抚仙湖北岸入湖径流中总氮变化趋势分析

抚仙湖现有污染主要来自北岸。通过抚仙湖3条入湖河流中总氮负荷量进行调查，对抚仙湖入湖河流中总氮负荷量进行了分析评价，结果表明：3条入湖河流总氮为劣V类水质，是影响抚仙湖水质的主要因素。为湖泊总量控制与治理提供科学依据。     

抚仙湖水质保护目标适宜性分析

依据国家地表水环境质量标准的演变、湖泊主要污染指标的历史变迁、抚仙湖水环境功能区划变化和湖泊环境管理的前瞻性与科学性,从水域环境功能和保护目标、保护抚仙湖的特殊性和重要性、经济承受能力、抚仙湖水质变化趋势、旅游发展与地方经济和行政法规的协调性6个方面进行抚仙湖水质保护目标适宜性分析,结果表明:选择抚仙湖水质保护目标为GB3838-2002《国家地面水环境质量标准》I类标准是适宜的。     

深水型湖泊底泥NH4^＋-N释放的环境因子影响实验研究

通过对深水型人工湖泊（以福州市山仔水库为例）底泥NH4^＋-N释放特性进行实验研究，该实验在厌氧状态下进行，主要是以氨态氮溶出为主，这是一个物理过程，是由于分子的扩散造成的，分析了环境因子对底泥NH4^＋-N释放特性的影响及其原因。得出了温度、上覆水本身NH4^＋-N浓度和底泥粒径对底泥NH4^＋-N释放影响的动力曲线。同时说明了湖泊底泥NH4^＋-N释放对湖泊水质存在着潜在的危险性。为城市深水湖泊底泥疏浚和富营养化治理提供依据。     

泸沽湖沉积物－水界面扩散作用对上覆水体基本化学组成的影响

通过云南泸沽湖－－半封闭深水湖泊湖水和沉积物孔隙中Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、ＨＣＯ３等基本组分及ＰＨ等剖面分布的研究，结果表明，这些基本组分可以自底部沉积物向上覆体扩散迁移，定量地估算了扩散通量及其对上覆水体的影响程度，说明湖泊沉积物－水界面作用在控制整个水体水化学基本组成中的起着重要的作用。     

抚仙湖北岸入湖径流中总氮变化趋势分析

抚仙湖现有污染主要来自北岸。通过抚仙湖3条入湖河流中总氮负荷量进行调查,对抚仙湖入湖河流中总氮负荷量进行了分析评价,结果表明:3条入湖河流总氮为劣Ⅴ类水质,是影响抚仙湖水质的主要因素。为湖泊总量控制与治理提供科学依据。     

抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温及水质分布特征

为探究高原深水湖泊抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温水质空间特征及昼间变化规律,于2014年7月在抚仙湖南部、中部及北部各选取一个代表点位,开展了各点分层采样及北部点位昼间连续分层采样调查观测.结果表明:(1)抚仙湖夏季水温分布具有明显的深水湖泊成层期温度分布特征,表面至水深15 m为变温层,水温变幅25.51~22.81℃,15~40 m为温跃层,水温变幅22.81~14.72℃,40 m以下为等温层,水温变幅14.72~13.70℃.湖体表层与湖底层的最大温差为11.8℃,与温带湖泊同期相比温差较小,而湖底等温层水温为14℃左右,较温带湖泊为高,体现了抚仙湖高原深水湖泊自身的水温成层特征.(2)水温成层决定了湖体的化学成层与生态成层特征:pH、溶解氧(DO)及电导率均呈现出与水温分布相同的分层结构,值得关注的是湖底层DO浓度低至2~3 mg·L~(-1),作为贫营养湖泊,抚仙湖底层开始出现溶解氧偏低的现象昭示着其可能面临潜在的生态风险;总磷(TP)及总氮(TN)由于温跃层的阻隔,等温层呈现一定程度的营养盐累积效应;叶绿素a与高锰酸盐指数也均与水温分层存在对应的响应关系,在湖体上层出现最大值.(3)抚仙湖热分层时期,水温分层存在昼间变化,中午光照辐射增强导致温跃层下潜,强度变大,厚度变窄,显著影响变温层和温跃层的pH、DO、电导率及叶绿素a等动态分布,TP、TN及高锰酸盐指数的昼间变化规律不显著.     

高原深水湖泊抚仙湖溶解氧分层特征及驱动因素

深水湖泊特有的“表水层-温跃层-深水层”的热力学分层结构,决定了湖内溶解氧(DO)的垂直分布和混合交换,影响着湖内生态系统的健康.然而,目前对于深水湖泊耗氧与复氧过程及其驱动因素的研究还不够深入,尤其对高原深水湖泊的研究更为缺乏.为此,本研究于2021年1月-2022年2月进行了分层采样和逐月监测,探究了典型高原深水湖泊抚仙湖的溶解氧分层特征及驱动因素.结果表明：(1)抚仙湖热力学分层周期分为两期,即分层期和非分层期.分层期为3月下旬至11月上旬,混合期为11月下旬至3月上旬.(2)在湖泊热力学分层的驱动下,湖内DO垂直分层明显.表水层DO浓度年内变化范围为6.67～8.64 mg/L,而温跃层和深水层DO最低浓度分别可降至3.15和1.26 mg/L.(3)抚仙湖不同水层DO浓度变化的驱动因素及效应占比不同.表水层DO受到水温、光合作用、大气复氧和气象条件的综合影响;温跃层DO主要受分层强度和浮游植物生命活动的影响;深水层DO主要受分层强度、有机质沉降分解、沉积物有机质分解的影响.研究显示,抚仙湖底层水体长期处于厌氧状态,由此带来的湖泊生境的改变以及底部营养盐释放的风险值得关注.     

云贵高原典型湖泊富营养化演变过程及特征研究

选取滇池、洱海和抚仙湖3个云贵高原不同营养水平的湖泊,通过对其不同发展阶段的植物群落结构、水质类别、营养水平及流域人口和经济活动等进行研究,总结了云贵高原湖泊发展演化过程中的特征及差异性.结果表明：滇池、洱海和抚仙湖的植物群落结构、水质类别和营养状态均耦合良好,流域人口和经济活动是湖泊富营养化的重要影响因素.流域人口和...     

泸沽湖沉积物－水界面扩散作用对上覆水体基本化学组成的影响

通过云南泸沽湖──半封闭深水湖泊湖水和沉积物孔隙水中Ｃａ２＋、Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、ＨＣＯ等基本组分及ｐＨ等剖面分布的研究,结果表明,这些基本组分可以自底部沉积物向上覆水体扩散迁移。定量地估算了扩散通量及其对上覆水体的影响程度,说明湖泊沉积物－水界面作用在控制整个水体水化学基本组成中起着重要的作用。     

视觉

<正>大美抚仙湖图、文/东方IC作为中国第三大湖泊,云南抚仙湖在云贵高原上,犹如一颗明珠镶嵌万山间,它是目前地球上同一纬度唯一保持Ⅰ类水质的湖泊。抚仙湖北岸生态调蓄带是北岸污染物进入湿地规划区的第一道防线,总长7.8公里。据统计,保护好抚仙湖相当于为全国13亿人口每人储备了15立方米的Ⅰ类水。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.