噪声控制材料的性能测试

阻塞、吸收、制止或隔离噪声达到噪声控制的目的。噪声障碍材料的降噪效果与材料的性能有关。本文提供一些常用降噪材料的阻塞和吸音的技术性能     

聚氨酯基复合降噪吸声层的设计与性能研究

交流滤波电容器装置噪声极大,对周边居民造成严重噪声污染,为有效降低其噪声,需要构造一种多层复合降噪隔声罩,为了同时有效提高材料的吸声性能和隔声性能,该文设计一种聚氨酯、生物质电厂灰及膨胀珍珠岩复合降噪层,作为构造电容器降噪材料的吸声层。实验以材料的吸声系数和隔声量为2个考察指标,通过正交实验及极差分析得到性能最优的材料配比为聚氨酯软硬段比5∶5,生物质灰的添加量为20%,珍珠岩的添加量为5%,并对其吸隔声性能进行了验证,结果显示最优配比下材料的吸声系数为0.51,隔声量可达12.3 d B(A),对于电容器特征噪声频率段的降噪效果明显,可以作为电容器降噪隔声罩的吸声层使用。     

蜂窝夹层结构及其在直升机噪声控制上的应用

介绍了传统蜂窝夹层结构,它是由蜂窝芯材耦合面板/薄膜组合而成,具有优异的降噪特性。为进一步提升蜂窝夹层结构的降噪性能,结合多孔吸声原理及“吸/隔声结构功能一体化”概念,将多孔吸声材料填充至蜂窝芯中,形成了基于多孔吸声的蜂窝夹层结构,但中、低频降噪性能较差。结合微穿孔板、亥姆霍兹共振理论,开发了基于共振吸声的单自由度蜂窝夹层结构,由蜂窝芯材耦合穿孔面板/薄膜组合而成,提升了中、低频降噪特性,但是依旧存在降噪频带过窄的问题,只能在某段特定频率范围内表现出良好的降噪特性。为此,研发了基于共振吸声的多自由度蜂窝夹层结构,利用各层穿孔面板/薄膜和蜂窝结构特性,实现了不同频率噪声控制。最后总结了蜂窝夹层结构在国内外直升机被动噪声控制上的应用情况,展望了新型蜂窝夹层结构的发展趋势。     

废旧橡胶沥青SMA混合料铺设路面结构降噪效果初探

介绍了路面结构降噪物理特性,利用废旧橡胶沥青SMA混合料作为路面结构降噪材料,探索其隔声性能的现场监测方法。选取南京绕城公路一段作为监测路段,对采用普通沥青路面和采用SMA材料的结构降噪路面进行比对监测,结果显示采用SMA材料的结构降噪路面声级值降低1～1.8dB。分析认为交通噪声主要声源为驱动噪声,而驱动噪声中主要噪声部分为排气噪声,所以对于路面行驶噪声的降噪对于交通噪声整体声级的改善作用有限。     

新型多孔水泥基硅橡胶吸声材料的制备

变电站噪声(尤其是低频噪声)对周边居民造成严重的噪声污染,为有效降低其噪声需要构造一种降噪吸声层,为了同时有效提高吸声性能,该文充分利用废弃绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙(主成分为硅橡胶),设计一种水泥基绝缘子硅橡胶复合降噪层作为变电站降噪材料的吸声层,实验以材料的吸声系数为主要考察指标兼考虑材料物理性能。通过试验验及性能分析得到最优的材料配比为硅酸盐水泥与绝缘子硅橡胶比为3∶2,EVA胶的添量为5%、双氧水量为3%、MnO_2 0.2%;并对其声学性能进行验证,最优配比下的材料吸声系数为0.52,可以应用于变电站吸声降噪材料的吸声层,解决了废旧绝缘子硅橡胶的出路问题,变废为宝达到资源回用目的。     

压电复合阻尼减振材料和压电复合吸声降噪材料中压电陶瓷应用形态研究

我们曾经将压电陶瓷粉体复合到传统的吸声降噪材料与阻尼减振材料中 ,制作出了性能更好的新型吸声降噪材料和新型阻尼减振材料 ;而且还发现废品压电陶瓷的粉体与正品压电陶瓷的粉体具有相同的功效[1～4 ] ,分析了它们同样发挥压电效应的原因。     

隔振隔声操作室的研制

介绍了隔振隔声操作室的设计方法；论述了对隔声性能起关键作用的几个设计要点。研制样板的现场应用取得了很好的降噪效果。     

树脂吸声棉在风机降噪中的应用

在引风机降噪中经常遇到传输介质属于高粘性油质气体堵塞消声装置,影响消声效果的问题,如炉罩引风.经常更换消声材料又造成较大的浪费.作者在实际风机降噪工作中总结了一个新方法,性能良好,可向读者推荐.油质性传输介质的引风机降噪一般不易选用封闭式的抗性消声器或阻性消声器.因为这二种消声器造价较高,并且堵塞后不易清洗.可根据场地实际情况设计一种阻抗结合式的消声坑道.消声坑道内的吸声材料可维护和更换,并能满足降噪要求,造价低.     

演艺厅噪声治理工程实例

对一家演艺厅的噪声现状进行分析，并提出改善墙壁、屋面隔声性能，降噪的有效途径。     

声子晶体型高速公路声屏障的降噪性能

利用高速公路改扩建工程产生的大量废旧护栏立柱,针对高速公路轮胎-路面主要噪声,建立三种二维气-固型声子晶体声屏障.利用Comsol Multiphysics计算相应的能带结构,并探究带隙的影响因素.结果表明3种形式均可以产生相应的带隙;散射体壁厚大小对于带隙宽度影响很小,但采用空心散射体可以在低频产生一条完全禁带;对散射体进行开口处理可以有效增加低频带隙宽度;当晶格填充率增大至0.5后,随着填充率增大,从高频到低频依次产生完全禁带,且带隙总宽度增大;通过仿真模拟与室内实验相结合的方式验证了声屏障的降噪特性,声屏障在带隙范围内具有良好的降噪性能,相较直立同规格复合板声屏障,低频降噪效果提升1~16dB,高频降噪效果提升1~2dB,但在1600Hz后,声子晶体声屏障降噪效果不及复合板声屏障,降噪效果受周期数影响较大.声子晶体声屏障可实现新型降噪理念与绿色环保的有机结合.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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