EGSB反应器的低温运行性能研究

对膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在低温(10～15℃)条件下的运行状况和污泥特性进行研究.结果表明,EGSB反应器在10～15℃的低温条件下能够稳定高效运行.当进水COD质量浓度低至114mg/L或高达3600mg/L(有机负荷高达23kg COD·m-3·d-1)时,COD去除率均能维持在70%左右.与中温(32～35℃)相比,低温时颗粒污泥的沉速相对较低,但不低于15m/h,不会被冲出反应器而造成污泥流失.低温时,颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性明显降低,COD去除率也明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高能改善泥水的传质效果,提高COD去除率.在HRT=0.9h、液体上升流速Vup=3.0m/h左右的运行条件下,反应器内温度由35℃降到15℃时,K由0.391 × 103降到0.107×103,COD去除率由84.32%降到68.9%.但当Vup由3.0m/h提高到4.2m/h时,K由0.107×103提高到0.254×103,COD去除率也由68.9%提高至76.7%.低温时,EGSB反应器的抗温度冲击能力很强.低浓度时,EGSB反应器的抗pH冲击能力不强,但随着进水COD浓度的提高,其抗DH冲击能力逐渐增强.EGSB反应器在低温低浓度条件下运行时需添加碱度以维持反应器内适宜的pH值.     

高效厌氧反应器处理高浓度生活污水

研究了采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器(EGSB)处理高浓度生活污水的可行性.试验结果表明,采用EGSB处理生活污水,出水水质较好.COD去除率达到80%-93%,出水COD值在100mg/L以下;最佳水力停留时间为1 h;SS的去除率在92%-95%之间;出水氨氮值高于进水值,出水总磷值略低于进水值,氮磷去除效果较差.试验说明采用EGSB反应器处理高浓度生活污水是可行的.     

EGSB反应器回流方式改变的对比实验研究

厌氧颗粒污泥的培养和保持是EGSB反应器使用中的关键问题.通过改变常规EGSB反应器出水回流方式,将出水与回流水在沉淀区分离,能得到更好的水力条件,离散率更高,并且反应器内的死区减少,有效颗粒污泥的质量分数能提高13%,出水SS最大降低65 mg/L,从而有利于厌氧反应器内有效颗粒污泥的生长和更有效地去除污染物.     

EGSB反应器处理高浓度废水的可行性研究

在EGSB反应器中添加PVA凝胶颗粒处理高浓度废水。保持进水量一定,逐渐增加反应器内进水COD质量浓度,即2.2~12.9 g/L,相应的有机负荷率是5.4~51.79 g/(L·d)。观察反应器的运行情况,确定有机负荷率在30 g/(L·d)时,COD去除率最高可以达到96%。增大负荷,同时保证进水的p H值是7.0,观察反应器出水p H值与VFA的变化,确定适宜产甲烷菌生长的环境。从收集到的气体体积来看,在一定的范围内,气体产率随着进水负荷的提高而增加,当负荷达到30 g/(L·d)时,气体体积可达38 L(实验最大值)。     

味精废水培养好氧颗粒污泥的研究

以味精厂废水厌氧污泥混合普通活性污泥作为接种污泥,采用味精废水在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,通过预曝气调整进水负荷,经95 d成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥。培养出的颗粒污泥呈黄色,轮廓整齐,平均粒径为0.5 mm,对COD和氨氮的平均去除率高达91.8%和96.6%,反应器内SVI值保持在20mL/g左右,污泥质量浓度达8 000 mg/L左右。     

高效厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水的试验研究

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用高效厌氧反应器对青岛啤酒股份有限公司的生产废水进行处理,研究了厌氧反应器的启动和运行情况,分析了回流比、温度和上升流速等因素对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器的容积负荷可达21 kg COD/(m3·d),COD去除率稳定在80%以上,出水挥发酸质量浓度低于350 mg/L,平均每去除1 kgCOD产生0.26 m3沼气.启动结束后,颗粒污泥的平均沉降速度由40.3 m/h提高到73.4 m/h,污泥密度由0.78 g/cm3升高至1.02 g/cm3,0.5～1.5 mm粒径的颗粒污泥占66%.同时,在25℃的运行条件下反应器的容积负荷降至9 kg COD/( m3·d),温度升高后反应器的运行可以较快得到恢复.     

UASB反应器处理淀粉废水的效果及影响因素

介绍了UASB反应器处理玉米淀粉废水的效果,分析了主要因素对处理效果的影响。淀粉废水处理实际工程的运行数据表明,UASB反应器处理玉米淀粉废水具有稳定的处理效果,COD去除率在83%以上,BOD5去除率在90%以上,出水满足后续好氧处理工艺的要求;有机负荷、pH值、碱度、出水循环、SO42-和悬浮物等是影响处理效果和颗粒污泥形成及其性质的几个关键因素。     

SO2-4对厌氧折流板反应器中颗粒污泥性能的影响

利用取自厌氧折流板反应器中的颗粒污泥,通过间歇试验,研究不同质量浓度的SO2-4对厌氧颗粒污泥性能的影响.结果表明,SO2-4对厌氧颗粒污泥性能的影响具有多重性,当SO2-4质量浓度≤3 000 mg/L时,SO2-4对颗粒污泥的厌氧生物降解过程有促进作用;当SO2-4质量浓度>3 000 mg/L时,SO2-4对颗粒污泥的厌氧生物降解过程有抑制作用,且抑制作用随SO2-4质量浓度的提高而迅速增大.当颗粒污泥有机负荷为4 kg COD/(m3·d)、COD与SO2-4质量浓度比为2.7～4、SO2-4质量浓度为2 000～3 000 mg/L时,ABR反应器运行效果最佳,此时系统COD去除率和出水碱度分别稳定在85%和2 500 mg/L以上;出水挥发酸(VFA)在200 mg/L以下;污泥比产甲烷活性(SMA)最高;SO2-4的去除效果最佳.本研究为用厌氧生物处理高浓度硫酸盐废水提供必要依据.     

不同类型反应器好氧颗粒污泥培养过程研究

在SBR、非理想PF及CSTR反应器中接种普通活性污泥,控制反应条件:溶解氧DO 2.0 mg/L左右,pH值8.0左右,温度(25±0.2)℃,经过80 d左右时间,3个反应器中均成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥,最大颗粒污泥粒径达到2.5 mm左右。成熟好氧颗粒污泥具有较好的COD去除及脱氮能力。SBR反应器COD去除率稳定在95%~97%,氨氮去除率超过92%;PF反应器COD去除率达到95%~98%,氨氮去除率最高为98%;CSTR反应器COD去除率稳定在88%~90%,氨氮去除率超过90%。SBR反应器TN去除率最高,达到70%~78%,PF反应器TN去除率为65%~70%,CSTR反应器TN去除率达到55%~62%。3个反应器均发生全程同步硝化反硝化。     

高盐高浓度有机榨菜废水厌氧生物处理系统构建研究

针对高盐高浓度有机榨菜废水厌氧反应器微生物系统启动时间长的问题,探讨复合式厌氧反应器HAR(Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor)微生物系统的快速构建.结果表明,反应器在温度20～25℃,接种厌氧污泥质量浓度为30 g/L,废水盐度为1.8%(Cl-计),负荷为1.5kgCOD/(m3·d)的条件下,启动运行62d后,可使进水COD为4500mg/L的高盐榨菜废水出水COD为440 mg/L,去除率达到90.11%.反应器pH值为7.3～7.6,VFA小于300mg/L,碱度为1 300～1 500 mg/L,氧化还原电位ORP小于- 330 mV,反应器运行稳定,启动完成,反应器厌氧生物处理系统构建的时间大幅缩短.从中心区到第6反应区的COD降解速率依次降低,COD分担负荷分别为5.01 kgCOD/(m3·d)、2.26 kgCOD/(m3· d)、1.16 kgCOD/(m3·d)、0.70 kgCOD/(m3·d)、0.75kgCOD/( m3·d)、0.29 kgCOD/( m3·d)、0.20 kgCOD/(m3·d),COD去除分担率分别为37.50%、22.16%、11.36%、6.82%、7.39%、2.84%、1.93%.SME监测表明,HAR反应器从中心区到第6反应区存在不同的优势微生物,中心区以甲烷八叠球菌、瘤胃甲烷短杆菌为主,外环第1至第6反应区以索氏甲烷菌为主.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.