四氯乙烯和对二氯苯对草鱼的联合毒性

采用水生污染暴露试验和水生毒理联合效应相加指数法,研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)和对二氯苯(P-DCB)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的单一毒性与联合毒性.结果表明,PCE和P-DCB的单一毒性均为高毒,且P-DCB的毒性大于PCE.PCE和P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在浓度1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的相加指数(AI)分别为0.26,0.37,0.78,0.98,联合毒性为相加作用.PCE与P-DCB对草鱼的联合染毒在毒性1:1时,暴露时间为24,48,72,96h的AI分别为-0.15,0.24,0.83,1.30,联合毒性主要是相加作用,但是随着染毒时间的延长,联合毒性由相加作用向协同作用转变.     

对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应研究

以静水法生物测试研究了对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应,并采用Marking水生毒理联合毒性相加指数法对联合毒性效应进行了评价.结果表明,对二氯苯和镉对草鱼的单一毒性作用时,24、48、72和96 h对二氯苯对草鱼的LC50分别是10.11、9.04、8.52和7.83 mg/L;24、48、72和96 h镉对草鱼的LC50分别是40.02、35.05、28.99和24.41mg/L,因此对二氯苯的毒性大于镉的毒性.对二氯苯和镉对草鱼种的联合毒性作用,当采用毒性1∶1进行试验时,暴露时间分别为24、48、72、96 h时AI＞0,联合作用结果为协同作用,而当采用浓度1∶1进行试验时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72 h的AI＜0,联合作用结果表现为拮抗作用,而暴露时间为96h时AI＞0,联合作用结果则为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,对二氯苯和镉的联合毒性作用从拮抗作用转变为毒性剧增的协同作用.     

对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应研究

以静水法生物测试研究了对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应,并采用Marking水生毒理联合毒性相加指数法对联合毒性效应进行了评价.结果表明, 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼的单一毒性作用时,24、48、72和96 h对二氯苯对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是10.11、9.04、8.52和7.83 mg/L; 24、48、72和96 h镉对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是40.02、35.05、28.99和24.41 mg/L,因此对二氯苯的毒性大于镉的毒性. 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼种的联合毒性作用,当采用毒性1∶1进行试验时,暴露时间分别为24、48、72、96　h时AI>0,联合作用结果为协同作用,而当采用浓度1∶1进行试验时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72 h的AI<0,联合作用结果表现为拮抗作用,而暴露时间为96 h时AI>0,联合作用结果则为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,对二氯苯和镉的联合毒性作用从拮抗作用转变为毒性剧增的协同作用.     

Cd-Zn对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性及对肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为实验材料,研究并比较了重金属镉(Cd)与锌(Zn)对草鱼的单一与联合毒性.在此基础上,根据水生毒理联合效应指数相加法原理,利用生物测定计数型机值分析得到毒性单位浓度LC50值进行判断.结果表明,Cd对草鱼的毒性大于Zn.Cd、Zn对草鱼96h的半致死浓度分别为26.87和33.14mg·L-1;Cd与Zn对草鱼的联合毒性在48h为拮抗作用,在96h表现为协同作用.以草鱼肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响为指标,Cd与Zn的联合作用与Cd、Zn的暴露剂量和暴露时间都有密切关系:草鱼肝脏SOD活性应激反应对低浓度Zn(0.4TU)暴露较敏感,对高浓度Cd(0.8TU)的暴露较敏感,SOD活性能迅速产生应激性升高;48h时Cd与Zn的联合毒性显示为拮抗作用,96h时Cd与Zn的联合毒性显示为协同作用.     

氯苯和间甲酚对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼联合毒理效应研究

方法:采用斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育技术,分别用不同浓度的氯苯和间甲酚混合液对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼进行暴露试验。结果:两种受试物联合对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育表现不同的联合毒性。0hpf染毒主要表现为:对24 h胚胎尾部延展为拮抗作用,48 h水肿、72 h孵化和畸形均为协同作用;48 h对仔鱼毒性为由相加作用向拮抗作用的转变,在24 h、72 h和96 h联合毒性均为协同作用。结论:氯苯和间甲酚联合作用对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼存在毒性。     

甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的毒性效应

以中华新米虾(Neocaridina denticulata sinensis)为受试生物,采用半静态生物测定方法,研究了TEX污染物对中华新米虾的单一急性毒性和联合毒性效应.在单一毒性试验中,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的96h LC50分别为13.8,10.4,11.3mg/L,毒性大小顺序为乙苯>二甲苯>甲苯.基于等毒性溶液法(ETS)分析了TEX二元混合物的联合毒性,结果表明,甲苯-乙苯、乙苯-二甲苯与甲苯-二甲苯按不同毒性单位比(4:1,3:2,2:3,1:4)组成的二元混合物对中华新米虾的联合毒性作用均表现为相加作用.基于毒性单位法(TU)和混合毒性指数法(MTI)研究了甲苯-乙苯-二甲苯按浓度比1:1:1和毒性单位比1:1:1所组成的三元混合物对中华新米虾的联合毒性,96h LC50分别为11.6,10.7mg/L,毒性大小与3种苯系物单独作用相当.当暴露时间为48h时,联合毒性表现为部分相加作用,而暴露时间为96h时,联合毒性作用为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,甲苯-乙苯-二甲苯组成的三元混合物的联合毒性从部分相加作用转变为协同作用,但是协同作用均不明显,非常接近于相加作用.因此,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的联合毒性作用主要表现为相加作用.     

氟与硒对鱼类联合毒性的研究

采用斑马鱼长、短效应测定技术研究了氟硒共存的联合毒性。结果表明在氟硒毒性1：1情况下,96h内均为拮抗作用。但在浓度1：1情况下短效应实验,24h为拮抗作用,48h为相加作用．96h为协同作用。鱼类长效应快速测定结果也为毒性明显增大的协同作用。     

Cu~(2+),Al~(3+)和Zn~(2+)对泥鳅的急性毒性和联合毒性研究

采用静水法,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Al3+对泥鳅(Misgurnua anguillicaudatus)的急性毒性;根据各种金属48和72 h LC50值,采用联合指数相加法,研究了这3种离子对泥鳅的联合毒性。结果表明,泥鳅暴露在金属离子溶液中24 h后,Zn2+和Al3+对泥鳅的LC50分别是1.497和3.276 mg/L;48、72和96 h后,Cu2+、Zn2+和Al3+对泥鳅的LC50分别为1.054、0.667和0.563 mg/L,1.425、1.387和1.350 mg/L,3.010、2.938和2.856 mg/L。Cu2+、Al3+、Zn2+对泥鳅的安全浓度分别是0.056、0.135和0.286 mg/L。3种金属离子对泥鳅毒性从高到低排序依次为Cu2+Al3+Zn2+。不同金属离子组合间,联合毒性效应有明显差异,泥鳅暴露于Cu2+-Al3+共存48和72 h的联合毒性皆为协同作用;而Al3+-Zn2+共存48和72 h的联合毒性皆为拮抗作用;Cu2+-Zn2+共存时,毒性作用较为复杂,48和72h时分别表现为拮抗和协同作用。     

五氯酚和双酚A联合作用对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性

采用斑马鱼胚胎技术和毒性11配比及不同毒性配比的方法,对环境雌激素类物质五氯酚(PCP)和双酚A(BPA)进行联合毒性测试.结果表明,PCP和BPA在0hpf染毒且毒性效应配比11时,24h死亡表现为协同作用,72h孵化抑制率表现为相加作用PCP和BPA不同毒性效应配比时,6hpf染毒的24h血流障碍有拮抗作用存在,而0hpf染毒的32h囊肿表现有协同作用存在.并且,6hpf的联合作用与0hpf联合作用相比,24h血流障碍、32h血流障碍和32h囊肿这3种毒性效应都有所降低.     

汞和硒对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其安全浓度评价

用重金属汞(Hg+2) 和硒(Se+4) 对剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)进行急性毒性和联合毒性的实验。其目的在于评价水环境中Hg+2和Se+4对鱼类的影响,为制订渔业水质标准提供参考数据。结果表明:Hg+2对剑尾鱼的 24、48、96 h的 LC50分别为 1.71、1.35、0.84mg/L;Se+4对剑尾鱼24、48、96 h的Lc50分别为17.91、12.59、6.64 mg/L;在浓度和毒性比都为1∶1的条件下,24 h都表现联合作用,而48 h、96 h则为拮抗作用。剑尾鱼对Hg和Se的最大容许浓度分别为:0.0084和0.064 mg/L。结果还表明:剑尾鱼幼体对Hg和Se敏感,是一种较理想的环境污染指示生物。     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.