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《环境保护与循环经济》2015,(5)
有机磷农药作为一种高效、广谱的内吸性杀虫剂,被广泛应用于防治粮食等经济作物害虫,以保护幼苗和作物生长。滥用农药造成的有机磷农药在环境中的残留量逐步上升,农药污染治理是当前环境科学研究的热点。微生物降解技术具有资源丰富、可原位修复污染场地、对环境污染小、成本低的优点,以生物修复作为理论基础的农药残留微生物降解技术是目前降低农产品和农业生产环境中农药残留的重要方法,在土壤和水体污染修复中应用前景广阔。首先对我国当前农药使用情况进行简单介绍,在此基础上概述了现今对于微生物抑制植物病害以及可降解有机磷农药微生物的研究成果,并对海洋微生物的生理特性、抗菌效能进行了论述。根据目前的研究进展,提出了今后重点研究内容,为筛选出高效的拮抗菌、降解菌提供理论基础。 相似文献
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综述了评估污染土壤修复效果的指标及方法,包括残留污染分析法、风险评估法、植物毒性法、动物毒性法、微生物毒性法、土壤酶水平法等典型的评估方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点及适用范围。其中,植物毒性法适用于再利用类型为工业、商业用地的场地;动物毒性法适用于再利用类型为居住用地的场地;土壤微生物法、土壤酶水平法适用于再利用类型为农业用地的场地;对于存在人体暴露途径的用地,应结合人体健康风险评估法进行风险评估,综合评定土壤修复的效果。最后对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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综述了评估污染土壤修复效果的指标及方法,包括残留污染分析法、风险评估法、植物毒性法、动物毒性法、微生物毒性法、土壤酶水平法等典型的评估方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点及适用范围。其中,植物毒性法适用于再利用类型为工业、商业用地的场地;动物毒性法适用于再利用类型为居住用地的场地;土壤微生物法、土壤酶水平法适用于再利用类型为农业用地的场地;对于存在人体暴露途径的用地,应结合人体健康风险评估法进行风险评估,综合评定土壤修复的效果。最后对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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"土壤修复"产业,我国目前处于起步阶段,其工作过程和技术路线是迫切需要解决的问题。本文在调研市场需求的基础上,探讨了土壤修复的工作流程、工作内容和修复技术。土壤修复的前期工作是场地土壤环境调查评估,首先从场地土壤环境质量(污染)调查开始,通过土壤样品采集、分析测试、结果分析和环境现状评价,进行场地土壤污染风险识别,包括污染因子、污染程度、修复因子的识别;通过污染风险评价,确定修复目标值、场地修复范围和修复量;通过试验筛选修复技术和修复工艺,确定修复方案和修复工程设计;对修复工程设计进行环境影响评价和环保行政审查;环保审查通过,实施修复工程。样品采集和分析测试、结果分析和评价、修复技术和修复工程成为"土壤修复"产业的工作核心。市场上应用的修复技术路线主要是隔离/封闭技术、稳定/固化技术、淋洗技术。 相似文献
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Hashim MA Mukhopadhyay S Sahu JN Sengupta B 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(10):2355-2388
The contamination of groundwater by heavy metal, originating either from natural soil sources or from anthropogenic sources is a matter of utmost concern to the public health. Remediation of contaminated groundwater is of highest priority since billions of people all over the world use it for drinking purpose. In this paper, thirty five approaches for groundwater treatment have been reviewed and classified under three large categories viz chemical, biochemical/biological/biosorption and physico-chemical treatment processes. Comparison tables have been provided at the end of each process for a better understanding of each category. Selection of a suitable technology for contamination remediation at a particular site is one of the most challenging job due to extremely complex soil chemistry and aquifer characteristics and no thumb-rule can be suggested regarding this issue. In the past decade, iron based technologies, microbial remediation, biological sulphate reduction and various adsorbents played versatile and efficient remediation roles. Keeping the sustainability issues and environmental ethics in mind, the technologies encompassing natural chemistry, bioremediation and biosorption are recommended to be adopted in appropriate cases. In many places, two or more techniques can work synergistically for better results. Processes such as chelate extraction and chemical soil washings are advisable only for recovery of valuable metals in highly contaminated industrial sites depending on economical feasibility. 相似文献
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Bioaccessibility is one of the most relevant aspects to be considered in the restoration of soils using biological technologies. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) usually have residual fractions that are resistant to biodegradation at the end of the biological treatment. In some situations, these residual concentrations could still be above legal standards. Here, we propose that the available knowledge about electroremediation technologies could be applied to enhance bioremediation of soils polluted with PAH. The main objective of this study was to show that a previous electrokinetic treatment could reduce the PAH residual fractions when the soil is subsequently treated by means of a bioremediation process. The approach involved the electrokinetic treatment of PAH-polluted soils at a potential drop of 0.9 to 1.1 V/cm and the subsequent estimations of bioaccessibility of residual PAHs after slurry-phase biodegradation. Bioaccessibility of PAH in two creosote-polluted soils (clay and loamy sand, total PAH content averaging 300 mg/kg) previously treated with an electric field in the presence of nonionic surfactant Brij 35 was often higher than in untreated controls. For example, total PAH content remaining in clay soil after bioremediation was only 62.65 +/- 4.26 mg/kg, whereas a 7-d electrokinetic pretreatment had, under the same conditions, a residual concentration of 29.24 +/- 1.88 mg/kg after bioremediation. Control treatments without surfactant indicated that the electrokinetic treatment increased bioaccessibility of PAHs. A different manner of electric field implementation (continuous current vs. current reversals) did not induce changes in PAH bioaccessibility. We suggest that this hybrid technology may be useful in certain bioremediation scenarios, such as soils rich in clay and black carbon, which show limited success due to bioavailability restrictions, as well as in highly heterogeneous soils. 相似文献
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A solid-phase microbiological assay was used to determine the changes in genotoxicity associated with sequestration or biodegradation of carcinogenic compounds in contaminated soils. The concentration of six carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) did not change in 59 d in sterile soil, but the genotoxicity declined markedly. In a soil undergoing bioremediation in the field for 147 d or biodegradation in the laboratory for 180 d, the concentrations either changed little or declined at different rates, but the genotoxicity increased followed by a decline. The genotoxicity of a second soil declined as a result of biological treatment. The data show that genotoxicity of contaminated soils may be unrelated to the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs because of aging or new mutagens formed during biological treatment. 相似文献
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植物及微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤具有很大的潜力。但重金属以不同形态存在关系到石油-重金属复合污染土壤生物修复过程中,植物、微生物的修复效率以及是否需要增加辅助工程解决重金属污染等问题,因此石油-重金属复合污染土壤修复过程中就必须考虑重金属有效态及形态的变化特征。 相似文献
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On the potential of biological treatment for arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bioremediation of arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater shows a great potential for future development due to its environmental compatibility and possible cost-effectiveness. It relies on microbial activity to remove, mobilize, and contain arsenic through sorption, biomethylation–demethylation, complexation, coprecipitation, and oxidation–reduction processes. This paper gives an evaluation on the feasibility of using biological methods for the remediation of arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater. Ex-situ bioleaching can effectively remove bulk arsenic from contaminated soils. Biostimulation such as addition of carbon sources and mineral nutrients can be applied to promote the leaching rate. Biosorption can be used either ex-situ or in-situ to remove arsenic from groundwater by sorption to biomass and/or coprecipitation with biogenic solids or sulfides. Introduction of proper biosorbents or microorganisms to produce active biosorbents in-situ is the key to the success of this method. Phytoremediation depends on arsenic-hyperaccumulating plants to remove arsenic from soils and shallow groundwater by translocating it into plant tissues. Engineering genetic strategies can be employed to increase the arsenic-hyperaccumulating capacity of the plants. Biovolatilization may be developed potentially as an ex-situ treatment technology. Further efforts are needed to focus on increasing the volatilization rate and the post-treatment of volatilization products. 相似文献