利用生物柴油去除滨海构筑物上原油的模拟研究

溢油向岸滩漂移会造成海岸带人工构筑物的严重污染。采用混凝土片模拟滨海构筑物,研究投加生物柴油及营养对石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明,施加生物柴油可以促进滨海构筑物上的石油进入水中,生物柴油施加量越大,构筑物上残余的石油量越小;同时施加生物柴油和营养能够促进海水中降解石油微生物的增殖和石油的降解;营养和微生物条件一致的情况下,投加2 mL和5 mL生物柴油的系统中石油的总去除率分别为37.5%和32.7%,表明生物柴油的投加量有一个适宜值。研究结果可为生物柴油-营养联合修复石油污染海岸带提供数据支持。     

利用生物柴油去除滨海构筑物上原油的模拟研究简

溢油向岸滩漂移会造成海岸带人工构筑物的严重污染。采用混凝土片模拟滨海构筑物，研究投加生物柴油及营养对石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明，施加生物柴油可以促进滨海构筑物上的石油进入水中，生物柴油施加量越大，构筑物上残余的石油量越小；同时施加生物柴油和营养能够促进海水中降解石油微生物的增殖和石油的降解；营养和微生物条件一致的情况下，投加2 mL和5 mL生物柴油的系统中石油的总去除率分别为37.5%和32.7%，表明生物柴油的投加量有一个适宜值。研究结果可为生物柴油-营养联合修复石油污染海岸带提供数据支持。     

投加硝酸钙对城市黑臭河道底泥氮迁移转化的影响

投加硝酸钙是目前河道黑臭底泥原位治理常用的方法,然而,投加硝酸钙会造成底泥硝态氮和氨氮的过量释放,而其影响机制尚未明确。因此有必要对投加硝酸钙后硝态氮在底泥中的迁移转化规律及其促进氨氮释放的机理进行研究。结果发现,硝酸盐在间隙水的迁移距离取决于硝态氮反硝化速率,而在黑臭底泥中硫化物氧化是影响反硝化速率的关键因素。当硝酸钙投加量为20 g/kg时,硝态氮的迁移距离小于6 cm,且在14 d后消耗光;可见,通过控制硝酸钙在底泥中的投加位置可避免硝态氮的二次释放。另一方面,投加硝酸钙会促进底泥氨态氮向间隙水释放,投加当天释放率可高达101%,且会在间隙水中发生累积迁移。其中,氨氮的增加量和底泥氨态氮解吸量呈一级线性关系(r=0.986)、和硝酸钙投加量关系符合cubic曲线;据此可推测,氨氮的急剧释放与钙离子对底泥铵态氮的化学浸提有关。     

零价铁Fenton技术处理含聚乙烯醇的印染退浆废水

采用零价铁Fenton技术处理含聚乙烯醇(PVA)的印染退浆废水。通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察了初始pH、H2O2投加量、铁屑粒径及投加量和反应时间对实验结果的影响。结果表明,初始pH和H2O2投加量对处理效果影响很大。最佳反应条件是初始pH=4.0,H2O2投加量为100mmol/L,铁屑(粒径为1~3mm)投加量为15g/L,反应时间为30min。在该条件下,出水PVA质量浓度为0.9mg/L,PVA去除率为99.9%,COD去除率为23.6%,BOD5/COD由0.12升高至0.34,可生化性明显提高。无论从处理效果考虑还是从成本考虑,零价铁Fenton技术都优于传统Fenton技术。     

投加ABS颗粒对MBR膜过滤特性的影响

向膜生物反应器(MBR)中投加ABS颗粒,以干扰膜表面泥饼层的形成和减轻膜污染的发生。结果表明,向MBR中投加粒径为1 mm的ABS颗粒,发现颗粒的最佳投加量为1.5 kg/m3,投加颗粒的膜运行时间是对照实验运行时间的3倍。颗粒对膜表面泥饼沉积层抑制明显,与对照实验泥饼层重量最大相差290 g,颗粒使膜上泥饼层的分布也不同。颗粒的投加也改变了污泥EPS含量,相比对照实验,多糖、蛋白质含量分别提高了17.2%和8%,污泥粘度提高了17.6%。细格栅与颗粒使MBR对TN、TP去除效果分别提高了8.5%和9.7%,对COD的影响不大。     

复合生物活性填料对活性污泥生物特性的影响

为了考察生物活性填料对活性污泥生物特性的影响,采用电子扫描显微镜、激光粒度仪和Miseq高通量测序技术,分别对SBR中污泥的形态、粒径和微生物群落分布进行了研究。结果表明,投加生物填料可以降低污泥的产率,促进污泥沉降,增强脱氮除磷效能;投加生物活性填料的SBR相比对照组SBR的污泥结构紧密,污泥颗粒分布均匀,且颗粒粒径大;内置填料和外置填料的活性污泥粒径在28.988~124.573μm的颗粒占据了大部分的比例,而对照组的活性污泥粒径在0.554~23.538μm的颗粒占据了大部分的比例;3个微生物群落主要分布在Sphingobacteriales、Xanthomonadales、Burkholderiales、Rhodocyclales、Flavobacteriales和Spirochaetales等6个目内;内置填料活性污泥微生物群落(17.12%)和外置填料活性污泥微生物群落(23.17%)中的黄色单胞菌目,要比对照组活性污泥微生物群落(5.51%)的比例高,说明通过复合生物活性填料的作用,能够改善活性污泥微生物群落的除磷能力,这与反应器实际运行效果和污泥粒径分析研究内容一致。     

秸秆固定化石油降解菌降解原油的初步研究

用秸秆做载体固定嗜碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus alcalophilus SG)降解原油,其原油去除率为73.88%,高于单纯投加菌液或者菌液与秸秆的混合物的原油去除率.秸秆的最佳投加量(干重)为25.0 g/L,最佳固定化时间为30 h.用预处理过的秸秆固定SG,降低了固定化SG的原油去除率.在固定化培养基中添加无机盐离子,促进了固定化SG对原油的降解.不同初始pH的原油培养基在固定化SG降解原油的过程中逐渐呈中性或偏碱性.固定化SG在pH 6.0～10.0时对原油均有不错的降粘能力.     

应用加载磁混凝处理微污染河水

实验对比考察了常规混凝和加载磁混凝工艺对微污染河水中COD、浊度和TP等污染物的去除效果,系统研究了混凝剂用量、磁种加载量、搅拌条件和药剂投加顺序等因素对加载磁混凝效果的影响。实验结果表明,加载磁种后沉淀颗粒的体积平均粒径为从常规混凝工艺的50.1μm显著增加到68.6μm;污染物去除效果明显优于常规混凝工艺,尤其对浊度和总磷的去除效果得到了显著的提升;在实验最优条件下COD、浊度和TP的去除率分别达到54.17%、99.28%和75.82%;并且加载磁种后可减少50%以上的混凝剂投加量,同时大大缩短沉淀时间。     

臭氧预处理促进剩余污泥的水解酸化

以某城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为研究对象,探讨臭氧预处理对剩余污泥破解效果以及对后续水解酸化有机物释放的影响。实验结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增大,污泥溶胞率增加,有机质释放到污泥液相中,SCOD、蛋白质和多糖含量都大幅增加。臭氧预处理有利于污泥水解酸化过程,臭氧投加量越大,SCOD和蛋白质释放越多;随着水解酸化过程的进行,SCOD和蛋白质的含量逐渐趋于稳定,VFAs的浓度增大,臭氧投加量150 mg/g SS污泥产生的VFAs浓度是对照组的1.82倍。     

新型复合药剂原位修复河道底泥污染

采用新型复合药剂开展河道底泥原位修复技术研究,通过考察河道水质改善效果、底泥中磷含量及形态的变化确定药剂的最佳投加量。结果表明,投加复合药剂对上覆水体中TN、NH+4-N和TP均有不同程度的净化效果,且净化效果随药剂量的增加而增强,最高去除率分别达到23.52%、21.79%和81.5%,上覆水体COD去除率随药剂投加量增多呈先升后降的趋势,最高(投加量为600 mg·L~(-1))达到57.6%。从底泥磷含量及形态变化来看,投加药剂增大了底泥TP含量并促进底泥不稳态磷向稳定态磷转化。因此,从经济成本和修复效果方面综合分析,以投加量为600 mg·L~(-1)对底泥污染原位修复较为合适。     

Cleaning oiled shores: laboratory experiments testing the potential use of vegetable oil biodiesels

A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to test the potential of vegetable oil biodiesel for the cleaning of oiled shorelines. In batch experiments, biodiesel was shown to have a considerable capacity to dissolve crude oil, which appears to be dependent on the type of biodiesel used. Pure vegetable oil biodiesels (rapeseed and soybean) were significantly more effective in the cleanup of oiled sands (up to 96%) than recycled waste cooking oil biodiesel (70%).In microcosm and mesocosm experiments, oiled sediments were sprayed with biodiesel and subjected to simulated tides. Microcosm experiments revealed that, of those tested, the highest ratio of biodiesel to crude oil, had the highest effectiveness for cleaning fine sands, with ratios of 2:1 (biodiesel:crude oil) giving the best results. In the mesocosm experiments a ratio 1:1 of soybean biodiesel to crude oil removed 80% of the oil in cobbles and fine sands, 50% in coarse sand and 30% in gravel. Most of the oil was removed with the surface water, with only a small amount being flushed through the sediments. Particle size and pore size were important determinants in the cleanup and mobility of crude oil in the sediments in these static systems. It is expected that the biodiesel effectiveness should improve in the natural environment particularly in exposed beaches with strong wave action. However, more laboratory and field trials are required to confirm the operational use of biodiesel as a shoreline cleaner.     

Evaluation of biosurfactants for crude oil contaminated soil washing

An evaluation of the ability of aqueous biosurfactant solutions (aescin, lecithin, rhamnolipid, saponin and tannin) for possible applications in washing crude oil contaminated soil was carried out. The biosurfactants behaviour in soil-water, water-oil and oil-soil systems (such as foaming, solubilization, sorption to soil, emulsification, surface and interfacial tension) was measured and compared with a well-known chemical surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) at varying concentrations. Results showed that the biosurfactants were able to remove significant amount of crude oil from the contaminated soil at different solution concentrations for instance rhamnolipid and SDS removed up to 80% oil and lecithin about 42%. The performance of water alone in crude oil removal was equally as good as those of the other biosurfactants. Oil removal was due to mobilization, caused by the reduction of surface and interfacial tensions. Solubilization and emulsification effects in oil removal were negligible due to the low crude oil solubilization of 0.11%. Therefore, these studies suggest that knowledge of surfactants' behaviour across different systems is paramount before their use in the practical application of oil removal.     

Soil contamination by crude oil: impact on the mycorrhizosphere and on the revegetation potential of forest trees

In vitro and greenhouse biotests were carried out to study the effects of various concentrations of crude oil on the mycorrhizosphere and the ability of ectomycorrhizal fungi to colonise Norway spruce and poplar seedlings grown on contaminated soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi grown in pure cultures showed a variety of reactions to crude oil, ranging from growth stimulation to total inhibition of growth, depending on the species of fungi. Germination of poplar and spruce seeds was not significantly affected. The growth of spruce seedlings was not affected by crude oil, whereas that of poplar seedlings was significantly reduced at high concentrations. None of the concentrations had any effect on the degree of ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal colonisation of poplar. With spruce, however, the ectomycorrhizal fungi showed species-specific reactions to increasing concentrations, in accordance with the results of the pure culture test. The length of time between soil contamination and seeding affects both seedling growth and the mycorrhizal infection potential of the soil. The results confirm the importance of mycorrhizal fungi in the bioremediation of soils contaminated by crude oil.     

A comparison of the efficiency of different surfactants for removal of crude oil from contaminated soils

This paper presents the results from study investigating the efficiency with which different surfactants remove crude oil from contaminated soil using a soil washing process. The surfactants studied were aqueous solutions of rhamnolipid, saponin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The efficiency of surfactants' removal was quantified and then GC/MS analysis conducted to investigate the distribution of hydrocarbons remaining on the washed soil samples compared to those on a control. The results showed that SDS removed the most crude oil from soil, followed by rhamnolipid and then saponin. However, the different surfactants showed preferences in terms of which crude oil components they removed from the contaminated soil. SDS removed more of the aliphatics than aromatic hydrocarbons whereas saponin removed the aromatic hydrocarbon preferentially to the aliphatic hydrocarbons. Clearly these results provide important information for the selection of surfactants used to remove crude oil from contaminated soils.     

Determination of the herbicide fluroxypyr in oil matrices

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the determination of fluroxypyr (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluro2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) residue in palm oil namely crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). The method involves the extraction of the herbicide from the oil matrix followed by low temperature precipitation and finally quantification of the residues using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction efficiency of the method was evaluated by conducting recovery studies. The recovery of fluroxypyr from the fortified CPO samples ranged from 78%–111% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 1.4 to 8.6%. Furthermore, the recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked CPKO samples ranged from 91–107% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.6 to 4.5%. The minimum detection limit of fluroxypyr in CPO and CPKO was 0.05 μg/g. The method was used to determine fluroxypyr residues from the field-treated samples of CPO and CPKO. When fluroxypyr was used for weed control in oil palm plantations no residue was detected in CPO and CPKO irrespective of the sampling interval and the dosage applied at the recommended or double the manufacturer's recommended dosage.     

Solvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils

A new strategy of heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils was studied. The hexane-acetone solvent mixture was used to investigate the ability of solvent extraction technique for cleaning up soils under various extraction conditions. The mixtures of hexane and acetone (25 vol%) were demonstrated to be the most effective in removing petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils and approx 90% of saturates, naphthene aromatics, polar aromatics, and 60% of nC₇-asphaltenes were removed. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that the equilibrium was reached in 5 min and the majority of the oil pollutants were removed within 0.5 min. The effect of the ratio between solvent and soil on the extraction efficiency was also studied and results showed that the efficiency would increase following the higher solvent soil ratio. Then the multistage continuous extraction was considered to enhance the removal efficiency of oil pollutants. Three stages crosscurrent and countercurrent solvent extraction with the solvent soil ratio 6:1 removed 97% oil contaminants from soil. Clearly the results showed that the mixed-solvent of hexane and acetone (25 vol%) with character of low-toxic, acceptable cost and high efficiency was promising in solvent extraction to remove heavy oil fractions as well as petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils.     

Determination of the herbicide fluroxypyr in oil matrices

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the determination of fluroxypyr (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluro2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) residue in palm oil namely crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). The method involves the extraction of the herbicide from the oil matrix followed by low temperature precipitation and finally quantification of the residues using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction efficiency of the method was evaluated by conducting recovery studies. The recovery of fluroxypyr from the fortified CPO samples ranged from 78%-111% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 1.4 to 8.6%. Furthermore, the recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked CPKO samples ranged from 91-107% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.6 to 4.5%. The minimum detection limit of fluroxypyr in CPO and CPKO was 0.05 microg/g. The method was used to determine fluroxypyr residues from the field-treated samples of CPO and CPKO. When fluroxypyr was used for weed control in oil palm plantations no residue was detected in CPO and CPKO irrespective of the sampling interval and the dosage applied at the recommended or double the manufacturer's recommended dosage.     

Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study provides insight into the decolorization strategy for crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production using waste cooking oil as raw...     

The effect of crude oil and oil spill chemicals on nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp

The effects of crude oil and three oil spill dispersants (Corexit 9600, 9550 and 7664) on nitrogenase activity in the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. were examined. The addition of oil to Nostoc sp. cultures resulted in a catastrophic decline in nitrogenase activity with activity ceasing 7 h after treatment. The addition of a dispersant with the oil did not ameliorate this effect. Cultures exposed to high concentrations of dispersants showed lower rates on nitrogenase activity than untreated cultures. However, it is unlikely that dispersant concentrations of this magnitude would occur in the field. At the lowest concentration tested, which approximates the manufacturer's recommended application rate, the effects of the dispersant appear to be negligible.