活性半焦用于油田含油污水除油的研究

以经济廉价的半焦为原料,制备用于处理油田含油污水的吸附剂。采用高温焙烧活化、水蒸气活化、高压水热活化以及硝酸、氢氧化钾活化等方法对半焦进行活化处理,通过静态吸附实验测定除油率来评价活化效果,重点讨论了氢氧化钾活化条件对除油效果的影响。结果表明:KOH与半焦质量比为6∶1,80℃浸渍3 h,550℃焙烧1.5 h时,制备的活性半焦吸附除油效果最好,除油率可以达到75.6%;活性半焦对油的吸附符合Freund lich吸附方程。利用酸碱滴定法对样品表面酸碱官能团进行分析,发现KOH活化后半焦表面碱性亲油官能团明显增多;通过SEM对半焦的微观结构进行分析,发现KOH活化后半焦产生大量有利于吸附的孔结构。     

有机复合粘土颗粒处理乳化含油废水的研究

研究了有机凹凸棒石复合粘土颗粒吸附剂对乳化含油废水的处理及吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、振荡强度等因素对除油效果的影响.结果显示,在平衡浓度与吸附剂投加量之间符合Freundlich吸附等温式,平衡浓度与初始油浓度间符合Langmuir吸附等温式.对有机凹凸棒石复合粘土颗粒吸附剂与再生吸附剂、颗粒活性炭、未改性粘土进行了比较,发现有机复合粘土颗粒吸附剂对乳化含油废水的处理效果显著好于颗粒活性炭,并对此进行了解释.     

氨水土壤混合物脱除CO2温室气体的实验研究

为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法.分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度(质量比)和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响.实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40 ℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降.     

氯苯污染土壤低温原位热脱附修复

为了考察低温原位热脱附技术对土壤中氯苯的修复效果,以土壤中氯苯为目标污染物,控制热脱附设备设定温度、土壤粒径、土壤含水率,对不同条件下土壤中的氯苯进行测定分析,研究其对热脱附效果的影响。结果表明:原位热脱附过程中土壤温度变化以加热棒为中心,随着距离增加而呈现时间和空间上的滞后效应;原位热脱附设定温度越高,土壤修复效果越好,当土壤设定温度为100℃时,90%土壤样品氯苯去除率达99%以上,与设定温度130℃修复效果相当;土壤粒径越小,其比表面积大,对污染物吸附效率越高,所需热脱附时间越长;含水率影响氯苯在土壤中的挥发速率、有效孔隙率和透气率,含水率过高或过低都不利于氯苯污染土壤原位热脱附修复。热脱附设备设定温度、土壤粒径、土壤含水率对低温原位热脱附技术去除土壤中氯苯的效果具有较大的影响。     

作业井场含油固体废弃物生物制剂法除油技术研究

采用生物制剂 (BS7# 酶 )洗涤法处理冀东油田作业井场固体废弃物 ,研究了该处理方法中制剂投加量、搅拌时间、固液比和洗涤次数对处理效果的影响 ,得到了最佳洗涤条件。并对其设备投资、处理综合成本等进行了经济效益分析。为冀东油田作业井场含油固体废弃物工业化处理提供重要依据     

土壤及其主要化学组分对五氯酚吸附特征研究

研究了土壤原样及其去锰氧化物、去铁氧化物、去有机质和去水溶性有机质(DOM)土壤样品对五氯酚(PCP)的吸附规律,分析了土壤及其主要化学组分对PCP的吸附机制.实验结果表明,Langmuir方程可较好地描述PCP在各土壤样品上的热力学吸附过程.PCP在土壤上的吸附行为与自身性质和土壤理化性质密切相关,有机质和铁氧化物对PCP的吸附起到促进作用,而锰氧化物和DOM则能在一定程度上抑制PCP的吸附.通过Langmuir方程得到的拟合结果,可判断PCP在各土壤样品上的最大吸附量为去锰氧化物土壤样品＞去铁氧化物土壤样品＞去DOM土壤样品＞土壤原样＞去有机质土壤样品.     

含油污泥2级分离系统集成及处理工艺优化

为了促进含油污泥资源化利用的工程化应用,提高回收油品质并减少二次污染,开发了含油污泥2级分离系统集成工艺,并选用典型的油泥样品在实验室条件下进行了工艺优化实验。结果表明,在高含固预处理一级分离中添加20%的煤油,可脱除粒径在15.1μm以上的固体颗粒。一级分离产物经7%微乳液化学调质后进行二级离心分离,得到的回收油中含水和固体颗粒重量比小于3%。该分离系统将应用于日处理100 t的油泥资源化处理集成技术示范工程。     

氨水土壤混合物脱除CO2温室气体的实验研究

为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法。分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度（质量比）和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降。     

孤岛落地油泥制备改性沥青及其性能

以油田油泥与基质沥青为实验原材料,采用高速剪切方法制备油田油泥改性沥青,通过针入度、软化点、延度、运动黏度和离析软化点差等表征方法,研究孤岛落地油泥对沥青高低温性能、加工性能和储存稳定性的影响。结果表明:活性中间体与苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)添加量(质量分数)分别为15%与4%时,孤岛落地油泥改性沥青的针入度比基质沥青降低0.4 mm,软化点比基质沥青提高24℃,运动黏度为0.28 Pa·s,离析软化点差(165℃,48 h)为0.3℃,其各项指标均同时满足橡胶沥青评价指标要求和SBS沥青评价指标要求;加入适量的油泥可提高沥青的低温抗裂性能,改善加工性能,而对沥青储存稳定性无明显影响。     

竹林土壤中甲基对硫磷降解菌的降解效果及其与土壤物理特性的关系

采用实验室控制试验研究了甲基对硫磷降解菌在竹林土壤生态系统中的降解效果及其与土壤物理特性的关系。试验结果表明，邻单胞菌（DLL-1）具有高效性，甲基对硫磷初始浓度为15 mg/kg干土，第5 d竹林土壤上、中和下层的降解率分别为88.6%、85.9%和79.2%，相应的半衰期为2.5、2.84与3.79 d。甲基对硫磷在土壤中的不同粒径范围吸附情况是不同的，从而影响DLL-1菌的降解效果，表现为土壤中粘粒含量与降解率呈显著正相关。孔隙度也是影响降解效果的一个因素，上中下3层的降解率随着孔隙度的减小而降低。     

14C-dimethoate residues in olive oil during oil processing

An olive tree was treated twice in the field with 14C-dimethoate (237.7 muCi, 2.4 g) and 14C residues were determined in the olive fruits at harvest. The fruits were crushed and pressed to extract the crude oil, then refined by neutralization, bleaching and deodorization. The crude oil contained 14.1% of the total 14C in the olive fruits. Neutralization resulted in a reduction of 14C by about 50% of the total 14C residues in oil. Bleaching and deodorization processes further reduced the 14C residues and the refined oil contained 31.6% (which corresponds to 4.4% of 14C residues of the total 14C in olive fruits) of the total 14C in the crude oil. Industrially extracted crude oil was fortified with 14C-dimethoate at 1.8 mg kg-1 (0.02 muCi) level and subjected to the same refining process. A sharp decrease in the amount of 14C was observed by neutralization and the amount of 14C remaining in the refined oil was about 7.3% of the total 14C in the crude fortified oil. The data suggest that the 14C residues in the aged and the fortified oil amples were not of the same nature. The terminal 14C residue in the refined oil obtained from the field experiment did not contain dimethoate and/or its oxon.     

海洋石油工程新型溢油监测系统的研究

随着海洋石油的开采力度的加大,海上平台溢油事故也不断发生。在对传统监测方式的不足和海上溢油监测技术未来发展的趋势进行了综合考虑之后,开发了一套基于紫外诱导荧光探测技术的溢油监测系统。监测系统主要由检测终端、数据采集及异常报警系统和计算机处理及显示终端3个子模块组成,可以实现对海上平台潜在油污染源头信息的实时收集、传输、预警等功能。     

生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油

对4种生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油的效果进行了研究,并探讨了菜籽生物柴油投加量和砂粒粒径对促进效果的影响。结果表明,菜籽生物柴油的促进效果最好,8 h释放量达到73%,废油脂生物柴油的效果最差,仅为52%;生物柴油的促进效果随着投加量的增大而升高,当投加量超过海水体积的5%时促进效果不再明显增加;在生物柴油作用下,小粒径砂粒上原油的释放效果优于大粒径砂粒。     

14C‐dimethoate residues in olive oil during oil processing

Abstract

An olive tree was treated twice in the field with ¹⁴C‐dimethoate (237.7 (μCi, 2.4 g) and ¹⁴C residues were determined in the olive fruits at harvest. The fruits were crushed and pressed to extract the crude oil, then refined by neutralization, bleaching and deodorization. The crude oil contained 14.1% of the total ¹⁴C in the olive fruits. Neutralization resulted in a reduction of ¹⁴C by about 50% of the total ¹⁴C residues in oil. Bleaching and deodorization processes further reduced the ¹⁴C residues and the refined oil contained 31.6% (which corresponds to 4.4% of ^I4C residues of the total ¹⁴C in olive fruits) of the total ¹⁴C in the crude oil. Industrially extracted crude oil was fortified with ¹⁴C‐dimethoate at 1.8 mg kg^‐1 (0.02 μCi) level and subjected to the same refining process. A sharp decrease in the amount of ¹⁴C was observed by neutralization and the amount of ¹⁴C remaining in the refined oil was about 7.3% of the total ^l4C in the crude fortified oil. The data suggest that the ¹⁴C residues in the aged and the fortified oil amples were not of the same nature. The terminal ¹⁴C residue in the refined oil obtained from the field experiment did not contain dimethoate and/or its oxon.     

油田含油污泥超声脱油的研究

在油田含油污泥的热洗处理中引入超声辐照处理技术，研究考察了超声脱油技术中超声强度，超声辐照时间，含油污泥预热温度，清洗液用量和清洗液回用4个试验操作条件对污泥脱油的影响，认为在优化条件（超声发生器输出电压175 V，辐照时间15 min，预热温度55 ℃，清洗液和含油污泥以质量比8∶1）下，超声脱油技术可以把污泥的干基油含量由0.35 g/g降低到0.14 g/g，同时也证明清洗液可以反复使用。根据简单的经济核算，处理1 t含油污泥可以产出66元的效益。研究表明，使用超声处理可以有效地提高含油污泥的污油脱除效率，明显降低污泥清洗的操作温度。     

Emissions tradeoffs among alternative marine fuels: total fuel cycle analysis of residual oil, marine gas oil, and marine diesel oil

Worldwide concerns about sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions from ships are motivating the replacement of marine residual oil (RO) with cleaner, lower-sulfur fuels, such as marine gas oil (MGO) and marine diesel oil (MDO). Vessel operators can use MGO and MDO directly or blended with RO to achieve environmental and economic objectives. Although expected to be much cleaner in terms of criteria pollutants, these fuels require additional energy in the upstream stages of the fuel cycle (i.e., fuel processing and refining), and thus raise questions about the net impacts on greenhouse gas emissions (primarily carbon dioxide [CO2]) because of production and use. This paper applies the Total Energy and Environmental Analysis for Marine Systems (TEAMS) model to conduct a total fuel cycle analysis of RO, MGO, MDO, and associated blends for a typical container ship. MGO and MDO blends achieve significant (70-85%) SOx emissions reductions compared with RO across a range of fuel quality and refining efficiency assumptions. We estimate CO2 increases of less than 1% using best estimates of fuel quality and refinery efficiency parameters and demonstrate how these results vary based on parameter assumptions. Our analysis suggests that product refining efficiency influences the CO2 tradeoff more than differences in the physical and energy parameters of the alternative fuels, suggesting that modest increases in CO2 could be offset by efficiency improvements at some refineries. Our results help resolve conflicting estimates of greenhouse gas tradeoffs associated with fuel switching and other emissions control policies.     

Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of crude and heavy fuel oil asphaltenes for application in oil fingerprinting

A Pyrolysis – Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) method was developed for the analysis and profiling of crude and heavy fuel oil asphaltenes, for application in oil fingerprinting. Asphaltenes were precipitated from ten geographically different oils using n-pentane, and analysed by Py-GC-MS. Alkane profiles and sulphur/aromatic profiles were used to compare the oils, and to correctly differentiate oils from different geographical regions. Py-GC-MS could not differentiate a weathered oil sample and a fresh oil sample from the same source. The results of this study support the findings from a previously developed FTIR method for asphaltene profiling.     

糎T] "7.16"大连新港石油管道爆炸事故中的热红外溢油监测

利用有效的监测手段、降低溢油事故的风险是海洋环境保护和社会经济节约的关键问题。"7.16"事故中使用3.0～5.0μm红外热像仪作为机载监测的一种手段,对事故海域进行常规监测,识别海面油膜,利用热红外油膜厚度模式分析油膜的相对厚度,并且结合其他遥感数据,在GIS系统中绘制每日的事故海域溢油分布图,为清污指挥部门提供决策依据。