基准氧含量在大气固定源污染物排放标准中的应用与启示

基准氧含量是大气固定源污染物排放标准中的一项重要指标,直接影响着对污染物排放浓度的达标判断。收集整理了近年来国家和地方制修订的主要大气固定源污染物排放标准,深入分析了基准氧含量指标在标准中的优化调整情况、实际应用效果及制修订背景和作用。针对基准氧含量在标准应用中仍存在着行业符合性划分不细致、适用条件不明确等问题,提出了以生产工艺和生产设施为基础,科学合理规定基准氧含量的建议。     

《贵州省环境污染排放标准》中涉气项目修订原则与方法

以贵州省地方大气污染物排放标准为例,在充分分析其原标准存在问题的基础上,结合近年来颁布实施的环境质量标准、综合或行业污染物排放标准以及工作场所有害因素职业接触限值作为标准浓度限制值Cm,严格按照制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法,重新计算了该省固定排放源的排放限值。计算时,首次以所涉行业区位商作为设置经济技术参数Ke值的重要依据,克服了对欠发达地区经济技术参数"一刀切"的缺点,增加了标准的经济技术可行性。通过计算,地方标准的排放限值更趋于合理,符合国家对地方标准的有关要求。     

上海工业区环境空气VOCs预警值及特征物种筛选方法研究

在上海市大气污染物排放标准的基础上,结合国家相关标准提出了工业区环境空气中47项VOCs指标的预警值。根据VOCs污染物的有毒有害性和异味特征、浓度特征和光化学活性特征,分别定义了T-特征污染物、C-特征污染物和O-特征污染物,并提出了各类特征污染物的筛选方法。将VOCs预警值和特征污染物筛选方法应用于上海市工业园区在线监测点,结果显示预警值较为适用,可以达到较好的预警目标;特征污染物筛选结果合理,且能从不同角度反映各站点周边污染源特征。     

二氧化硫实测结果与计算结果的比较

20 0 0年底 ,江苏省所有工业企业必须实现二氧化硫达标排放。我国现行的锅炉、窑炉以及火电厂、水泥厂等行业的大气污染物排放标准中均对二氧化硫排放浓度有所要求 ;总量控制管理模式提出以后 ,环境管理又对二氧化硫排放总量提出了要求。要想了解一个单位全年的二氧化硫排放总量 ,仅用瞬时测试结果还远远不够 ,必须依靠在线自动监测系统 ,然而我国目前还不具备这种能力。但管理部门和监测部门可根据某单位的燃煤情况 ,粗略判断其排放是否达标 ,也可据此核定排放总量。1　二氧化硫排放量和排放浓度的计算二氧化硫排放浓度与锅炉运行负荷 (α…     

汽车修理养护企业挥发性有机物排放控制标准探讨

通过对汽车修理养护企业喷烤漆废气排放现状进行调查分析,指出中国目前适用于控制汽车修理养护企业废气排放的标准《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB 16297-1996)在实际运用中存在的问题。依据《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》(GB/T 3840-1991)《大气污染物综合排放标准详解》《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值化学有害因素》(GBZ 2.1-2007)《工业企业设计卫生标准》(TJ 36-1979)、美国环保局多介质环境模型等,用不同方法计算汽车修理养护企业排放的废气中几种挥发性有机物的排放浓度和排放速率限值,并对监测结果进行评价分析,提出编制汽车修理养护企业废气排放控制标准的建议。     

中国不同尺度大气污染物排放清单编制工作综述

大气污染物排放清单的编制可以直观表现清单编制地区的污染源状况,为政府制定污染物防控措施提供科学依据。在查阅大量文献的基础上,从清单方法学、区域和城市排放、清单不确定性3个方面对中国大部分地区的大气污染物排放清单编制工作进行了汇总整理。提出了未建立符合我国国情的排放因子和活动水平数据库、排放清单分辨率和不确定性研究水平不高、缺少对不发达地区的清单编制等问题。建议统筹排放清单编制工作,保证基础数据的准确性,逐步建立主要污染物的清单编制技术指南,加强学科间和国际间合作,开拓排放清单新的研究方向。最后,对未来大气污染物排放清单的编制工作提出了展望。     

《涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37824—2019)解读

简述了我国涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业的污染排放现状与特征,对《涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37824—2019)进行了解读。该标准在我国打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的背景下发布实施,从全过程控制的角度构建了大气污染物排放指标体系,明确了以非甲烷总烃(NMHC)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)为综合表征,与有毒有害特征污染物协调控制的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放指标体系;提出了涂料、油墨、胶粘剂工业无组织排放控制要求和监测监控要求。指出,涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业的VOCs控制以无组织排放为主,因此必须从源头减排入手,强化全过程控制和全生命周期控制,环境与安全协同,逐步实现行业可持续发展。     

《涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37824—2019)解读

简述了我国涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业的污染排放现状与特征,对《涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 37824—2019)进行了解读。该标准在我国打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的背景下发布实施,从全过程控制的角度构建了大气污染物排放指标体系,明确了以非甲烷总烃(NMHC)和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)为综合表征,与有毒有害特征污染物协调控制的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放指标体系;提出了涂料、油墨、胶粘剂工业无组织排放控制要求和监测监控要求。指出,涂料、油墨及胶粘剂工业的VOCs控制以无组织排放为主,因此必须从源头减排入手,强化全过程控制和全生命周期控制,环境与安全协同,逐步实现行业可持续发展。     

对导热炉大气污染物排放执行标准的探讨

目前，相关环境标准中均未明确制定关于导热炉大气污染物的排放内容。因此，对于导热炉的大气污染排放，各环境管理及监测部门均没有统一的执行标准。本文从导热炉工作原理、污染物排放特点等方面进行了分析，对其执行标准提出了个人的观点。     

川东北中心城市南充大气污染态势及其主要成因

基于南充市主城区6项大气污染物浓度数据,研究了2014-2020年南充市的空气质量指数、空气质量指数等级和首要污染物的时序分布。结果表明:随着大气污染防治的开展,南充市大气污染物浓度逐渐下降,出现首要污染物的天数逐年减少,空气质量逐步提高。受污染物节律性影响,空气质量呈现明显的季节差异,冬季空气质量最差,春季次之,夏季污染相对较轻,秋季最轻。首要污染物类型的季节分布特征表现为冬季出现首要污染物天数最多,春季和夏季次之,秋季最少。春、秋、冬季以PM_2.5污染为主,夏季以O₃污染为主。从全年来看,与O₃相比,PM_2.5对空气质量的影响更为突出。在持续控制大气污染物排放总量的同时,精细化协同管控细颗粒物、氮氧化物、挥发性有机物和二氧化硫排放将有助于现阶段的大气污染防治。     

Seasonal Variation of Toxic Benzene Emissions in Petroleum Refinery

Petroleum refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for the emission of several pollutants into the atmosphere. Benzene is among the most important air pollutants that are emitted by petroleum refineries, since they are involved in almost every refinery process. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major group of air pollutants, which play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry. These contribute to toxic oxidants, which are harmful to ecosystem, human health and atmosphere. The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to these chemicals. The ambient air concentrations of benzene were measured in several sites around the Digboi petroleum refinery, near the city of Gowahati in northeast India, during winter and summer 2004. The seasonal and spatial variations of the ambient air concentrations of this benzene were investigated and analyzed. An estimation of the contribution of the refinery to the measured atmospheric levels of benzene was also performed. The ambient air mixing ratios of benzene in a large area outside the refinery was generally low, in ppbv range, much lower than the ambient air quality standards. This article presents the temporal and spatial variation of air pollution in and around petroleum refinery and showed that no health risk due to benzene is present in the areas adjacent to the refinery.     

室内空气污染调查

为了解室内空气污染状况，广州市环境监测中心站对刚装修不久的10套私人居室和5家单位办公室的室内空气进行了监测。结果表明，甲醛、苯、NH3、NOx浓度超标，最高超标倍数分别为：甲醛22.0倍，苯3.01倍，NH3 2.58倍，NOx0.30倍。指出，这些污染物主要来源于装修材料和建筑材料，会对人体健康造成危害。提出，为防止室内空气污染，应从源头抓起，装修时尽量选用低毒或无毒的材料，装修后的居室或办公室要保持通风，以降低室内污染物浓度，进驻前请有关权威部门进行监测评估。另外可在室内摆放绿色植物，以吸附一些有毒化合物。     

Measurements of benzene and formaldehyde in a medium sized urban environment. Indoor/outdoor health risk implications on special population groups

In the present study, the results of a measurement campaign aiming to assess cancer risk among two special groups of population: policemen and laboratory technicians exposed to the toxic substances, benzene and formaldehyde are presented. The exposure is compared to general population risk. The results show that policemen working outdoor (traffic regulation, patrol on foot or in vehicles, etc.) are exposed at a significantly higher benzene concentration (3-5 times) than the general population, while the exposure to carbonyls is in general lower. The laboratory technicians appear to be highly exposed to formaldehyde while no significant variation of benzene exposure in comparison to the general population is recorded. The assessment revealed that laboratory technicians and policemen run a 20% and 1% higher cancer risk respectively compared to the general population. Indoor working place air quality is more significant in assessing cancer risk in these two categories of professionals, due to the higher Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR) of formaldehyde compared to benzene. Since the origin of the danger to laboratory technicians is clear (use of chemicals necessary for the experiments), in policemen the presence of carbonyls in indoor air concentrations due to smoking or used materials constitute a danger equal to the exposure to traffic originated air pollutants.     

Air contaminants in a submarine equipped with air independent propulsion

The Swedish Navy has operated submarines equipped with air independent propulsion for two decades. This type of submarine can stay submerged for periods far longer than other non-nuclear submarines are capable of. The air quality during longer periods of submersion has so far not been thoroughly investigated. This study presents results for a number of air quality parameters obtained during more than one week of continuous submerged operation. The measured parameters are pressure, temperature, relative humidity, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and microbiological contaminants. The measurements of airborne particles demonstrate that air pollutants typically occur at a low baseline level due to high air exchange rates and efficient air-cleaning devices. However, short-lived peaks with comparatively high concentrations occur, several of the sources for these have been identified. The concentrations of the pollutants measured in this study do not indicate a build-up of hazardous compounds during eight days of submersion. It is reasonable to assume that a substantial build-up of the investigated contaminants is not likely if the submersion period is prolonged several times, which is the case for modern submarines equipped with air independent propulsion.     

Spatial analysis and land use regression of VOCs and NO2 in Dallas, Texas during two seasons

Passive air sampling for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at 24 fire stations and a compliance monitoring site in Dallas, Texas, USA during summer 2006 and winter 2008. This ambient air monitoring network was established to assess intra-urban gradients of air pollutants to evaluate the impact of traffic and urban emissions on air quality. Ambient air monitoring and GIS data from spatially representative fire station sites were collected to assess spatial variability. Pairwise comparisons were conducted on the ambient data from the selected sites based on city section. These weeklong samples yielded NO(2) and benzene levels that were generally higher during the winter than the summer. With respect to the location within the city, the central section of Dallas was generally higher for NO(2) and benzene than north and south. Land use regression (LUR) results revealed spatial gradients in NO(2) and selected VOCs in the central and some northern areas. The process used to select spatially representative sites for air sampling and the results of analyses of coarse- and fine-scale spatial variability of air pollutants on a seasonal basis provide insights to guide future ambient air exposure studies in assessing intra-urban gradients and traffic impacts.     

西安市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及与气象因素和常规污染物相关性

利用西安市环境监测站超级站2013年9月1日—2015年5月31日黑碳气溶胶(BC)的监测数据,研究空气中BC浓度特征及其与气象因素和常规污染物相关性。结果表明:BC小时平均浓度均值在春季、夏季和冬季的变化趋势呈"W"型,秋季呈"V"型,且冬季的第一个最低值和峰值比春季和夏季的分别延迟1 h和2~3 h,且20:00~次日6:00秋季BC小时平均浓度均值高于当年冬季。BC浓度在秋季和冬季较高,夏季较低。冬季BC/PM_(2.5)基本最低,秋季BC/PM_(2.5)相对最高。BC日平均浓度与气温、降水和风速的日平均值为极负显著相关,且风速小于1.0 m/s时,其与风速呈最显著的负相关。除O_3外,BC日平均浓度与其他常规空气污染物浓度呈显著相关,表明其同源性很强,且受机动车尾气排放的影响更大。     

宁波市环境空气中VOCs污染状况及变化趋势分析

基于近7年来的连续监测数据,对宁波市环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染状况及变化趋势进行了初步分析。研究表明:在宁波市环境空气中检测出94种VOCs,其主要成分是饱和烷烃、芳烃、烯烃、卤代烃、卤代芳烃、含氧有机物等,有37种属有毒有害物质,其中苯系物含量最高;宁波市环境空气中苯系物的污染程度与国内外城市基本处于同一水平,近年来的污染状况变化不大,没有明显恶化;空间分布特征显示一类保护区VOCs的排放以天然源为主,二类各功能区VOCs的排放由天然源和局部人为污染源共同形成,三类区以工业污染源排放为主;时间变化趋势显示VOCs在冬季和春季的平均浓度比其他季节高,VOCs的日变化基本呈现2个主浓度峰值特征,跟城市交通流量变化具有很好相关性。     

空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

西藏自治区“十二五”和“十三五”环境空气质量变化特征

"十二五"以来中国先后颁布了一系列大气污染防治政策并实施相应的大气污染治理措施以提高环境空气质量。为研究西藏自治区"十二五"(2011-2015年)和"十三五"(2016 -2020年)时期环境空气质量变化状况,评估大气污染防治措施实施效果,笔者对2011-2020年西藏自治区7个城市(地区)主要大气污染物浓度和优良天数比例变化进行分析。结果表明:随着一系列大气污染防治措施的实施,西藏自治区环境空气质量显著提升,与"十二五"时期相比,"十三五"时期西藏自治区年平均优良天数比例由97.5%±2.0%提升至99.3%±0.4%,SO₂、 NO₂、 PM₁₀、 PM_2.5浓度年均值和CO 浓度第95百分位数均呈下降趋势,其中CO、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度下降幅度较大,O₃日最大8h滑动平均值第90百分位数略有上升。西藏自治区环境空气质量与人口、经济发展程度呈负相关关系。受污染源排放、气象条件和区域传输等因素影响,西藏自治区O₃浓度春、夏季较高,而其余污染物浓度冬季较高。