土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术是土壤重金属污染治理的重要方法.分析了土壤重金属污染植物修复的必要性、土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术(植物萃取技术、根际过滤技术、植物固化技术、植物挥发技术)、重金属超累积植物的筛选与植物修复技术的应用,以及云南省开展土壤重金属污染的植物修复工作的前景.     

土壤重金属污染的探讨

随着工农业的发展,土壤重金属污染日益严重.文章综述了土壤重金属污染的现状、污染迁移途径以及危害,并阐述了土壤重金属污染的治理方法.提出了在众多治理方法中,土壤重金属污染生物修复方法是绿色技术,是未来的发展趋势.     

重金属污染土壤修复中杂草资源的利用

对重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理、作用方式及亟待解决的问题进行了论述,认为现有修复植物均不同程度存在一些弱点,还难以大规模应用于修复实践。杂草具有抗逆境能力强、生长迅速、繁殖能力强以及在环境条件适宜情况下生物量能够急剧提高等特点,可以弥补现有修复植物的缺点和不足,是较理想的植物修复资源。结合笔者的研究情况,对杂草资源在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的利用方式、修复植物筛选方法进行了论述,而且在植物修复生物量处理方面也进行了讨论,试图为重金属污染土壤植物修复进一步发展提供科学依据。     

金属矿山土壤重金属污染生物修复研究进展

金属矿区及周边土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题之一。重金属污染使土壤质量下降,生态系统退化,同时污染农作物,威胁到人类的健康。目前,修复重金属污染土壤的方法很多,包括物理、化学、生物等方法。其中生物修复法近年来得到了特别的重视,并取得了显著进展。文章全面介绍了目前各种生物修复技术:植物修复、微生物修复以及微生物-植物联合修复,包括修复原理、进展、优缺点等。矿山固体废物和酸性废水导致矿区土壤中富集大量重金属,结合目前生物修复技术及其应用,对金属矿山重金属污染土壤的整体修复提出设想,并进一步指出发展方向:将基因工程引入植物的重金属修复;构建菌根-植物-微生物修复体系,促进土壤重金属污染的生物修复。     

土壤重金属铬污染修复技术的研究进展

土壤重金属铬污染问题日趋严峻,开展土壤重金属铬污染修复技术研究是目前农业生态与地下水环境面临的重要问题。从土壤中重金属铬污染的来源以及铬在土壤中的存在形态与转化入手,分析土壤重金属铬污染的危害,综述了已有的土壤重金属铬污染修复技术,并在详细阐述和分析铬污染土壤的化学还原稳定化修复技术、微生物修复技术、电动修复技术等方法原理的基础上,对比分析了各种修复技术的优缺点。提出了联合修复技术,与以往单一的修复技术相比,联合两种或两种以上的技术对土壤重金属铬污染进行修复处理,其修复效果更好,不仅可缩短修复周期、减少修复成本,还能降低二次污染的风险,具有非常好的应用前景,是未来土壤重金属铬污染修复技术研究的发展方向。     

重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复研究进展

土壤重金属污染来源广泛、危害严重,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术是在化学修复、植物修复的基础上发展起来的,具有绿色环保、经济高效等优点,在重金属污染土壤修复领域具有很大的发展空间。本文在综合螯合诱导植物修复技术发展概况的基础上,系统介绍了螯合剂种类、螯合剂施入时间、施入方式、浓度与剂量、不同富集植物以及土壤理化性质等对重金属污染土壤修复效果的影响及国内外研究概况,综述了螯合诱导植物修复技术的作用机理及其环境风险研究进展。最后,提出了重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术还有待深入研究的有关问题。     

重金属污染物在土壤中迁移规律及修复技术研究

世界各国都认识到重金属污染的严重性.多数国家开展了污染场地的修复工作,研究和开发出多种土壤重金属污染修复技术,重金属污染土壤修复技术有物理化学修复技术、植物修复、微生物修复技术和电动修复技术.但这些土壤修复技术的成本高,只重视土壤修复,土壤修复技术更重要的部分是地下水系统的修复,不能忽视地下水系统与土壤修复的完整性,否则会造成二次环境污染.本文在分析土壤中重金属污染物迁移规律的同时提出完整的土壤修复新技术CH-PRB工艺.     

陕西潼关冶金污染土壤的修复评价及应用潜力

为了科学评估客土法、石灰和磷酸钙作为重金属钝化剂的原位稳定化修复技术在实际重金属污染土壤改良中的应用潜力,以潼关县安乐乡土壤重金属污染修复示范工程为例,从"三小"冶金土壤污染现状、工程修复技术的筛选、稳定化的修复效果以及修复后土壤农业生产安全性评价等角度进行了系统分析.结果表明"三小"冶炼行为对于周边土壤造成了严重的污染,主要污染物为Cd、Pb和Hg,矿渣是主要的污染源.采用潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,该区域潜在生态危害指数(RI)范围为668~10 969,具有很强的生态危害.通过对重度污染和轻度污染土壤分别采用客土法及原位固化的修复方法,土壤中重金属的总量以及有效态含量均有了显著的下降.除Cd外,土壤中重金属的总量均低于土壤二级标准中的限值.尽管土壤稳定化修复取得了一定的效果,但部分农作物中重金属的累积量高于国家食品安全标准中规定的限值,继续种植存在一定的风险.因此,在重金属污染修复后的土壤上不建议立刻进行粮食生产,应改变原有生产模式同时持续监测,在确保粮食安全后再进行生产.     

土壤重金属污染现状、原因、危害及修复研究

土壤重金属污染治理是一个全球性难题。我国土壤重金属污染现状较为严峻,导致土壤重金属污染的原因复杂,土壤重金属污染不仅危害作物的生长,降低作物产量,也会对人的健康构成威胁,加强土壤重金属修复迫在眉睫。本文通过当前我国土壤重金属污染现状、原因的分析,提出了常见的几种土壤修复技术,并就不同技术的优势和不足进行了讨论,旨在为进一步完善土壤重金属污染修复技术提供理论支撑。     

土壤重金属污染的探讨

随着工农业的发展，土壤重金属污染日益严重。文章综述了土壤重金属污染的现状、污染迁移途径以及危害，并阐述了土壤重金属污染的治理方法。提出了在众多治理方法中，土壤重金属污染生物修复方法是绿色技术，是未来的发展趋势。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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