近60年汉江流域侵蚀性降雨的时空变化特征

汉江流域是水土流失与洪涝灾害严重的地区。侵蚀性降雨是剧烈土壤水蚀的原动力,是洪涝灾害的直接致灾因子,因此对汉江流域侵蚀性降雨特征的研究具有重要的实践意义。利用汉江流域及其附近地区47个站点逐日降雨观测资料,采用常规统计学方法计算研究区逐年年降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量以及暴雨量平均值,进而得到降雨特征值逐年距平百分率及变异系数(Cv),分析了这3个将于特征值之间的相互关系,揭示了汉江流域降雨的时间变化特征。借助于地理信息系统技术,将汉江流域逐年降雨特征值在ARCGIS里采用Kriging方法进行空间插值,得到年均降雨特征值的空间分布,分析了研究区3个降雨特征值的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:1951-2012年汉江流域多年平均降雨量为886 mm,日降雨量≥12 mm的侵蚀性降雨量为614.1 mm,日降雨量≥50 mm的暴雨量为167.6 mm。研究期间内,3个降雨指标均在波动中下降,但下降趋势不显著,没有表现出显著的干湿趋势;年侵蚀性降雨量和年降雨量变化具有显著的一致性,但侵蚀性降雨的变化幅度大于降雨量的变化幅度;年暴雨量的变化特征与年降雨量的变化特征亦相似,但年暴雨量的波动幅度较年侵蚀性降雨量、年降雨量更大。1951-2012年汉江流域年均降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及年暴雨量在空间上均从东南向西北递减,降雨的异常程度很高。研究结果可增进对汉江流域降雨变化规律的认识,为汉江上游植被生态恢复及中下游的防洪减灾提供参考意见。     

青藏高原不同等级降水时空变化特征北大核心CSCD

利用1981-2019年青藏高原气象站的逐日降水量资料,研究青藏高原不同等级降水的空间分布特征和时间变化规律.结果表明:青藏高原主要以小雨和中雨为主,大雨和暴雨非常少.年平均不同等级降水日数和降水量总体均呈东南多、西北少的分布状态. 1981-2019年小雨等级降水日数总体呈不明显的减少趋势,高原东侧和东南侧显著减少;中雨等级的降水日数总体呈显著的增多趋势,显著站点主要出现在青海东北部和四川中部;大雨和暴雨等级降水日数总体为不显著的增多趋势.1981-2019年青藏高原不同等级降水量均呈增多趋势,其中小雨、中雨和大雨通过了95%置信度检验.进一步研究发现小雨等级降水日数的减少主要由0.1-1 mm的降水日数减少导致,而小雨等级降水量的增多则主要由6-10mm的降水量增加引起.综上所述,青藏高原不同等级降水日数和降水量均呈由东南向西北递减的分布特征,变化趋势的空间差异非常大,总体上小雨日数为减少趋势,其他等级降水日数和所有等级降水量呈增加趋势.(图10表1参31)     

广东省1956─2010年旱期降水特征

旱灾是影响广东经济社会发展的主要自然灾害之一。利用1956─2010年广东省125个雨量站降雨资料,采用降雨量等值线图、累积距平、小波分析等方法分析广东省春旱、秋旱期降雨的多时间尺度变化及空间分布特征,以期为广东省干旱灾害的监测、预报提供依据。结果表明,(1)春旱期和秋旱期降雨空间分布表征总体相反,春旱降雨南少北多,高值区位于粤北清远,低值区位于粤西湛江雷州半岛地区;秋旱降雨南多北少,高值区位于珠江三角洲的江门,低值区位于粤北的韶关;但阳江、汕尾等地在春旱、秋旱期内均表现为降雨高值区。(2)1956─1986年及2002─2010年春旱、秋旱期降雨变化相似,在1956─1960年、1971─1985年间波动增加,1961─1970年、2002─2010年间减少;1986─2001年间春、秋旱期降雨变化总体相反,1986─1992年间春旱期降雨微弱增加,秋旱期降雨减少,1993─2001年间春旱期降雨波动减少,秋旱期降雨波动增加;且春旱期降雨变化较秋旱期降雨更为显著:春旱期降雨量年代距平百分比变化范围为-10.96%~18.60%,而秋旱期降雨量的年代距平百分比变化范围为-8.51%~8.17%。(3)春、秋旱期降雨均以2~4 a左右时间尺度的年际变化为主要周期,其中春旱降雨的主周期为4.5、2.5 a;秋旱降雨的主周期为2.9 a。南岭阻隔及局部地形变化是造成降雨空间分布差异的主要原因,北大西洋涛动对春旱期降雨的周期性变化存在一定影响,厄尔尼诺对春旱、秋旱期降雨的周期性变化也有一定的影响。     

山东省降雨侵蚀力与气候指数关系研究

基于山东省18个气象台站1961—2010年的逐日降水资料,采用月降雨侵蚀力模型计算降雨侵蚀力,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法对近50 a来山东省降雨侵蚀力的时间变化趋势进行分析。运用皮尔逊相关系数、连续小波(CWT)、交叉小波变换(XWT)和小波相干谱(WTC)分析降雨侵蚀力与太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)、厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(ENSO)指数的相互关系和周期变化特征。结果表明,山东省年降雨侵蚀力呈下降趋势,特别是20世纪80年代以来,降雨侵蚀力下降趋势更为明显;分季节来看,除春季和冬季降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势外,其他季节与年际变化趋势保持一致,呈下降趋势。月尺度上,7月降雨侵蚀力最大,12月最小,月际差异明显。山东省降雨侵蚀力与PDO和多元ENSO指数(MEI)的相关性存在明显的空间差异,与山东省降雨侵蚀力的负相关性从东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐递减。年际尺度上,山东省降雨侵蚀力存在0. 8~2 a尺度的年际振荡周期表现出与两大气候指数相似的变化特征。高能量区,山东省各区降雨侵蚀力与PDO和MEI指数的共振周期分别约为4~5和3~4 a。低能量区,山东省各区降雨侵蚀力与PDO显示出4 a左右的年际振荡周期,但显著性水平有所不同;降雨侵蚀力与MEI指数在不同时间段呈现出不同的共振周期。     

黄土丘陵区降雨、径流、土壤水分的时空分布与利用对策

基于黄土丘陵区的延安燕沟多年监测资料，通过对燕沟流域的降雨、径流、及其不同土地利用方式下土壤水分等时空分布特征分析，明确了黄土丘陵区降雨的时间、空间分布具有显著差异性。降雨量在6～9月相对集中，年际、月际变异大；同时次降雨量、月降雨量均存在显著空间异质性，如降雨量沿燕沟沟道变化及坡向分异。径流特征是降雨及其下垫面特征的综合反映，3月左右由于气温上升，河道解冻，径流量出现小高峰，雨季后2个月出现最大高峰水量。对径流的利用则由于供水／需水时间错位，利用主要集中在枯水季节（4-6月），土壤水资源由于地形、降雨、植被覆盖等的差异性，特别是植被差异性利用，则存在时空异质性。土壤水分在雨季后1-2月在0～150cm形成高值期，150cm以下的土壤恢复缓慢。植被差异利用形成了土壤水分剖面不同：梯田〉草地〉拧条林〉拧条＋五角枫林〉沙棘林〉刺槐林。根据对水资源系统分析，提出了流域水资源开发利用的对策：农作物适雨种植制度；植被空间合理布局；降雨、土壤水、径流三水联合御旱，提高水资源利用效率。     

南渡江流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布与变化趋势研究

降雨侵蚀力是表征降雨侵蚀强度的重要指标,对研究区域水土流失潜在风险以及土壤侵蚀模型预测具有重要意义。为分析南渡江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化趋势,基于日降雨侵蚀力模型,利用流域及其周边13个气象站1971—2020年逐日降雨数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势/突变检验、小波分析和反距离加权插值等方法在不同时空尺度上对降雨侵蚀力进行研究,从而确定降雨侵蚀力的时间和空间变化趋势。结果表明,南渡江流域1971—2020年年均降雨侵蚀力范围为11 841.33～23 692.14 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,均值为16 497.67 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,年际变化整体呈现波动上升趋势,年降雨侵蚀力存在周期性变化,未发生显著性突变;降雨侵蚀力年内分布集中在7—9月,因此需加强期间水土流失防治工作。季节的年际变化除春季降雨侵蚀力呈现下降趋势外,夏季、秋季和冬季均呈上升趋势;降雨侵蚀力空间分布呈现从南向北逐渐降低的趋势,各气象站变异系数范围为0.24～0.43,由北向南逐步递减,具有较高的区域变异性...     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅲ.降雨入渗与地表径流

南亚热带高温多雨，年降雨量大而分布不均，台风雨季节降雨强度大，全年降雨多集中在4～9月，占全年的80％以上，因而大大地增加了降雨所引起的地表径流，径流也主要集中在多雨季节，特别是在5～8月，占全年降雨径流量的90％左右，形成了南亚热带坡地独特的地表径流特征．南亚热带的降雨入渗对表土层的影响较大，在暴雨过程中，0～30cm土层水分易产生饱和，因而易产生地表径流，从而减少水分入渗．这对作物生长产生不利的影响．     

东江流域1959-2009年气候变化及其对径流的影响

依据东江流域21个气象站1959-2009年逐年平均降雨、蒸发、日照、湿度及气温等气象要素序列,选择常用的线性倾向估计及非参数M．K等趋势分析方法,分析了东江流域近50年来气温、降水、蒸发、日照及湿度等气象要素的变化趋势。选择降雨和蒸发两个气候要素两两组合,构成未来气候变动的36种假想情景,运用改进的SCS月模型模拟计算了顺天流域年径流量的变化幅度。结果表明：在过去的50年间,流域降雨量呈不显著增长,而气温则为显著上升,其他气候要素如蒸发、日照及湿度等均呈不同程度减少趋势;关联度分析表明降雨在所有气象要素中与径流的关联度为最大,说明了在东江流域降雨是径流量变化的主要驱动因子;未来流域降雨增加,蒸发减少的气候情景模式下,径流量会有所增加,反之亦然;由降雨变化引起的流域月径流量的增幅较由蒸发变化引起的相应流量的增幅变化大。     

甘肃黄土高原各级降水和极端降水时空分布特征

利用甘肃黄土高原地区1960－2011年12个及周边4个站点的逐日降水观测资料,用阈值检测方法计算出甘肃黄土高原地区极端降水的阈值并运用气候线性趋势、多项式拟合、反距离加权法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波、R／S方法分析了近52a甘肃黄土高原各级雨量和R95极端降水的时空变化特征及对未来进行预测。结果表明：①近52a来甘肃黄土高原春季以小雨为主,夏、秋季以暴雨为主,冬季以大雪为主,R95极端降水主要集中在夏季;②春、秋季主要以大雨降水强度最强,夏季暴雨降水强度最强,冬季则为大雪;R95极端降水强度夏季降水强度最强。③小雪呈显著增加,微雨、中雨、大雨、微雪、R95极端降水量均呈显著减少;④微雨量、小雨量、中雨量、大雨量、R95极端降水量与年降水总量有很好的相关性,对年降水总量有很好的响应;⑤在空间分布上,各量级降水和R95极端降水大部分存在减小趋势,减小区主要集中在西南部和东北部;⑥各量级降水和R95极端降水突变年份不尽相同;⑦各量级降水和R95极端降水在不同的时间序列存在长短不同的周期震荡;⑧R／S分析表明不同量级降水和R95极端降水的未来变化趋势和过去一致。     

乌江流域水沙特性变化分析

对乌江流域水沙特性变化进行分析,是解决长江上游泥沙问题、提高水资源利用率和防灾减灾的根本出发点,同时可为喀斯特地区水土流失治理和生态恢复提供理论依据.文章通过对乌江流域主要水文站鸭池河站、乌江渡站和思南站的降雨-径流-泥沙随时间的变化、降雨-径流和径流-泥沙的相关性和双累积曲线进行分析,研究结果为:降雨量、径流模数和输沙模数随时间的变化无明显趋势,历年输沙模数是鸭池河>乌江渡>思南.1980年以后由于实施了大量水土保持工程使得输沙模数大量减少.在年均径流模数相同的情况下,1971-1979年这一时期的产沙量要高于1961-1970年.从1971年开始输沙模数相对于径流而言出现趋势性增多,这主要是由人类活动造成.三个站点的双累积曲线变化趋势相似,说明人类活动对河流泥沙的影响,既取决于人类活动的方式、程度,也受制于流域环境条件.     

Changes in hourly precipitation may explain the sharp reduction of discharge in the middle reach of the Yellow River after 2000

The Hekou-Longmen reach, together with local floods, is the main source area for coarse sedimentations into the Yellow River. When total rainfall slightly increased in the area, discharge dramatically decreased by 40%–70% after the year of 2000, and attracting extensive attention in the context of global climate change. High temporal resolution precipitation (timescales between 1 and 4 h) data from the June to September period from 270 rain gauges over the past three decades was mined in order to help explain the phenomenon. Each rainfall event was classified as light/moderate rain, large rain, heavy rain or rainstorm by the event’s rainfall amount, and further classified as low intensity rain, medium intensity rain and high intensity rain by the event’s rainfall intensity. The Mann-Kendall trend test was applied to detect the presence and significance of monotonic trends, and to find the change points in the mean and variance of the precipitation characteristics series, including the amount, intensity, frequency and duration of each rainfall category. Results show that although the total amount of precipitation has slightly increased, the average rainfall intensity has significantly decreased. The larger change happened in light/moderate rain events and low/medium intensity rain events, and the intensity changes have a great extent occurred around the threshold of Non-Runoff Rainfall regime, which was proposed for the approximate calculation of initial losses. Changes in rainfall distribution between different classes of the Runoff Rainfall regime in the 2000s could lead to 0.9 mm less runoff depth (17.3% of the total reduction) than the 1980–1999 period. The study indicates that changes in hourly precipitation may be responsible for the sharp reduction of discharge.     

合流制排水系统降雨径流污染物特征及初期冲刷效应

合流制排水系统降雨期间高污染溢流污水直接排入水体对水体质量有明显影响,其径流污染物输出特征和初期冲刷效应受排水区类型、面积、降雨特性等多种因素影响。为此,选取昆明市典型合流制排水系统明通河流域不同类型集水区进行降雨径流监测,研究合流制排水系统降雨径流污染物输出特征及初期冲刷效应。结果表明:合流制排水系统初期合流污水污染物质量浓度明显高于后期,不同污染物输出特征、形态差别较大,溶解态氮是N污染物的主要赋存形态,而P污染物主要以颗粒态形态存在。管道沉积物是合流污水重要的污染来源。年内次降雨污染物平均质量浓度以雨季初期降雨最高,中期降雨质量浓度最低,雨季后期质量浓度较中期略有上升。不同类型集水区N、P质量浓度排序为:居民区>城市综合型>综合型>城郊结合型。降雨量是影响初期冲刷效应的关键因素,雨量大的降雨初期冲刷效应明显。     

Canopy interception of atmospheric chloride ion during precipitation processes in the subalpine Picea asperata plantation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

Increasing concentrations of chloride ions (Cl-) in the atmosphere is one of the most important global environmental factors influencing processes in terrestrial ecosystems. To understand the roles played by plantations in intercepting atmospheric Cl- in mountainous regions, a one-year field observation of precipitation and throughfall was conducted in a subalpine artificial Picea asperata plantation in western Sichuan and the dynamics of Cl- concentrations in rainfall, snowfall, and throughfall, and canopy interception on atmospheric Cl- were investigated from August 2015 to July 2016. During the observational year, 27 rainfalls and 6 snowfalls were observed and sampled. The average concentration of Cl- in the precipitation was 1.33 mg/L and the average concentrations of Cl- in rainfall and snowfall were 1.41 mg/L and 0.98 mg/L, respectively. Correspondingly, the total input of Cl- by the precipitation processes was 7.56 kg/hm2, which included 6.31 kg/ hm2 by rainfall and the remainder by snowfall. In one entire year, the total canopy interception of Cl- was 2.61 kg/hm2 and the average interception rate was 38.08%. During the rainy season, the canopy interception of Cl- was 2.20 kg/hm2 and the average rate was 38.90%, whereas during the snow season, the canopy interception of Cl- was 0.41 kg/hm2 and the average rate was 34.39%. The maximum and minimum interception rates occurred in August and September, respectively. Significantly negative correlation was found between the interception rate of Cl- and precipitation. In summary, the P. asperata plantation in the subalpine forest region of western Sichuan exerts an important role in intercepting atmospheric Cl-, which is of great significance for maintaining and improving the environment of the water conservation region in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Furthermore, changes in the precipitation pattern caused by global changes might affect the role of the artificial forest canopy interception on atmospheric Cl-. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Terrestrial runoff as a cause of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Outbreaks of adult Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus) have appeared at irregular intervals, arriving 3 yr after heavy rains (>100 cm in 3 months) following droughts (<25 cm in 4 months) or 3 yr after rains exceeding intensities of 30 cm in 24 h. Outbreaks of A. planci follow typhoons that bring heavy rains, but do not follow dry typhoons of equivalent wind force. Outbreaks occur around the high islands in Micronesia and Polynesia, but not around the atolls at intermediate locations. Phytoplankton blooms appear off high islands at the beginning of the rainy season in bays with large watersheds and with sufficient residence time of the waters; these are the initial sites of A. planci abundance on Guam. The spawning seasons of A. planci occur at the beginning of the rainy season on both sides of the equator. I hypothesize that, on rare occasions, terrestrial runoff from heavy rains (following the dry season or a record drought) may provide enough nutrients to stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of A. planci. The increased survival of larvae results in an outbreak of adults 3 yr later. This hypothesis can be tested by predicting future outbreaks. An outbreak of A. planci on Saipan in the summer of 1981 was predicted on the basis of heavy rains in August 1978.Contribution no. 169, University of Guam Marine Laboratory     

尾巨桉人工林小流域降水产流特征分析

研究尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)生长阶段(林龄3.5—5.5 a)所处小流域的降水产流特征,有助于了解桉树生长过程的生态水文效应,对修订桉树人工林经营方案中注重提高生态系统的水源涵养能力有重要参考意义。以广西南宁桉树森林生态系统定位观测研究站(南宁桉树生态站)的闭合尾巨桉林小流域为试验区,在小流域出水口建设1个测流堰,在测流堰附属房的测定池安放1个自动水位计,定位观测小流域2013年5月—2015年4月的地表径流,使用生态站的自动气象观测系统观测降水量和土壤体积含水量,建立降水、土壤含水量和径流的函数关系,分析土壤前期含水量对径流形成和持续的影响。小流域年均降水量1300 mm,以小雨为主,两个年度小雨共计191场,占降水强度等级总场数74%;降水年内分布不均,雨季集中在季夏,占全年降水量的60%以上,冬季降水最少,属于干旱季节;降水产流现象在降水集中的月份才可能出现,2013年5月—2014年4月的径流深为81 mm,径流系数6%,2014年5月—2015年4月的径流深只有9 mm,径流系数仅为0.7%;径流初始时间明显滞后于降水初始,滞后时间与前期土壤含水量密切相关;径流递增率与降水历时呈线性函数关系,径流递减率与径流消退时间呈对数函数关系;降水产流过程经历径流递增期、稳定期和递减期3个阶段。     

H and O isotopic differences in typhon and urban-induced heavy rain in Tokyo

Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen of water are useful tracers of the hydrological cycle. For example, isotopes monitor the evapotranspiration in vegetated areas, local snow ice processes and stream water flow processes. δ¹⁸O and δD in rainwater reflect the processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Heavy rains thus modify the stable isotope ratio of ground water, stream water and transpiration water vapor. However, the controlling factors of δ¹⁸O and δD are not clear. Here we analyzed the inorganic ion concentration and stable isotope ratio in 38 normal rainwater and 15 heavy rainwater samples were collected in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, during four years from October 2012 to December 2015. Results show a decrease in δ¹⁸O and δD values with the total rainfall amount, thus highlighting the amount effect. δ¹⁸O and δD volume-weighted mean values in typhoon heavy rain were higher than the values estimated from amount effect, whereas δ¹⁸O and δD volume-weighted mean values in urban-induced heavy rain were lower. Typhoon heavy rain has high Na⁺ ratio and stable isotope ratios, while urban-induced heavy rain has low Na⁺ ratio and stable isotope ratio.     

Seasonal timing of first rain storms affects rare plant population dynamics

A major challenge in forecasting the ecological consequences of climate change is understanding the relative importance of changes to mean conditions vs. changes to discrete climatic events, such as storms, frosts, or droughts. Here we show that the first major storm of the growing season strongly influences the population dynamics of three rare and endangered annual plant species in a coastal California (USA) ecosystem. In a field experiment we used moisture barriers and water addition to manipulate the timing and temperature associated with first major rains of the season. The three focal species showed two- to fivefold variation in per capita population growth rates between the different storm treatments, comparable to variation found in a prior experiment imposing eightfold differences in season-long precipitation. Variation in germination was a major demographic driver of how two of three species responded to the first rains. For one of these species, the timing of the storm was the most critical determinant of its germination, while the other showed enhanced germination with colder storm temperatures. The role of temperature was further supported by laboratory trials showing enhanced germination in cooler treatments. Our work suggests that, because of species-specific cues for demographic transitions such as germination, changes to discrete climate events may be as, if not more, important than changes to season-long variables.     

近53年黄河流域降水时空分布特征

利用黄河流域76个气象台站近53 a（1960-2012）的逐日降水资料,采用国际上通用的极端降水事件指数,应用一元线性回归法、移动平均法和径向基函数空间插值法,研究了黄河流域极端降水指数时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）时间上,黄河流域年平均降水量在过去53 a下降趋势较为显著,降水倾向率为-7.2 mm/10a;极端降水量变化趋势表现较为稳定,极端降水倾向率为-0.64 mm/10a,呈不断降低趋势;极端降水强度倾向率为-0.078 mm/10a,呈不断下降趋势;极端降水比率总体表现为微弱增长趋势,倾向率为0.49 mm/10a。（2）空间上,降水量空间分布具有明显的差异性,由北至南呈阶梯式逐渐增多趋势,其中降水量最少的地区是以银川为代表的周边区域,最多的地区为黄河流域南部区域;极端降水量从北至南也具有逐渐增多态势,与降水量具有相似的空间分布特点,且极端降水量越多的地区降水总量也相对较多;极端降水强度表现出由流域西部向东部逐渐增多的趋势,西部最低值为不到20 mm/d,逐渐向东过渡到最大值为76 mm/d;极端降水比率的分布呈由北向南逐渐递减的特点,并且出现了以银川为中心的极大值和以西安为中心的极小值分布格局。