燃煤机组超低排放改造工艺及应用

介绍了超低排放改造中脱硝、脱硫、除尘改造的技术方法与工艺。以某公司2×300MW发电机组超低排放改造为例,采用增加催化剂用量+流场分析优化、新增二级脱硫塔+烟道气流均布、干式除尘器电源改造+新增湿式除尘器的技术路线,实现净烟气排放浓度NOX≤35mg/Nm~3、SO_2排放浓度≤25mg/Nm~3、烟尘排放浓度≤5mg/Nm~3,改造后满足国家超低排放标准。     

丰润热电2~#机组超低排放改造效果分析评价

更换除雾器为高效除尘除雾器,实现对丰润热电2#机组除尘、脱硫系统的超低改造;保留原有低氮燃烧器,在SCR反应器上加装预留层催化剂来改造脱硝系统。改造后,烟尘、SO2和NOx排放浓度分别为2.29 mg/Nm3、20.02 mg/Nm3和22.60 mg/Nm3,污染物年总减排量为198.94 t,污染物排放浓度平均波动程度减小了42.51%。结果表明:此次改造卓有成效,排放浓度月均值符合最新标准限值;年减排效果明显;排放浓度波动程度减小,系统间协调性各系统运行稳定性显著提升。     

我国火电厂大气污染防治现状分析

针对火电厂烟气中烟尘、SO和NO的环保超低排放要求,本研究对全国80家火电厂、287台燃煤机组进行了大气污染防治现状调研,结果显示,73.7%机组SCR出口NO排放浓度在100mg/m~3以下,68.3%机组除尘器出口烟尘浓度在30mg/m~3以下,81.4%机组脱硫装置出口SO排放浓度在200mg/m~3以下;55台机组实施了超低排放改造。根据调研情况及现有工程案例,提出了火电机组实现超低排放采取的技术路线:SCR脱硝增效+ESP除尘增效+FGD脱硫增效+WESP除尘,最后给出了火电行业实施超低排放的建议。     

湿式电除尘在锅炉烟气超净治理工程中的应用

针对某75t/h锅炉湿式电除尘工程项目的特点,综合考虑待处理烟气量、含尘量、除尘效率等设计条件和减排要求,计算确定了湿式电除尘关键技术参数,完成了核心设备设计选型。工程应用结果表明,该湿式电除尘装置的总除尘效率可达90%,实际烟尘排放浓度为3.0mg/m3,低于5mg/m3超净排放限值要求,工程设计合理,达到预期效果。     

利用高频电源提高除尘器除尘效果研究

针对锅炉静电除尘器烟尘排放浓度达不到天津市环保要求的问题,为了提高除尘器的除尘效果,通过采用将除尘器常规工频电源改为高频电源的方案,确保锅炉烟尘排放浓度最终达到30mg/Nm3的环保要求。文章分析了除尘器出口烟尘含量高的原因,阐述了高频电源的优点及在除尘器中的应用,并提出了改造技术方案。     

加热炉燃烧器改造降低烟气NOX排放

随着国家对烟气中的氮氧化物(NO_x)含量的排放指标要求逐步提高。通过对燃烧过程中NO_x的生成机理进行了剖析,提出针对炼厂工艺加热炉降低NO_x排放的改造方案,加热炉燃烧器改造后采用低氮燃烧技术。改造后优化生产操作,加热炉烟气中NO_x浓度低于100 mg/m~3,实现了GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》达标排放。     

新排放标准下除尘技术经济性分析

随着超低排放政策的出台,部分地区要求燃煤电厂的粉尘排放浓度在10mg/m~3以下,大量燃煤电厂对现有的除尘方式进行了工艺改进。文章对满足超低排放标准的4种主要除尘路线进行了技术讨论及经济性分析。     

高灰煤烟尘治理技术路线及工程试验

基于以低低温电除尘技术为核心的烟气协同治理技术路线,可经济高效地实现烟尘超低排放,配合PM_(2.5)捕集增效装置和旋转电极电除尘技术,可在燃用高灰劣质煤的情况下实现颗粒物超低排放要求,经测试,电除尘器出口烟尘浓度为4.47mg/m~3,除尘效率为99.97%;PM_(2.5)捕集增效装置投运前后,电除尘器出口PM_(2.5)浓度分别为3.8、2.4mg/m~3,PM_(2.5)浓度下降率为37%。     

燃煤电厂湿式电除尘器应用情况介绍及建议

为使燃煤电厂大气污染物烟尘排放浓度达到燃机标准(≤5mg/Nm3)以及满足国家科技支撑计划项目申报条件(≤4.5mg/Nm3),在湿法脱硫(FGD)后加装湿式电除尘器(WESP)的设计技术路线已被国内电厂采用。在燃煤电厂已投入运行的湿式电除尘器中,实际除尘效率低于设计和测试效率的情况较为普遍,其主要原因是设计工况和实际工况发生偏差以及制作安装质量问题。文章分析运行问题产生的原因,以期对湿式电除尘器的设计、制造、安装及运行提供借鉴。     

大型电除尘器与电袋除尘器技术经济比较

以某300MW火电机组配套除尘设备为例,从一次性投资、维护费用和运行费用等方面对电除尘器和电袋除尘器进行了技术经济比较,结果表明,当粉尘排放浓度≤50mg/Nm3时,选用电除尘器较适宜,但对更加严格的排放标准,选用电袋除尘器更好。     

新疆油田盆5气田放空气回收技术应用

新疆油田盆5气田采用分子筛对天然气处理站的放空气进行回收,介绍了分子筛的吸附原理、回收技术原理及工艺流程、净化脱水压力稳定安全措施等。通过优化破乳剂类型及注入量,净化脱水后的放空气满足回收利用要求。此项回收技术的利用,每年可减排废气5209.2×104m3,回收天然气约360×104m3,增加经济效益360万元。     

Field Deaths in Plant Agriculture

We know that animals are harmed in plant production. Unfortunately, though, we know very little about the scale of the problem. This matters for two reasons. First, we can’t decide how many resources to devote to the problem without a better sense of its scope. Second, this information shortage throws a wrench in arguments for veganism, since it’s always possible that a diet that contains animal products is complicit in fewer deaths than a diet that avoids them. In this paper, then, we have two aims: first, we want to collect and analyze all the available information about animal death associated with plant agriculture; second, we try to show just how difficult it’s to come up with a plausible estimate of how many animals are killed by plant agriculture, and not just because of a lack of empirical information. Additionally, we show that there are significant philosophical questions associated with interpreting the available data—questions such that different answers generate dramatically different estimates of the scope of the problem. Finally, we document current trends in plant agriculture that cause little or no collateral harm to animals, trends which suggest that field animal deaths are a historically contingent problem that in future may be reduced or eliminated altogether.     

油气田噪声对环境的影响

噪声对人体在生理及心理上的危害和影响是相当严重的。随着油气田开发建设的进展，油气田环境噪声污染日益引起人们的关注。弄清油气田噪声污染及治理现状，正确预测噪声污染的发展趋势，将有利于噪声污染的控制和治理。通过对1986年以来油气田噪声监测数据的统计，详细阐述了区域环境、功能区及道路交通三方面的噪声污染现状，指出交通、工业、施工和生活等噪声源是我国城市目前主要的噪声污染源，预测了我国噪声污染将继续增大的发展趋势并提出了相应的控制和治理措施以及改革建议。     

Field water balance of landfill final covers

Landfill covers are critical to waste containment, yet field performance of specific cover designs has not been well documented and seldom been compared in side-by-side testing. A study was conducted to assess the ability of landfill final covers to control percolation into underlying waste. Conventional covers employing resistive barriers as well as alternative covers relying on water-storage principles were monitored in large (10 x 20 m), instrumented drainage lysimeters over a range of climates at 11 field sites in the United States. Surface runoff was a small fraction of the water balance (0-10%, 4% on average) and was nearly insensitive to the cover slope, cover design, or climate. Lateral drainage from internal drainage layers was also a small fraction of the water balance (0-5.0%, 2.0% on average). Average percolation rates for the conventional covers with composite barriers (geomembrane over fine soil) typically were less than 12 mm/yr (1.4% of precipitation) at humid locations and 1.5 mm/yr (0.4% of precipitation) at arid, semiarid, and subhumid locations. Average percolation rates for conventional covers with soil barriers in humid climates were between 52 and 195 mm/yr (6-17% of precipitation), probably due to preferential flow through defects in the soil barrier. Average percolation rates for alternative covers ranged between 33 and 160 mm/yr (6 and 18% of precipitation) in humid climates and generally less than 2.2 mm/yr (0.4% of precipitation) in arid, semiarid, and subhumid climates. One-half (five) of the alternative covers in arid, semiarid, and subhumid climates transmitted less than 0.1 mm of percolation, but two transmitted much more percolation (26.8 and 52 mm) than anticipated during design. The data collected support conclusions from other studies that detailed, site-specific design procedures are very important for successful performance of alternative landfill covers.     

气田开发对环境的影响

气田开采会对地层造成破坏，引起地面下沉甚至诱发地震灾害；钻井液会对土壤、农作物、地下水造成危害；井下作业废液会对周围环境造成污染；气田水会对农作物、水生生物、地下水、人体健康造成危害；含硫的天然气净化过程排出的二氧化硫对树木、人体健康造成危害，并形成酸雨，对环境造成更大的危害。本文以四川气田及国外油气田为实例对上述危害逐一论述，这些对油气田环境保护工作者有一定的借鉴作用。     

榆林气田开发技术研究

针对榆林气田单井产能低、气田稳产能力差和生产中出现的低产低效气井难以正常生产等问题,进行了储层改造工艺技术优化研究.通过本项目的开展,有效地解决了影响气田正常生产和安全供气问题,为子洲-米脂气田的高效开发奠定了技术基础.     

Field investigation of high-volume fly ash pavement concrete

Field investigation of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete in pavement construction was carried out. Test results performed on cores drilled from pavement after 270 days of concrete age showed that use of HVFA results in production of pavement concrete with improvements in: strength; moisture barrier qualities; and abrasive resistance characteristics. These improvements are brought about by the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash with the hydrates of cement that favorably changes the microstructure and interfacial transition zone in the resulting concrete.Use of high volume of fly ash in pavement concrete as partial replacement for cement is estimated to produce major energy and environmental gains and is a practice that is aimed at producing durable and sustainable concrete-based infrastructure. The use of HVFA concrete can significantly economize the construction of concrete pavements and improve the service life of transportation infrastructure.     

重庆气矿气田采出水处理现状分析

重庆气矿气田采出水水质复杂,为提高处理效果,详细分析了出水水质状况,从处理设备和技术、处理药剂等现有处理工艺方面对气田采出水处理现状进行了综述,并结合国内外处理技术的发展现状,对改进重庆气矿过滤器中常用滤料的选取、缓蚀、阻垢及杀菌措施的确定、混凝剂的加注以及监测手段等提出了建议。     

静电水处理技术研究现状

本文介绍了国内外静电水处理技术研究、应用现状、存在问题和发展方向。目前，静电水处理技术已广泛应用于循环水的脱垢除垢、杀菌消毒、污泥脱水工艺。高压静电场可以改善活性污泥活性，经高压静电场处理的水可以提高活性污泥中微生物的耗氧速率。     

油田采油注入水处理技术

介绍了中原油田注入水水质特点,以前采用的处理工艺和存在的问题,并分析了问题的根源在于产出水的“四高一低”,原处理工艺难以去除。针对这一情况,中原油田与江汉石油学院合作开发研制了三组分水质调整剂,分别调整ｐＨ,破坏液体的稳定性并去除液体中的金属离子;他们对三种组分的加入时间和投加量进行了试验,结果表明：三种组分应按顺序加入,其中Ａ、Ｂ剂应有足够的间隔,加入量根据不同水质由试验确定。通过中原油田水处理站的运行试验得出结论：该工艺简单,投资小,处理效果好,适合中原油田的水质特性;处理后的水水质稳定,有效控制了腐蚀,减少了穿孔损失和污染损失,取得了显著的社会效益和环境效益