmental behaviour of contaminants to be investigated on a site-specific basis. It often deals with data sets which are relatively small and affected by sampling gaps. In the case of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated industrial site, Kriging interpolation of spatial data and principal component analysis (PCA) proved useful for extracting additional value from the data set. Kriging was adopted for assessing the horizontal and vertical distribution and transport of PAHs in soil. PCA was applied to PAH concentration and relative abundance in soil samples and interpreted on the basis of the PAH physico-chemical and bio-degradation properties. It revealed correlation with the products of a neighbouring factory and the weathering of the lighter PAHs. The geo- and multivariate statistical results were coupled with the previous hydrogeological characterisation of the site to develop a site-conceptual model for use in the exposure scenario modelling for risk assessment.     

Toxicity testing with luminescent bacteria – Characterization of an automated method for the combined assessment of acute and chronic effects

The luminescent bacteria test according to EN ISO 11348 is frequently applied in (eco) toxicity testing and is applicable for a huge variety of environmental and industrial samples. A big disadvantage of this method is the very short exposure time, which is expressed in a low sensitivity in regard to substances with a delayed effect. Chronic effects, i.e. interference with cell growth, cannot be assessed with this conventional standard method. The goal of this research was to develop an automated testing system for long term toxicity towards the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri by implementing microtitration-based instrumentation. The optimized method, hereinafter referred to as “kinetic luminescent bacteria test”, can be described as a miniaturized combination of the conventional short-term luminescence inhibition test according to EN ISO 11348 and the Photobacterium phosphoreum growth inhibition test (DIN 38412-37). The validation procedure included the evaluation of six reference compounds (3,4-Dichloroaniline, 3,5-Dichlorophenol, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin sulfate, Potassium dichromate, Zinc sulfate heptahydrate) and three different endpoints that are acute luminescence inhibition (acute LI) after 30 min, chronic luminescence inhibition (chronic LI) after 24 h and growth inhibition (GI) after 14 h. The optimized method allows the assessment of acute and chronic effects within one test, by what a misinterpretation of the toxicity of substances with delayed bacterial toxicity can be prevented, without abandoning most of the advantages of the conventional short-term test. Therefore, the kinetic luminescent bacteria test is exceptional as an initial screening test for environmental samples or substances with unknown (eco) toxicological characteristics.     

Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect

Abstract

Efforts to understand and mitigate the health effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollution have a rich and interesting history. This review focuses on six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There has been substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary health. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.     

地下水水质评价的逻辑斯谛曲线模型

为检验已订的地下水水质评价标准的合理性，解决各单项水质指标的评估结果的不相容性问题，提高水质等级模型的分辨率，提出了一种新的水质评价模型－逻辑斯谛曲线模型，它的水质等级是连续的实数值。根据LOG模型的参数值可以分析各水质指标值对水质等级的影响程度，据此检验原订水质等级标准的合理性。并给出了基于实码遗传算法的LOG建模的实施方案。实例研究的结果说明，该方案是可行、有效且通用的，在环境质量综合评价中具有广泛的应用价值。     

An actor game on implementation of environmental quality standards for nitrogen in a Swedish agricultural catchment

Despite political efforts, diffuse pollution from agriculture continues to be the single largest source of nitrogen (N) emissions into the aquatic environment in many countries and regions. This fact, and the recent enactment of a new Swedish environmental code, led to the design of a study targeted at the evaluation of new N pollution abatement strategies. An actor game was chosen as the key component of the study, with a focus on four major goals: to test the implementability of legally binding environmental quality standards for nitrate concentration in groundwater and N transport to the sea, to find sets of agriculturally feasible and cost-effective measures to decrease N loads, to investigate the possibilities for collective action through negotiated and institutionalized actor cooperation, and to investigate the role of mathematical modeling in environmental N management. Characteristics from the agriculturally dominated catchment of Genevads?n (224 km2) on the southwest coast of Sweden served as the playing field for the actor game. The most noteworthy result from the study was that it appeared to be possible to meet ambitious environmental N standards with less economically drastic measures than anticipated by most of the participants. The actor game was shown to be a good method for learning about the new Swedish environmental code and its application and for gaining deeper insight into the issues of N management. In addition, the actor game functioned as an arena for gaining a more thorough understanding of the views of different stakeholders.