热化学清洗与溶剂萃取法处理页岩油泥

对吉林桦甸页岩油泥采用热化学清洗、溶剂萃取、热化学清洗-溶剂萃取组合3种方法进行处理,回收页岩油。萃取液浓缩后进行气相色谱-质谱分析(GC-MS),油泥进行电镜扫描(SEM)。结果表明,热化学清洗获得最佳工况为搅拌频率250 r/min、清洗温度80℃、液固比为8∶1、清洗时间30 min、浓度6 g/L,在此工况下Na2Si O3和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)可使油泥残油率降为26%和27.6%。二甲苯萃取脱油效果优于热化学清洗。组合处理阶段,Na2Si O3清洗对后续萃取起促进作用,可获得96.3%的脱油率,而SDS清洗对后续萃取起抑制作用,仅获得42.7%的脱油率。SEM分析知经Na2Si O3清洗后油泥呈分散结构,增大了后续萃取油泥与溶剂接触面积。GC-MS分析知,Na2Si O3清洗对于后续二甲苯萃取轻质烃、重质烃溶出行为均起促进作用,而SDS清洗对后续二甲苯萃取轻质烃溶出行为起抑制作用。Na2Si O3清洗-二甲苯萃取是一种很好的油回收方法,具有经济价值,同时可减少石油烃对环境污染。     

热化学清洗法洗涤油泥-回收石油的工艺条件研究

以辽河油田落地油泥为样品,采用热化学清洗法洗涤油泥,净化土壤,回收石油,并获取工程所需的必要参数.通过筛选、复配,确定十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS):NazSiO3=1:2(质量比)为最佳清洗剂配比.考察了清洗温度、清洗液pH、液固比(即清洗剂与落地油泥的质量比)和清洗剂投加量等因素对清洗效率的影响,通过正交实验优化工艺参数,实验表明,当清洗时间为30min、清洗温度为75℃、搅拌器转速为200 r/min、液固比为8:1、清洗液pH为11、LAS Na2SiO3投加量为2.8 g/L时,含油率为21.2%(质量分数)的落地油泥样品经一级清洗,油泥残油率降为0.8%(质量分数,下同);经二级清洗,油泥残油率降为0.3%.清洗后,石油浮于水面,无明显乳化,易于分离.     

某自来水厂超滤膜污染物成分及化学清洗效果案例分析

以江苏某自来水厂混凝-超滤工艺中PVC中空纤维超滤膜为对象,采用2种化学清洗剂HCl溶液、NaOH溶液对污染膜进行了化学清洗,分析洗脱液成分以确定膜污染的构成,并考察不同清洗剂在实际工程中的应用效果。通过ICP-OES、 EEM、 TOC分析仪对污染膜洗脱液进行了成分分析,同时采用SEM和ATRFTIR对清洗前后的膜表面形貌及表面官能团进行表征。结果表明,膜污染物不仅包含蛋白类、多糖类和腐殖酸的有机污染物,还包含以Ca、Mg、Si、Fe元素为主的无机污染物。NaOH溶液除了能够洗脱更多的有机物,还可以有效地去除硅。而HCl溶液则对大分子有机物、疏水性有机物以及Ca、 Mg、 Fe有较好的清洗效果。HCl溶液的pH越低,或者NaOH溶液的pH越高,清洗效果越好。在工程实际清洗过程中,采用先酸后碱的组合方式,能够获得较高的膜通量。     

含油污泥清洗剂的制备与研究

以异丙醇为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)和苯乙烯(St)为混合单体,通过溶液聚合的方法制备一种含油污泥清洗剂.介绍了该清洗剂的制备方法,考察了单体用量及清洗条件对清洗剂脱油性能的影响,探讨了清洗剂对含油污泥中原油不同组分的去除效率,并用红外光谱证实了所制备共聚物结构的官能团.清洗剂性能评价表明:单体用量和清洗条件均有最佳值,其中单体最佳质量比为MAA:BA:St=21:62:17,最佳清洗条件分别是:加药浓度为250 mg/L,水洗温度为60℃,反应时间为40 min;清洗剂对含油污泥中芳烃去除率最高,达93.0%.     

海洋柴油溢油油水快速分离的应用研究

针对海洋柴油溢油,采用破乳剂对油水快速分离进行了研究.分别对油水比、温度、破乳剂量及存在Ca2 、Mg2 的影响因素,进行了系列油水快速分离试验,并测定了破乳剂作用下乳液的界面张力.试验结果表明,柴油溢油形成的乳液稳定性较差,油水分离较容易,但分离后的水中含油量较高.加入聚醚类非离子型破乳剂FA、FB、FC和FD,可达到油水低温、快速分离的目的,且分离后的水中含油量较低.随着破乳剂浓度的增加,界面张力降低,当破乳剂浓度达到临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,界面张力最小,脱水效果最好.Ca2 、Mg2 对聚醚类非离子型破乳剂的影响很小.     

零排放处理海上油田平台含聚油泥的实验研究

采用热化学反应—静置分离—研磨回注工艺处理海上油田平台含聚油泥,分析了平台现场含聚油泥的组成,经热化学反应—静置分离后,含聚油泥的原油回收率93%,污泥残油率0.3%;分离污水与对应地层水、注聚液配伍性良好;利用胶体磨研磨分离污泥,在0.8~1.0mm的磨盘间隙下循环研磨10min,污泥粒径中值可从近100μm降至10μm以下;污泥质量浓度为100~500mg/L时可稳定分散于注聚液中,65℃下的稳定时间均在10h以上。该工艺可实现含聚油泥中的原油资源回收,泥水研磨后混入注聚液中回注地层,可以实现零排放。     

落地油泥土壤性质对超声除油效果的影响

落地油泥是油田产生的一类危险固体废弃物,其无害化处理是目前各大油田所面临的重大挑战之一。为了深入认识超声处理过程中油泥土壤性质与超声处理除油效果之间的关系,以不同油田典型落地油泥为研究对象,超声处理后对其土壤残留含油量、土壤颗粒级配、土壤化学组成等进行分析。结果表明:油泥中土壤颗粒粒径较大的大庆、大港落地油泥经超声处理后的除油效果均在60%以上,而土壤颗粒粒径较小的冀东落地油泥超声除油率仅为11%;同时,超声除油效果较好的大庆、大港落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较低(分别为4.84%和5.94%),而超声除油效果差的冀东落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较高(11.57%)。进一步的模拟实验结果表明,钙氧化物含量高的土壤对原油的吸附量大、吸附强度高、超声除油效果差,而钙氧化物含量低的土壤吸附量小、吸附强度低、超声除油效果好。以上结果可为油田落地油泥超声处理技术的开发及规模化应用提供指导。     

化学破乳-Fenton氧化处理乳化液废水

采用化学破乳-Fenton试剂处理乳化液废水,考察了相关因素对处理效果的影响特点和规律.实验结果表明,酸化作用中,静电作用对破乳有着关键性影响,降低乳化液废水pH值,有利于乳化液废水的油水分离;混凝剂投加量和废水pH值直接决定着破乳效果,油滴分散体系脱稳的适宜pH值既能使油滴间静电斥力较小,又能使大分子量的、大比表面积的多核络合离子通过电中和、吸附架桥、卷扫的作用来强化油水分散体系脱稳.Fenton氧化中,对于特定的Fe2+浓度,随着n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)增加,COD去除程度增加,但增加的幅度越来越小,同时COD去除率达到稳定所需要的时间相应增加,适宜的摩尔比为20;废水Fenton体系H2O2开始阶段急速降低然后趋于平缓,体系Fe2+反应开始很短时间内急剧降低并趋于某一稳定值,H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度随时间变化遵循一级反应动力学模型.     

pH对煤泥水絮凝沉降的影响

选择聚合氯化铝(PAC)/阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PHP)、氯化钙(CaCl2)/非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)组合与NPAM、PHP、两性离子型聚丙烯酰胺(ZPAM)作为絮凝剂,在对道清选煤厂水采筛下原生煤泥和浮选尾矿的煤泥水进行组合药剂絮凝实验的基础上,考察了pH对煤泥水絮凝沉降的影响。实验结果表明,在不同的pH下,煤泥水的絮凝效果不同:在酸性条件下,宜单独使用有机高分子絮凝剂;在中性至碱性条件下,无机凝聚剂和有机絮凝剂联合使用效果较好。     

三元复合驱采出水乳化稳定性及破乳的研究

由于三元复合驱原油中新型驱油用化学品的应用以及原油劣质化使得采出水乳化严重.而且三元复合驱采出水经油水分离后含油量升高.基于此.通过对不同类型的破乳剂的分析及其工艺条件的考察,探讨了影响三元复合驱采出水破乳的因素,其中破乳剂FB94具有较好的破乳效果.采用模拟三元复合驱采出水(碱为1 200 mg/L、聚合物为200 mg/L、表面活性剂为400mg/L),投加破乳剂FB94为160 mg/L,控制沉降时问为120 min、温度为45℃,当初始含油量为5 000 mg/L时.破乳后水中含油量降至195 mg/L,脱油率为96.1%,当初始含油量为1 500 mg/L时,破乳后水中含油量降至87 mg/L.脱油率为94.2%.     

Pyrolysis of oil sludge in a fluidised bed reactor

The oil sludge of tanker cleaning was pyrolysed in fluidised bed reactors. Three experiments were conducted in a laboratory plant and two on a technical plant. Separation of oil from the solids and distribution of the oil products were investigated at temperatures from 460 degrees C to 650 degrees C. Between 70% and 84% of the oil could be separated from the solids. Distribution of the oil products depended on the feed material and the pyrolysis conditions. The higher the temperature the more the oil was cracked into low boiling compounds. Under the conditions of pyrolysis carbon reduced gridiron to iron. Thus some solid fractions were pyrophoric and oxidised with high heat generation. Therefore the solid products have to be turned into inert substances. The fluidised bed pyrolysis is an adequate process to recycle oil sludge with high yields.     

Characterization of top phase oil obtained from co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust

To research the impact of adding sawdust on top phase oil, a sewage sludge and poplar sawdust co-pyrolysis experiment was performed in a fixed bed. Gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) was used to analyze the component distribution of top phase oil. Higher heating value, viscosity, water content, and pH of the top phase oil product were determined. The highest top phase oil yield (5.13 wt%) was obtained from the mixture containing 15 % poplar sawdust, while the highest oil yield (16.51 wt%) was obtained from 20 % poplar sawdust. Top phase oil collected from the 15 % mixture also has the largest amount of aliphatics and the highest higher heating value (28.6 MJ/kg). Possible reaction pathways were proposed to explain the increase in the types of phenols present in the top phase oil as the proportion of poplar sawdust used in the mixture increased. It can be concluded that synergetic reactions occurred during co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust. The results indicate that the high ash content of the sewage sludge may be responsible for the characteristic change in the top phase oil obtained from the mixtures containing different proportions of sewage sludge and poplar sawdust. Consequently, co-pyrolysis of the mixture containing 15 % poplar sawdust can increase the yield and the higher heating value of top phase oil.     

城市污泥热解中试系统集成一体化研究及运行效果评估

为了促进城市污泥热解工艺的工程化应用,组建了污泥热解系统、热解产物分离回收利用系统、废气净化排放系统于一体较完整的热解中试装置,在实现污泥有效处置的同时也实现了高值能源回收利用。中试工况优化,较好工况为：热解时间30-40 min,热解终温450-500℃,在此条件下,干化污泥（含水率5%）减量率为50%;热值为33.8 MJ/kg的热解油产率为17.1%左右。通过对中试运行效果的评估,得出热解油和热解气两者能量或污泥炭自身能量可供干化污泥热解本身所需能量,从而为推动污水污泥热解工艺的工程化利用提供了支持。     

Determinations and residual characteristics of triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan

Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a widely used antibacterial agent. However, it was concerned recently that triclosan might act as an antibiotic and will cause resistant bacterial strains. Furthermore, possible formation of toxic chloroform was also reported when the triclosan contained in household dishwashing soaps reacted with the chlorinated water. To assess the associate risks from possible exposures, concentrations of triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan were determined in this study. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector at 280 nm was used to analyze the triclosan in samples. Factors that might affect the residual characteristics of triclosan from detergents on dishware and fruits, including the concentrations of detergents used, the temperature and immersion time for water before the cleaning processes, the temperatures of water used for the cleaning processes, and the materials of dishware made of, were evaluated under the orthogonal experiment design by the Taguchi method. By the analysis of variance, the orders of importance of different parameters were determined. The concentrations of triclosan detected in household food detergents were found to be 1.7 x 10(-2) -5.6 x 10(-1) (triclosan/detergent, mg g(-1)). For residual characteristics, the concentration of detergents used as well as the materials of dishware were found to be the significant factors that will affect the triclosan left on the dishware. On the other hand, the concentration of triclosan in the detergents was found to be the only factor that will affect the triclosan left on fruits. The maximum dose of triclosan exposures from the use of household food detergents in Taiwan was also estimated in the study.     

含油污泥焦化液相油收率影响因素研究

油田产生的高含油污泥，采用催化焦化的方法进行处理，回收其中的原油，分析了影响含油污泥焦化液相油收率的主要因素，采用正交和单因素实验方法对各因素进行考察，确定了高液相油收率的含油污泥焦化操作条件；处理后的焦化固体产物能够达到农用污泥标准。     

好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

在不同接种源污泥颗粒化过程中污泥理化性状对比研究的基础上,采用成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,对其脱氮行为以及不同C/N条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物的比耗氧速率、好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率随时间的变化等进行了研究.实验结果表明,在进水氨氮质量浓度较高(480 mg/L)、温度30℃左右的条件下,稳定运行15 d,氨氮的去除率维持在85%左右;进水氨氮的浓度越高,随着微生物对环境的逐渐适应,硝化菌的活性也逐步增加;随着进水氨氮浓度的提高,好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率也逐渐上升.     

Aerobic thermophilic treatment of sewage sludge contaminated with 4-nonylphenol

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) occurs in sewage sludge as a result of the breakdown of detergents which contains nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). 4-NP is of environmental concern because of its toxicity to biological systems. The present paper reports results of aerobic treatment under thermophilic conditions of sewage sludge artificially contaminated with 4-NP. Experiments were carried out using three parallel laboratory-scale batch reactors operating with blank, 50 and 100 mg/l of 4-NP concentration. For the two studied concentrations up to 66% 4-NP reduction was achieved at a specific air flow rate of 16 l/(l.h) and a thermophilic temperature of 60 degrees C, within 10 days of operation. The presence of 4-NP has minor effect on the rate of sludge oxidation and the nitrogen and phosphorous content in the sludge.     

炼厂"三泥"的生物处理研究

从大港油田筛选和分离出3株以原油为碳源的石油降解菌,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),用这3株菌混合处理某炼厂的"三泥",在适宜的降解条件下,仅需投加混合菌液,无需添加营养物(N,P),可使含油污泥A的残油量从67g/kg降至7.7g/kg,混合油泥试样AB的残油量从19.7g/kg降至3.1g/kg,平均去除率为84%以上,可以实现含油污泥的较为经济的、有效的处理.经生物处理后含油污泥的恶臭味完全消失.     

Isolation, identification and characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BZ-6, a bacterial isolate for enhancing oil recovery from oily sludge

Over 100 biosurfactant-producing microorganisms were isolated from oily sludge and petroleum-contaminated soil from Shengli oil field in north China. Sixteen of the bacterial isolates produced biosurfactants and reduced the surface tension of the growth medium from 71 to <30 mN m⁻¹ after 72 h of growth. These bacteria were used to treat oily sludge and the recovery efficiencies of oil from oily sludge were determined. The oil recovery efficiencies of different isolates ranged from 39% to 88%. Bacterial isolate BZ-6 was found to be the most efficient strain and the three phases (oil, water and sediment) were separated automatically after the sludge was treated with the culture medium of BZ-6. Based on morphological, physiological characteristics and molecular identification, isolate BZ-6 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The biosurfactant produced by isolate BZ-6 was purified and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. There were four ion peaks representing four different fengycin A homologues.     

Probabilistic risk assessment for zinc in some commercial dishwashing detergents: the anaerobic digestion processes in US POTWs

A US patent was issued to a commercial dishwashing detergent composition in which soluble zinc serves as an anti-corrosion agent. Since the detergents are used in a down-the-drain fashion, some of the detergents are discharged as wastewater and treated in publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). A risk assessment was previously conducted which focused on the nitrification processes in US POTWs. As a conservative pollutant, zinc removed from wastewater during treatment is transferred to sludges and at sufficiently high concentrations may inhibit the sludge treatment processes. In the present assessment, a probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to quantitatively determine the risk of zinc in the detergents to the anaerobic digestion processes in US POTWs. The procedure for POTW local limit development designed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used as a reference when conducting the risk assessment. The assessment took into account the background zinc concentrations in POTW influents and was conducted at different market penetration rates (MPRs) for the US market of detergents based on the patented formula. Several factors were present that contributed to the conservativeness of the assessment. Results indicate that zinc in detergents does not present a significant risk to the anaerobic digestion processes in POTWs at a MPR up to 10%, with a probability of anaerobic digestion inhibition of below 1%.