Particulate and dissolved elemental loads in the Kuji River related to discharge rate

In order to investigate influences of discharge rates on fluvial transport behavior of elements in the Kuji River, Japan, suspended and dissolved phase concentrations in the river water were measured together with the water flow rates. The concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) increased by two or three orders of magnitude with the water discharge, and also had seasonal variations. Adsorptive elements or heavy metal elements, which tend to form insoluble compounds, were present generally as suspended forms in the river waters, and their dissolved form concentrations tended to increase with the water discharge. On the other hand, non-adsorptive elements such as alkali and alkaline-earth elements were present as dissolved forms under a normal flow rate condition, but equivalent quantity of suspended species also occurred under a high flow condition. In this case, the dissolved form concentrations decreased with the water discharge. Characterization of SPM with analyses of chemical compositions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) indicated that clay mineral such as montmorillonite would be the main carrier material of trace and major elements during the fluvial transport in the Kuji River. Variations of contents of selected elements in SPM with the water discharge indicated that river bottom sediments, which are probably potential sources of SPM added due to high water flow rates, would be different in chemical compositions from SPM floating under a normal flow condition. Variations of chemical compositions of SPM as well as of suspended or dissolved form concentrations of elements in the river waters were formulated as a function of the water discharge rates.     

TCDD distribution in the Spring River,Southwestern Missouri

The waste management practices of a now defunct chemical company created several disposal sites containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) contaminated materials. A sampling survey of the Spring River, which drains the disposal sites, was conducted to determine if TCDD contamination of this river had occurred. TCDD was found in fish at concentrations of 0.8 to 55 ng/kg (whole fish) and 1.4 to 18. ng/kg (fillet). In addition, TCDD was present in the fish at least as far as 69 mi (111 km) downstream of the disposal sites. The detection limits were generally not sufficient to determine the sediment TCDD concentration in the river. TCDD was only found in the sediments immediately downstream of the former manufacturing facility, at 12 ng/kg.     

Variations in bottom sediment nutrient and metal concentrations in the Genesee River watershed,New York

Variations in nutrient and metal concentrations of fluvial sediment may be due to varying combinations of natural and man-made factors: basin geology, surface erosion, riverbank erosion, industrial or other cultural contamination, the presence of minerals rich in trace elements (e.g. chromite), sediment ion-exchange capacity, sediment organic content, and the presence of metallic oxides. The data reported here were obtained in a study in New York State of sediment transport from the Genesee River watershed to Lake Ontario (6,500 km²; 2,400 sq.mi.). One hundred bottom sediment samples collected over a period of a year were chemically analyzed for aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, total carbon, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and phosphorus. The metal concentrations (arithmetic means ±S.D., in μg/g) were: Al, 6,660±2,620; Cr, 14±9; Cu, 18±7; Fe, 15,060±7,312; Mn, 424±212; Ni, 23±13; Pb, 40±67; and Zn, 69±37. For the major nutrients the results (mean ±1 S.D. in %) were: total carbon, 2.06 ± 1.68; total organic carbon, 1.37 ± 1.28; total nitrogen, 0.105 ± 0.098; and phosphorus, 0.0560 ± 0.014.     

Sediment quality in Rio Guadiamar (SW, Spain) after a tailing dam collapse: contamination, toxicity and bioavailability

An integrated assessment of sediment quality in the Guadiamar River after a mining spill was conducted. The concentration of different metals and other conventional parameters were measured in sediments located along the river. Four sediment toxicity tests (Hyalella azteca 28-day survival and growth test; Chironomus riparius 10-day survival and growth test; Hexagenia spp. 21-day survival and growth test; and Tubifex tubifex 28-day reproduction and survival test) were carried out to determine the effects associated with the accidental spill. The geochemical fractions of 6 metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) were determined to establish the bioavailability of the metals. The relationship found in the concentrations of metals associated with the mobile fractions of the sediments in the sites studied is similar to the toxic mud from tailing pond and confirms that the toxic effects are associated with the metals Zn and Cd originating from the spill.     

河口泥沙再悬浮对悬沙中重金属元素的影响

基于1997年3月9日和7月27日长江口南槽定点连续观测资料。分析了河口泥沙再悬浮对重金属元素的影响。研究结果表明，在长江口南槽，近底悬沙浓度和悬沙中重金属含量均随时间变化而变化，且两者具有良好的对应关系；因子分析结果显示对所有金属元素都占绝对优势的F1因子为泥沙再悬浮，泥沙再悬浮现象对本次观测中近底泥沙中重金属含量变化起主导作用。泥沙再悬浮一方面会导致悬沙和床沙的混合。另一方面有可能导致重金属从泥沙中向水体中再释放，在长江口南槽，枯季近底悬沙中重金属含量的变化主要缘于悬沙、床沙的混合；而洪季除悬沙和床沙混合之外，还存在泥沙再悬浮过程泥沙中重金属的释放，这可能与洪季高水温、低溶氧等环境因素以及强烈的水动力条件有关。     

三峡库区香溪河库湾沉积物重金属污染特征

2010年3月在三峡水库香溪河库湾获取了无扰动沉积物柱状样,在香溪河口的长江干流(长江右岸)获取了表层沉积物样,现场进行了环境因子测量和室内粒度分析、矿物分析、重金属元素含量分析。沉积物矿物以绿泥石、伊利石和石英为主,占到全部矿物的65%左右。柱状沉积物pH值随深度增加呈现变小的趋势,Eh值也有随深度减少的趋势,反映了环境还原性加强。R-型因子分析结果表明:重金属元素的含量随粒径变细、绿泥石和伊利石含量增加而增加,而随石英、白云石含量增加而降低;且重金属元素含量变化与pH值密切相关,当pH值下降时部分重金属容易重新释放出来而进入环境中。库湾下游具有较中上游高得多的重金属含量,沉积物中重金属的污染程度为无污染到轻度污染,且轻度污染出现于下游至干流。三峡水库蓄水前香溪河沉积物中重金属含量顺序大致为Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd,而蓄水后香溪河及干流沉积物均表现为Cu含量高于Pb。     

鄱阳湖主要入湖口重金属的分布及潜在风险评价

于2011年5月在鄱阳湖的主要入湖口采集了水样和表层沉积物，测定并分析了其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属元素的含量和分布。同时采用地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和生态毒性效应等评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行了分析评价。结果显示：鄱阳湖主要入湖口水体重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均符合国家渔业水质标准要求，除修河的Pb和信江、饶河入湖口的Cd含量属于国家地表水Ⅱ类水质外，其它所有样地的4种重金属含量均低于国家地表水I类标准限值。沉积物中4种重金属含量均超过鄱阳湖相应背景值且呈积累富集的趋势，其中信江入湖口、饶河入湖口以及三江口已受到重金属的严重污染，潜在生态危害均为中等，而污染最轻的区域为南主湖区。揭示重金属污染程度顺序为Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd；单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。进一步的生态毒性效应评价结果表明，虽然鄱阳湖主要入湖口沉积物已经受到重金属污染，但对多数底栖生物未产生明显毒害     

南淝河表层水中重金属空间分布、污染评价及来源

根据南淝河丰水期和枯水期水质的调查数据,采用单因子水质指数法和改进后的模糊综合评价法对水中重金属元素的污染进行了评价,确定了主要污染因子和优先控制断面,并利用主成分分析法对重金属污染进行了溯源分析。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Pb的含量平均值均为枯水期高于丰水期,而As、Cd的含量平均值均为枯水期低于丰水期。单因子水质指数法评价结果显示南淝河重金属污染的主要污染因子是Cd,丰水期和枯水期各采样点Cd的含量均达到地表水Ⅴ类水标准,最高值达到地表水Ⅴ类标准值的2.6倍。改进后模糊综合评价法评价结果显示南淝河水质丰水期基本属于地表水环境质量标准Ⅱ类水标准,潜山北路大桥断面污染最严重,属于优先控制断面,枯水期各断面水质均属于Ⅲ类水标准,整体上南淝河水质达到了水体功能区目标。主成分分析法结果显示,南淝河重金属污染的主要来源是流域内的农药化肥、机械制造和电镀行业的废水以及河道的行船。     

Chironomid larval deformity frequencies, mortality, and diversity in heavy-metal contaminated sediments of a Canadian riverine wetland

Sediment sampling at point source locations in the Niagara River watershed revealed an area in a Class One Provincially Significant Riverine Wetland that was located near the discharge of a stainless steel company. The site had unusually high concentrations of heavy metals and oily wastes in its sediments. The impacts of these oil and heavy metal contaminated sediments on an invertebrate population of midge (chironomid) larvae was assessed using both lab and field techniques. The midge larvae were the dominant invertebrates in this section of the river. Twenty-six percent of the chironomids from sites located 10 to 800 m downstream of the stainless steel company's point source were deformed. A lab study was carried out to determine what percentage of the observed deformities could be attributed to the heavy metal content of the sediments and what percentage was due to the organic fraction. Sediments collected near the point source were tested and found to be acutely toxic. Sediments collected 60 m downstream of the point source were teratogenic. The frequency of mentum deformities for chironomids reared in clean sediments (control aquaria) was only 2.2%. A similar deformity frequency (2.2%) was observed at the clean sediment reference site in the Welland River watershed. Of the 97 chironomids removed from the de-oiled heavy metal contaminated sediments in the test aquarium, 10.3% displayed deformities. This is believed to be one of the few times that chironomid deformities were induced in a controlled lab study in which heavy metal concentrations similar to those found in the field were used.     

Patterns of soil contamination,erosion and river loading of metals in a gold mining region of northern Mongolia

Mining has become one of the main causes of increased heavy metal loading of river systems throughout the world. There is however an evident gap between assessments of soil contamination and metal release at the mined sites and estimates of river pollution. The present work focuses on Zaamar Goldfield, which is one of the largest placer gold mines in the world, located along the Tuul River, Mongolia, which ultimately drains into Lake Baikal, Russia. It combines field observations in the river basin with soil erosion modelling and aims at quantifying the contribution from natural erosion of metal-rich soil to observed increases in mass flows of metals along the Tuul River. Results show that the sediment delivery from the mining area to the Tuul River is considerably higher than the possible contribution from natural soil erosion. This is primarily due to excessive mining-related water use creating turbid wastewaters, disturbed filtering functions of deposition areas (natural sediment traps) close to the river and disturbances from infrastructures such as roads. Furthermore, relative to background levels, soils within Zaamar Goldfield contained elevated concentrations of As, Sr, Mn,V, Ni, Cu and Cr. The enhanced soil loss caused by mining-related activities can also explain observed, considerable increases in mass flows of metals in the Tuul River. The present example from Tuul River may provide useful new insights regarding the erosion and geomorphic evolution of mined areas, as well as the associated delivery of metals into stream networks.

     

西苕溪干流水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物中营养盐分布特征与水质评价

了解不同介质的营养盐分布可以全面掌握河流的环境现状。为了调查西苕溪干流的营养盐分布特征和水质现状,沿着干流采集了11个点位的水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物样品,并对水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物中的营养盐特征进行了分析,拟为苕溪流域的水污染防治提供基础数据。研究表明:整个西苕溪干流,水体和沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均存在丰水期明显高于枯水期的季节变化特征,水体中总氮的浓度均超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ类的标准,显示氮污染是西苕溪流域的特点。相关性分析结果表明,悬浮物中的TN和有机质(OM)呈极显著性正相关(r=0.974,p0.01);水体中的TN和悬浮物的各营养盐指标之间的相关性均达到了极显著水平,但沉积物营养盐指标与水体的TN和TP相关性不明显,显示沉积物并不能很好反映流域水质的现状。     

1956~2011年鄱阳湖水沙特征及其变化规律分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水沙研究集中在鄱阳湖"五河"各水文站的单站分析上,且水沙数据采用大多仅至21世纪初期,对缺测资料未进行有效插补。将鄱阳湖作为一个研究整体,分析了鄱阳湖水沙特征及其变化规律,以便为鄱阳湖泊形态变化研究以及水、沙资源的合理开发利用提供有利的参考依据。运用水沙相关、上下游泥沙相关法对部分缺测泥沙进行插补,获得1956~2011年的鄱阳湖入、出湖水沙系列数据。利用数理统计法、水沙双累积曲线法、Mann-Kendall法分析鄱阳湖入、出湖径流量与输沙量变化特征,并且探讨了水沙变化的原因。结果表明:(1)入湖径流量和输沙量的年内分配相一致,而长江水沙的倒灌影响了出湖径流量和输沙量的年内分配;(2)鄱阳湖入湖悬移质泥沙从90年代开始下降趋势加剧,而出湖悬移质泥沙1956~2000年整体呈下降趋势,2001~2011年呈现上升趋势;(3)鄱阳湖入、出湖年输沙量出现明显的突变点分别在1998年左右、2003年左右;(4)径流量总体处于相对稳定状态,但近10a来径流量略下降,主要受到降水量变少的影响,入湖输沙量变化受"五河"流域的水库蓄水拦沙、流域水土保持工作加强、人类河床采砂等因素影响;而出湖河段河床深度下切、江湖水面比降加大、人类在鄱阳湖采砂扰动河(湖)床均加大了近10a来出湖悬移质泥沙的输出。     

长江干流滨江水体As空间梯度变化与健康风险评价

重金属污染是世界各国河流面临的重要问题。长江是中国第一大河流,其在提供水资源、调蓄洪水及维持生态平衡等方面发挥重要作用。因此,有必要对其重金属污染状况进行研究。As是重要的致癌重金属,也是长江水体重要污染物之一。沿长江从上游至下游取水样,对长江滨江水体As空间梯度变化进行研究,并评价其健康风险。结果显示:As浓度整体呈从上游至下游增加的趋势。与已有研究比较显示,长江As浓度呈减小趋势。但As在一些点位(如芜湖市、池州市、东至县、常州、无锡、崇明岛等地区点位)存在较大致癌风险,需要引起特别关注。水体温度、离子浓度可能是影响水体As毒性的重要因子。研究结果可为长江水环境污染治理与保护提供基本依据。     

Geochemistry and bioavailability of metals in sediments from northern San Francisco Bay

In this study, metals (Be, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the fine-grained fraction (<63 microm) from 12 sites at different locations in northern San Francisco Bay over a year period from March 2000 to March 2001 were analyzed after acid extraction. The results showed that metal concentrations in the sediments varied from site to site, whereas some of them were found elevated with respect to the sediment of Tomales Bay, CA, which has little contamination history, indicating an enrichment of the metals in the sediment samples analyzed. Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation evaluation by a clam species, Macoma nasuta, exposed to the sediment samples collected from the six sampling sites was carried out. The results showed that the sediment samples tested significantly reduced clam survival. Toxicity of the sediments to the clam was, in part, related to elevated metal concentrations in the sediments. In order to examine geochemistry of the metals and to understand potential correlations between metal concentrations and geochemical matrix elements of the sediments, bioavailability and toxicity of the metals, detailed analysis of metal concentrations associated with total organic carbon and the Fe-oxy-hydroxides in the sediment samples was performed. The analysis showed that sediment geochemistry appeared to influence metal bioavailability and may have important impacts on the toxicity of these metals to the clam.     

近60年赣江水沙变化特征及影响因素分析

赣江是鄱阳湖流域最大水系,赣江水沙变化对鄱阳湖入湖径流、泥沙等水文特征有重要影响。目前对赣江水沙研究主要集中在下游外洲站河段,不足以反映全流域水沙变化规律。选取赣江上游4站、吉安和外洲水文站分别代表上、中、下游河段,基于近60 a的实测流量、悬移质泥沙资料,采用水文学和数理统计相结合的方法,分析赣江水沙年际变化特征以及可能影响因素,以期为流域水沙资源管理提供参考。结果表明:(1)赣江径流年际变化大,1970s、1990s水量较丰,其它年代径流偏少,年径流序列无显著变化趋势和突变点;(2)输沙量年际变化剧烈,呈显著降低趋势,上游4站、吉安站、外洲站输沙序列突变点分别为2002年、1995年、1995年,突变后年输沙量较突变前减少52%、71%、67%;(3)赣江上游水土保持建设是上游4站输沙量减小的主要原因;1993年后万安水库拦沙是吉安、外洲站输沙量显著减少的主要原因,水土保持、河道采砂也是引起吉安、外洲站输沙量减少的直接因素。(4)水土保持减沙的作用是缓慢和滞后的,而万安水库对下游河道的减沙作用是迅速而显著的。可见,赣江入鄱阳湖的年径流无明显减少趋势,入湖输沙量显著减少,有利于减少鄱阳湖的泥沙淤积、促进湖泊生态的良性发展。     

巢湖水及沉积物中总磷的分布变化特征

磷是导致巢湖水体富营养化的主要营养物质。采集大量巢湖表层水和沉积物样品,通过检测上覆水和沉积物中总磷含量,分析巢湖水体中磷的时空变化及赋存特征。结果显示:巢湖南淝河和裕溪河河口的上覆水中总磷含量值时间变化特征为8月5月3月12月;且南淝河口总磷含量年均值超过地表水Ⅴ类水质标准,明显高于裕溪河口值;表层水和沉积物中总磷含量在空间分布上呈西高东低趋势,最高值均出现在靠近合肥市河口处。巢湖周边土壤及湖区磷的等值线分布表明:杭埠河流域农业污染、东巢湖东南部水土流失可能是巢湖磷面源污染的主要来源。巢湖上覆水和沉积物中总磷的相关系数为0.515,蓝藻爆发期全湖表层沉积物中总磷含量显著减少,揭示目前内源磷释放已是巢湖富营养化的主要因素。结果将对巢湖流域的污染综合防治及蓝藻治理工作提供科学依据。     

基于遥感反演长江中游地区悬浮泥沙研究

悬浮泥沙定量研究对于调查长江的水质、地貌、生态环境等起着至关重要的作用。以长江中游武汉地区2012~2013年14幅不同时相的Landsat ETM+遥感影像为主要数据源，结合野外采样悬浮泥沙浓度数据，分析了悬浮泥沙遥感定量反演方法，数据处理中针对ETM+SLC OFF影像缝隙问题，采用自适应局部回归匹配算法（ALR）进行影像自动恢复处理，在波段选择中对悬浮泥沙浓度和光谱反射率数据进行相关性分析，并运用传统关系建模方法和高斯模型方法对比，比较悬浮泥沙定量反演模型，利用实测验证数据对反演模型精度进行评估。研究结果表明：（1）ALR可以有效的获取悬浮泥沙敏感波段的遥感光谱反射率；（2）ETM+Band3悬浮泥沙浓度的高斯模型相关系数最高，通过对比得到模型反演的验证精度较高，研究证明遥感定量反演适合于长江流域武汉段泥沙含量大范围监测     

鄱阳湖枯水期水体营养浓度及重金属含量分布研究

通过监测鄱阳湖枯水期的主湖区、五河入湖口以及碟形湖表层水体氮、磷等营养浓度以及重金属含量变化，对鄱阳湖全湖的营养状况以及重金属污染现状进行了系统分析。结果表明：2010年枯水期的鄱阳湖流域表层水体总氮、总磷、化学需氧量等含量较高，达富营养化水平，湖泊水质受总氮、氨态氮、总磷和pH的影响较大。且鄱阳湖水域的氮、磷等营养存在明显的空间差异。研究结果进一步显示，饶河入湖口水体N、P污染最严重（TN 314 mg/L；TP 025 mg/L），修河入湖口污染程度次之（TN 134 mg/L；TP 009 mg/L），而南矶山碟形湖水体污染最小（TN 049 mg/L；TP 005 mg/L）。鄱阳湖表层水体重金属Pb、Cd的含量较低，符合国家渔业水质标准要求，尤其是湖泊Cd含量低于地表水Ｉ类标准。但鄱阳湖流域Cu、Zn污染较严重     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides - lindane, p,p'-DDT, and heptachlor epoxide - in surface water of China

Persistent organochlorine pesticides pollutants (OCPs) have been reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese waters. In order to map the distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water throughout China, samples were collected from over 600 sites in seven major river basins and three main internal rivers drainage areas during 2003 and 2004. The surface water samples were analyzed for the representative organochlorine pesticides contaminants including lindane (gamma-HCH), p,p'-DDT and heptachlor epoxide. In general, the most frequently detected compound was lindane, being detected in 83.9% of samples (mean=31.3 ng/l; range <0.17-860 ng/l), and the highest concentration was present in the Yellow River basin. p,p'-DDT was detected in 63.1% of the samples collected (mean=14.6 ng/l; range <0.14-368 ng/l) with the highest concentration present in the Huaihe River basin. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in only 9.3% of water samples (range <0.11-10 ng/l). Measured concentrations for the three compounds were low and rarely exceed the environment quality standard for surface water of China. Lindane was more frequently detected at much higher concentrations in the rivers of northern China compared with those of southern China. The sites with higher concentration of lindane and p,p'-DDT mainly occurred in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, so the results of this investigation indicate that the organochlorine pesticide contamination of Yellow River and Huaihe River basins should be of particular concern relative to the other basins. When compared with other regions of the world, it appears that the Chinese surface water is moderately polluted by lindane and p,p'-DDT.     

三峡库区172 m蓄水位实现后干流水体溶解态重金属含量变化特征

从2008年至2010年连续两年,对三峡库区涪陵至巴东段水体溶解态重金属含量进行监测,分析三峡水库自2008年首次以172 m高水位试验性蓄水以来水体溶解态重金属含量变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：水体溶解态重金属含量在丰水期低水位时含量较高,而在平水期和枯水期高水位蓄水时,水体重金属含量较低,丰水期时水体溶解态重金属含量虽然相对较高,但仍然达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838 2002)Ⅰ类水域标准。重金属在水体与沉积物和消落带土壤中含量并无明显相关性,沉积物和消落带土壤重金属对水体溶解态重金属含量分布影响较小。库区水环境因素在丰水期和平水期、枯水期呈现出明显差异特征,特别是汛后水体悬浮物SS含量远低于丰水期。三峡水库水环境因素的变化对重金属的分配有着重要作用,丰水期过后三峡库区水体pH值和DO升高,水温和Eh降低,SS含量显著下降,水环境因素、气象条件、水位调度等因素的变化致使水体溶解态重金属含量降低