臭氧组合工艺去除饮用水源水中有机物的效果

研究由臭氧氧化、生物处理、常规处理和活性炭吸附组成的臭氧组合工艺以及各单元工艺对饮用水源水中有机物的去除效果 .结果表明 ,由于预臭氧对有机物的氧化 ,减小了有机物的分子量 ,增加了可生物降解的有机物 ,从而强化了后续的生物处理和活性炭对有机物的去除 .整个工艺对有机物的控制能力很好 ,UV2 54、DOC、BDOC、AOC、THMFP和 HAAFP的去除率分别达到 95.1%、92.5%、98.4%、85.8%、63.1 %和 89.1% .预臭氧-生物陶粒的预处理对各有机物的去除效果在 50%左右 ,常规处理对各有机物的去除不尽相同 ,后臭氧 -活性炭对有机物的去除达到了 60 %左右 .     

控制消毒副产物及前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现对消毒副产物的控制,比较了新开发的顺序氯化消毒工艺与传统氯消毒工艺在常规工艺、常规+深度处理工艺、预氧化+常规+深度处理工艺中对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.与传统的氯消毒相比,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以有效减少消毒副产物的生成量,THMs减少35.8%～77·0%,HAAs减少36·6%～54·8%;而且消毒进水水质越差,短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒工艺就越有优势.对最简单的传统工艺进行顺序氯化消毒产生THMs和HAAs为18·51μg/L和19·25μg/L,低于采用最复杂工艺:预臭氧氧化+常规+臭氧-活性炭工艺进行传统氯消毒的副产物生成量(THMs19·40μg/L,HAAs24·70μg/L).对消毒副产物前体物去除和副产物控制有明显效果的前处理工艺是臭氧-活性炭工艺和预臭氧氧化.建议采用传统工艺的水厂改造时优先考虑顺序氯化消毒工艺和臭氧-活性炭工艺.     

高藻期控制消毒副产物及其前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现在控制藻类的同时减少副产物生成量,比较了预氧化＋常规工艺、预氧化＋常规＋深度处理2类共7种组合工艺对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.试验结果表明,藻类是重要的前体物,在本试验原水中,藻类贡献了20%左右的卤乙酸和三卤甲烷前体物.气浮工艺是高藻期除藻的核心工艺,同时也可以去除一部分消毒副产物前体物.臭氧、高锰酸钾也有很好的杀藻效果和前体物去除效果.采用臭氧或高锰酸钾预氧化＋常规＋臭氧-活性炭工艺的组合对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除效果最佳.顺序氯化工艺比游离氯消毒减少卤乙酸生成量42.0%～45.9%,减少三卤甲烷生成量22.5%～71.4%.     

臭氧——生物活性炭工艺去除水中有机物

常规的水处理工艺不能除去水中溶解性有机物。采用预氯化,会产生多种有机卤化物。本文研究了用臭氧——生物活性炭深度净化工艺,处理受污染的地表水源去除有机化合物及致突变物,获得较好的效果,从而为自来水净化提供较理想的工艺。一、基本原理在制水基本工艺流程的基础上,以预臭氧化代替预氯化,然后,在快滤池后设置生物活性炭滤池。采用这种水处理技术,能使臭氧充分地直接氧化成较大分子与复杂有机物,使原来不可生物降解的有机物,氧化成醋酸、草酸、对     

臭氧-生物活性炭对微污染原水中典型持久性有机物的去除效果

以长三角地区J市典型有机微污染水源P水厂为研究对象,考察了臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对微污染水源水中有机物的去除效果.结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理使高锰酸盐指数、总有机碳(TOC)和UV254的平均去除率分别提升19. 2%、10. 4%和23. 0%.水厂原水中检出8种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、16种有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)、5种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs),其总浓度分别为53. 9~100. 0、6. 5~41. 8、2. 5×103~1. 1×104ng·L~(-1),臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对多环芳烃和有机氯农药的平均去除率分别为32. 5%和25. 9%,比常规处理工艺出水的水质有显著提升.卤乙酸的去除率为33. 8%~87. 0%,主要通过常规处理工艺去除;臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对氯代乙酸略有去除,溴代乙酸有少量生成.     

提供生物稳定饮用水的最佳工艺

研究由预处理、常规处理和深度处理组合而成的 7种不同工艺对饮用水源水中可生物同化有机碳 ( AOC)的去除效果 .试验表明 :生物陶粒预处理对 AOC具有较高的去除率 ,达到 45%左右 ,如果在它之前先经过预臭氧化 ,生物处理的去除率可增大到 58.4% ;常规处理对 AOC的去除非常有限 ,去除率平均在 2 0 %左右 ;新活性炭单元因其吸附作用对 AOC的去除效果稳定在30 %左右 ,如和臭氧氧化连用 ,去除效果能提高到 50 %以上 ;包括了常规处理、生物预处理、预臭氧和臭氧活性炭的组合工艺对AOC的去除效果最好 ,达到 86% .因此臭氧氧化、生物炭和生物处理是提高饮用水生物稳定性的重要手段 ,并以本试验结果为依据提出了对于不同的水源水所采用的最佳工艺 .     

混凝/微滤工艺用于青草沙水源水厂的生产废水回用研究

本文通过混凝/微滤工艺对青草沙水源水水厂的生产废水开展了回用处理研究,分析了常规污染物、微量有机物、金属离子的去除规律和消毒副产物生成趋势.结果表明,混凝预处理可以有效减缓膜污染;组合工艺对悬浮态物质如颗粒物、细菌、大肠杆菌等有较好的去除效果,去除率均达85%以上;对溶解性成分,尤其是Al和微量有机物去除效果不佳,去除率均低于20%.生产废水膜过滤后相同的消毒剂浓度时消毒副产物的生成趋势高于砂滤池和炭滤池出水.研究认为,青草沙水源水厂的生产废水净化后回用的最佳回用点是砂滤池前或活性炭生物滤池前.     

混凝/微滤工艺用于青草沙水源水厂的生产废水回用研究

本文通过混凝/微滤工艺对青草沙水源水水厂的生产废水开展了回用处理研究,分析了常规污染物、微量有机物、金属离子的去除规律和消毒副产物生成趋势.结果表明,混凝预处理可以有效减缓膜污染;组合工艺对悬浮态物质如颗粒物、细菌、大肠杆菌等有较好的去除效果,去除率均达85%以上;对溶解性成分,尤其是Al和微量有机物去除效果不佳,去除率均低于20%.生产废水膜过滤后相同的消毒剂浓度时消毒副产物的生成趋势高于砂滤池和炭滤池出水.研究认为,青草沙水源水厂的生产废水净化后回用的最佳回用点是砂滤池前或活性炭生物滤池前.     

某微污染水源自来水厂的纳滤深度处理效果研究

采用一级四段纳滤组合工艺处理南方某微污染水源自来水厂的传统净水工艺段出水,考察了纳滤膜工艺对出水水质的提升效果.结果表明,纳滤对常规水质指标与微量有机物有较好的去除效果,对混凝沉淀池出水中TOC和UV_(254)的去除率在95%以上(出水TOC≤0.3 mg·L~(-1),UV254≤0.005 cm~(-1));对卤乙酸、三卤甲烷前体物、多环芳烃和有机氯农药的截留率分别在62%、85%、50%和95%左右,使用UMU-SOS测试的出水遗传毒性低于检出限,不同段纳滤膜对相对分子质量较大的消毒副产物前体物与有机氯农药的去除率未呈现明显差异,但对相对分子质量较小的多环芳烃去除效果呈现明显差异,表明纳滤主要依靠物理截留去除水中相对分子质量较大的有机物,对相对分子质量较小的有机物则存在较大的局限性.与之相比,水厂目前使用的双级臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对传统净水工艺出水中多环芳烃、有机氯农药、遗传毒性的去除截留率分别仅为17%、62%、80%左右,显示纳滤对微量有机物的去除效果更为理想.     

预臭氧-常规处理工艺去除UV_(254)、2-MIB效果及两者相关性分析

为了分析预臭氧-常规处理工艺对UV_(254)、2-MIB的去除效果及两者相关性,采用国家标准监测法,于7—9月对太湖水源水及中试系统中预臭氧-常规处理工艺各阶段出水进行取样监测分析。结果表明:与一般常规处理工艺相比较,预臭氧-常规处理工艺对2-MIB的去除率提高75%左右,预臭氧2-MIB的去除率占整个工艺总去除率的90%左右,臭氧氧化作用能够有效地去除2-MIB;太湖水源水pH为7.9~8.10,温度为24~27℃,臭氧氧化后UV_(254)降低20%~30%。且工艺对二甲基异莰醇的去除效果与水体中UV_(254)的浓度呈负相关性。当水体中UV_(254)浓度由0.9 mg/L上升到1.3 mg/L时,预臭氧-常规处理工艺对2-MIB的去除率下降10%左右。     

生物活性炭投加量对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响

试验对比了不同生物活性炭(biological activated carbon,BAC)投加量对垃圾渗滤液去除COD效果的影响.每升活性污泥中活性炭投加量为0、100、300 g的反应器处理垃圾渗滤液100个周期平均COD去除率分别为12.9%、19.6%、27.7%,表明BAC可以去除部分难降解有机物,并且COD去除率与投加量呈正相关关系.曝气8 h反应器中二氧化碳(CO2)产生量依次为109、193、306 mg,表明生物分解量也与投加量呈正相关关系.分析认为COD去除率与投加量的正相关关系是由于吸附与生物再生的共同作用导致,生物再生是BAC能够生物分解难降解有机物的根本原因.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter(NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3+ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

混凝-吸附处理黄河水及对氯消毒中氯衰减的影响

选用2种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理黄河水,考察了混凝剂的投加量对浊度、UV254、DOC和高锰酸盐指数的去除效果,并结合混凝出水的Zeta电位分析其混凝机制.选择粉末活性炭与混凝联用,研究了混凝剂和吸附剂投加量以及二者的投加顺序对有机物去除效果的影响,并对混凝吸附后出水进行加氯消毒,考察水中残余氯随时间的变化.结果表明,2种混凝剂均有较高的浊度去除率(﹥90%).PAC对UV254、高锰酸盐指数和DOC的去除率分别为29.2%、26.1%和27.9%;PFC对三者的去除率分别为32.3%、23.3%和32.9%.PAC在混凝过程中,电中和作用占主导地位;PFC在混凝过程中,吸附架桥和电中和同时发挥作用.混凝-吸附联用处理黄河水样时,有机物的去除率随混凝剂和吸附剂投加量的增加而升高.先混凝后吸附工艺对UV254和DOC的去除效果优于先吸附后混凝工艺.先使用PAC混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为95.2%和99.9%;对于PFC,先混凝后吸附对UV254和DOC的去除率分别为90.1%和99.9%.但是先投加粉末活性炭能提高矾花的沉降性能,且处理出水在保持持续消毒效果方面优于前者.     

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水应急预处理工艺筛选

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水具有成分复杂、高有机物、高氨氮、高毒性等特点.本文针对该爆炸事故污水难处理的特点,选择了粉末活性炭-活性污泥（PAC-AS）、活性炭吸附、水解酸化-A²O 3种工艺开展预处理研究.结果表明,PAC-AS工艺可显著去除事故污水中的有机污染物;总有机碳去除率达到96.50%,比另外两种工艺分别高77.68%和11.41%;而氨氮去除率为65.03%,比另外两种工艺分别高51.37%和3.92%.PAC-AS工艺成功应用于事故污水处理工程,实现了全部20580.00 m³事故污水的妥善预处理,累计削减COD 21260.71 kg、氨氮209.41 kg,且出水水质稳定.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

生物活性炭工艺深度处理丹江口水库水的中试

活性炭过滤是饮用水深度处理的重要工艺,其中滤速、炭层高度、温度和炭龄是影响活性炭滤池运行效果的关键因素. 以丹江口水库水为处理对象,以混凝-沉淀-砂滤出水作为炭滤池进水,以高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率为评价指标,考察2011年4月—2013年5月取自北京某水厂的新炭、1年炭、3年炭和5年炭(2011年5月时炭龄)对水中有机物的去除效果. 结果表明,随着滤速的增大,有机物去除率降低;活性炭炭柱滤速为8 m/h时,高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率分别为41.9%和41.2%,能够获得较好的处理效果. UV₂₅₄去除率随总炭层高度的增大而增大. 随着炭层高度的增加,单位高度活性炭滤料对UV₂₅₄的去除率降低.夏季高温期,1年炭对高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为44.2%~57.4%和38.5%~53.1%,高于其在冬季低温期的去除率(38.9%~51.1%和31.7%~45.5%). 活性炭在使用初期,主要依靠吸附作用去除有机物;随着使用年限的增长,活性炭的生物载体作用日益明显,生物作用占主导地位,炭龄对有机物去除效果的影响变小,不同炭龄活性炭的处理效果差异不大,可适当延长活性炭的使用年限,降低处理成本.      

活性炭吸附对藻类有机物的去除及其消毒副产物的控制

本文研究了粉末活性炭(powder activated carbon,PAC)吸附对藻类有机质(algal organic matter,AOM)及其典型含氮和非含氮消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)的去除效能.结果表明,AOM主要含有一些小分子量、亲水性、低芳香度的有机质,三维荧光光谱证实,PAC吸附改变了AOM的组成,明显降低了类腐殖质物质含量,但对芳香蛋白类物质去除能力有限.PAC投加量为20 mg·L~(-1),吸附时间10~30 min时,对于3.30 mg·L~(-1)的胞内有机质(intracellular organic matter,IOM)和胞外有机质(extracellular organic matter,EOM)溶液,溶解性有机碳去除率分别为20.7%~31.9%和12.6%~19.0%.PAC对IOM和EOM中卤代甲烷总生成量的最高去除率分别为26.6%和35.8%;卤代乙腈总生成量的最高去除率分别为49.6%和53.6%,其中二溴乙腈前体物的去除效果显著.PAC对EOM氯化生成的DBPs的控制作用较好.     

活性炭结构和性能与饮用水处理中有机物去除率的关系研究

活性炭的吸附性能主要由其结构特征和表面化学性质决定。如何选择合适的适用于饮用水处理的活性炭显得尤为重要。本试验以某湖水中的天然有机物质作为配水中有机物的来源,对活性炭的结构、性能指标和水质化学安全性指标（主要是高锰酸盐指数和UV254）进行了相关性分析。结果表明,试验用水经活性炭吸附后的水质主要与5～10nm和30-100nm的孔容有关,尤其与50～100nm的孔容最为相关。碘值和有机物去除率的相关性较差。比表面积、孔容积、平均孔径与有机物去除率有一定的相关性。     

Effect of ozone on the performance of a hybrid ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon process

Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon （BAC） （Process A） and ceramic membrane-BAC （Process B） were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure） were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively.     

Changes in different organic matter fractions during conventional treatment and advanced treatment

XAD-8 resin isolation of organic matter in water was used to divide organic matter into the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. A pilot plant was used to investigate the change in both fractions during conventional and advanced treatment processes. The treatment of hydrophobic organics (HPO), rather than hydrophilic organicas (HPI), should carry greater emphasis due to HPO’s higher trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP). The removal of hydrophobic matter and its transmission into hydrophilic matter reduced ultimate DBP yield during the disinfection process. The results showed that sand filtration, ozonation, and biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration had distinct influences on the removal of both organic fractions. Additionally, the combination of processes changed the organic fraction proportions present during treatment. The use of ozonation and BAC maximized organic matter removal e ciency, especially for the hydrophobic fraction. In sum, the combination of pre-ozonation, conventional treatment, and O3-BAC removed 48% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 60% of HPO, 30% of HPI, 63% of THMFP, and 85% of HAAFP. The use of conventional treatment and O3-BAC without pre-ozonation had a comparable performance, removing 51% of DOC, 56% of HPO, 45% of HPI, 61% of THMFP, and 72% of HAAFP. The e ectiveness of this analysis method indicated that resin isolation and fractionation should be standardized as an applicable test to help assess water treatment process e ciency.