预应力智能张拉在后张法组合箱梁中施工应用

本文通过介绍预应力智能张拉的原理、工艺和操作要点,并结合实际现场施工特点,以QLZ系列预应力智能张拉系统为例,介绍预应力智能张拉在后张法组合箱梁中的施工应用,说明预应力智能张拉是目前国内预应力张拉领域最新技术,为智能张拉工艺的推广积累施工经验。     

钢绞线逐根张拉下锚墩基床沉陷所致锚索预应力损失问题

在预应力锚索锚墩下部地基岩土的基床系数较低情况下,采用钢绞线逐根张拉来施加预应力会导致较大的预应力损失以及各钢绞线较显著的预应力不均。基于锚墩基床岩土体的弹性压缩模型,理论探讨了钢绞线逐根对称循环张拉下的锚索预应力损失,及钢绞线的预应力均匀性问题。分析表明,基床系数越低,逐根张拉下的锚索预应力损失越大,且其所含各钢绞线预应力的均匀性越差;而同样荷载和基床系数下,锚索所含钢绞线根数越多, 逐根张拉后的预应力损失和不均匀性也越大。但采用分级循环张拉、正序张拉及调整、锚墩下部一定扩散角填石等工序及措施有助于减轻预应力损失和解决不均匀性问题。     

综合预应力与陀螺效应的TLJ500土工离心机模态分析

目的 分析获得离心机运转时各综合效应对其模态频率的影响.方法 从理论上推导结构在无离心场时,仅考虑预应力刚化效应和仅考虑旋转软化效应与综合考虑各效应时结构固有频率之间的关系.建立TLJ500土工离心机静止状态及运转状态的有限元模型,并根据TLJ500静止状态的模态试验结果对有限元模型中主轴轴承部位的材料参数进行修正识别,获得可信度更高的模型.再将修正识别得到的主轴轴承参数代入离心机运转状态的有限元模型,开展离心机运转状态的模态分析,结合理论分析结果,计算得到综合考虑预应力刚化效应与旋转软化效应时离心机关心模态频率的结果.结果 运转状态TLJ500离心机关心模态频率计算结果与试验结果比较一致.结论 仿真结果验证了文中方法的可行性,为离心机临界转速设计提供了一种可信的数值模拟预测方法.     

模拟海水管路的电偶效应数值仿真研究

目的 研究钛合金模拟海水管路与船体间在不同电连接方式下的电位以及腐蚀电流密度分布,明确防腐措施.方法 针对钛合金模拟海水管路与船体结构,基于有限元建立仿真模型,开展两者的电偶效应数值仿真计算,重点研究两者电连接状态、接触界面绝缘状态和所有结构体单元绝缘状态的电位和电流密度分布情况.结果 在船体钢与钛合金管路系统电连接时...     

板料成形数值模拟中网格结点编号优化算法研究

提出一种用于板料成形数值模拟的网格结点编号优化算法。该算法用各个结点的相邻单元结点编号总和除以该结点相邻单元数 ,所得的结点商作为重新结点编号的依据 ,对板料成形模拟的四边形单元结点编号进行优化 ,减少了带宽 ,减少有限元的计算贮存量 ,缩短了板料成形数值模拟的计算时间     

核电厂换料水池底部密封结构密封元件的性能分析

目的研究某核电厂换料水池底部密封结构中密封元件的性能。方法利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,采用超弹单元建立换料水池底部密封结构密封元件的二维轴对称模型,并运用接触单元模拟密封接触界面进行计算分析。结果经计算得到换料水池底部密封结构密封元件的预紧力-变形量曲线。结论计算结果为分析换料水池底部密封结构密封试验的泄漏原因提供了理论依据,同时也为工程中密封元件预紧力的确定提供了较有价值的参考。     

超级钢闪光对焊电热耦合过程温度场分布的有限元分析

为研究超级钢闪光对焊闪光阶段焊件的温度场分布 ,建立了轴对称有限元模型。运用单元死活技术解决闪光时液体过梁爆破引起物质烧损的模拟问题 ,提出了闪光焊过程中电热耦合作用的模拟方法。考虑单元死活的有限元分析结果与试验结果更加吻合 ,为选择和优化闪光焊焊接参数以及为闪光焊过程顶锻阶段的热力耦合过程的模拟提供了有效的分析手段     

应用构型一致的显式方法预测结构冲击动响应

目的 发展构型一致的显式方法,以提高拉格朗日有限元对冲击、碰撞及侵彻问题计算的精度和健壮性。方法 为更准确地描述和计算结构大变形,基于任意参考构型理论,建立构型一致的动量方程拉格朗日有限元格式。为避免网格间侵入现象,通过结合前增量位移的时间积分方法和共轭梯度算法,使得显式增量步更新后,仍满足接触非侵入条件。结果 通过对大变形碰撞及侵彻问题的模拟,并与LS-DYNA软件结果对比,验证了计算方法的可靠性。结论 基于构型一致的显式算法可有效抑制大变形碰撞过程的单元畸变,提高计算程序的健壮性和预测准确度,使该算法在模拟大变形碰撞问题方面具有优势。     

球面有限单元法分析与应用

有限单元技术在地球科学中得到日益广泛的应用,但目前直角坐标下的有限元分析程序处理地球(由于地球的球形)科学问题极为不便。文中利用球坐标下弹性力学的基本方程和有限单元分析的基本方法,编制了球壳有限单元程序,选择中国大陆的主体区域进行了实例计算检验;发现分析方法合理,结果可靠。     

一种提高飞行器结构天地力学环境地面试验有效性的方法及其应用

目的研究提高飞行器结构地面试验有效性的途径。方法计算同一被试件结构在飞行状态和地面试验状态下的有限元模型,测量地面试验状态下的模态以验证有限元模型的正确性;计算各特征点(也可以是遥测点)在天地状态下的响应,用机器学习法获取各特征点的映射关系模型;基于该模型由飞行点响应(或遥测数据)确定出地面试验件对应点的响应,并用载荷反求法得到它们的等效载荷;最终确定施加在试验系统上的载荷。结果以细长体结构为例,所得到由其组成试验系统的有限元模型与实测模型之间的固有频率最大相对误差为6.76%,利用映射关系模型预测出对应点在飞行状态下的振动响应。确定了飞行状态下结构响应的特征点,由地面试验系统所对应的响应点反推出应施加的载荷为60 N。结论利用天地数值计算-地面试验验证联合法,无需在地面试验状态下刻意模拟飞行状态的边界条件,确定出所需要施加的载荷,从而提高了飞行器地面试验的有效性。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.