生物多样性——人类持续发展的自然基础的研究

生物多样性保护成为当前国际社会普遍关注的焦点问题之一,是因为生物多样性的急剧丧失已在削弱未来人类持续发展的基础。本文从基因、物种和生态系统三个层次分析了生物多样性的性质和价值以及人类生存与发展的意义。指出生物多样性丧失的主要推动力是人类所采取的非持续的生活方式和发展模式,生物多样性的丧失已成为人类持续发展的主要障碍。在分析、总结我国生物多样性保护的成就与问题的基础上,提出了中国生物多样性保护战略。     

农业生物多样性的保护和利用概述

生物多样性,是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础,不仅提供了人类生存不可缺少的食物来源,也构成了人类生存与发展的生物圈环境。因此,从农业生物多样性的概念、农业生物多样性的变化态势以及其丧失的原因;农业生物多样性的保护与可持续利用的对策等方面加以阐述,以达到保护作物和畜禽等的遗传多样性及其野生亲缘种类的目的。     

李克强在中国生物多样性保护国家委员会第一次会议上的讲话(节选)

2010年,联合国大会把2011-2020年确定为"联合国生物多样性十年",国务院成立了"2010国际生物多样性年中国国家委员会",召开会议审议通过了(国际生物多样性年中国行动方案》和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011-2030年)》。2011年6月,国务院决定把"2010国际生物多样性年中     

生物多样性面临的威胁及其原因

本文探讨了生态系统和物种多样性所面临的威胁,指出目前物种灭绝的速度在加快,濒危物种在增多,生物多样性保护的重点应是濒危物种。并分析了生物多样性丧失的原因,认为人口过快增加是生物多样性危机的主要根源     

环评中生物多样性影响评价内容与方法探析

环境影响评价(简称"环评")中生物多样性影响评价在生物多样性保护中具有重要的作用。介绍了环评中生物多样性影响评价的基本内涵和主要特征及其在中国的发展现状,分析了现有评价内容和方法所存在的不足,并提出从完善评价指标体系、建立有效的评价预测模型、加强GIS技术在实际评价工作中的实践来加强环评中生物多样性影响评价工作。     

扬中湿地现状调查

在调查的基础上，对扬中市湿地现状、功能、效益进行了分析，为保护市内湿地生物多样性、保证湿地资源的永续利用、协调环境与经济发展发挥作用。     

淮安湿地现状调查和可持续发展

从2004-2006年上半年以来，对淮安市的湿地现状进行了调查，并对其功能、效益进行了分析，指出了淮安市湿地保护存在的问题，同时强调必须要运用宣传教育、科学规划、统筹兼顾、协调管理、加大投入等手段来保护生物多样性，实现环境、经济、社会效益的可持续发展。     

中国物种多样性居世界第三位

据相关资料．中国物种多样性目前居世界第三位，主要表现在中国约有高等植物3万多种，仅次于马来西亚和巴西。另外，中国生物物种特有性高，拥有大量特有的和稀有的物种，生物区系起源古老，经济物种异常丰富。国家环境保护总局针对目前生态环境退化，人为破坏继续，外来入侵物种危害严重，生物遗传资源流失等问题，正在组织制订《自然保护区遗传基因生物安全法》，组织制定生物物种资源保护与利用规划。     

中哈蒙俄四国共同保护阿尔泰山生态

阿尔泰山区至今仍保存着世界上少有的原始自然景观资源，是生物多样性丰富的重要地区。中国、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古和俄罗斯四国环保官员曾在年前于新疆乌鲁木齐市共同签署了《阿尔泰山共同自然保护医可行性研究国际研讨会声明（乌鲁木齐）》。四国代表交流了各国的工作进展情况和今后的工作打算。     

长江口北支湿地生物多样性保护与对策

近年来,长江口北支日益加剧的人类活动和资源开发,严重影响着北支湿地的生物多样性保护。在分析长江口北支湿地资源现状的基础上,指出存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议。     

Balancing urban growth and ecological conservation: A challenge for planning and governance in China

China has high biodiversity and is rapidly urbanizing. However, there is limited understanding of how urban expansion in the country is likely to affect its habitats and biodiversity. In this study, we examine urban expansion patterns and their likely impacts on biodiversity in China by 2030. Our analysis shows that most provinces are expected to experience urban expansion either near their protected areas or in biodiversity hotspots. In a few provinces such as Guangdong in the south, urban expansion is likely to impinge on both protected areas and biodiversity hotspots. We show that policies that could facilitate the integration of natural resource protection into urban planning exist on paper, but the prevailing incentives and institutional arrangements between the central and local governments prevent this kind of integration. Removing these obstacles will be necessary in order to safeguard the country’s rich biodiversity in light of the scale of urbanization underway.     

Potential biodiversity benefits from international programs to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation

Deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide emissions and options for its reduction are integral to climate policy. In addition to providing potentially low cost and near-term options for reducing global carbon emissions, reducing deforestation also could support biodiversity conservation. However, current understanding of the potential benefits to biodiversity from forest carbon offset programs is limited. We compile spatial data on global forest carbon, biodiversity, deforestation rates, and the opportunity cost of land to examine biodiversity conservation benefits from an international program to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation. Our results indicate limited geographic overlap between the least-cost areas for retaining forest carbon and protecting biodiversity. Therefore, carbon-focused policies will likely generate substantially lower benefits to biodiversity than a more biodiversity-focused policy could achieve. These results highlight the need to systematically consider co-benefits, such as biodiversity in the design and implementation of forest conservation programs to support international climate policy.     

浙江省循环经济发展评价指标体系研究

近年来能源、土地及水资源短缺给浙江经济发展带来了极大的挑战,发展循环经济是实现可持续发展的重要途径.以循环经济为指导,结合浙江省循环经济发展现状,从减量化、资源化、无害化及社会经济发展四个控制层面构建浙江省循环经济发展指标体系,运用层次分析法对浙江省近8年的循环经济发展状况进行综合评价,旨在为浙江循环经济发展重点及方向提供科学依据.评价结果表明,浙江省循环经济发展水平逐年提高,呈良好发展趋势.     

A systematic review of biodiversity and demographic change: A misinterpreted relationship?

Demographic change is supposed to be the most important indirect driver for changing biodiversity. In this article, a systematic review of 148 studies was conducted to examine the scientific evidence for this relationship and to identify potential gaps in research. We explored the spatial distribution of studies, the categories addressed with respect to biodiversity and demographic change, and the ways in which their relationships were conceptualised (spatially and temporally) and valued. The majority of studies were carried out in Africa, Europe and North America. Our analysis confirms the trend that demographic phenomena were mostly found to negatively influence biodiversity. However, a considerable number of studies also point towards impacts that were context dependent, either positive or negative under certain circumstances. In addition to that we identified significant gaps in research. In particular, there is a lack of addressing (1) other demographic aspects such as population decline, age structure or gender differences, (2) spatial variability of, e.g. human population growth, (3) long-term effects of demographic processes, and (4) the context dependency (e.g. regulations/law enforcement, type of human activities, and choice of scale or proxy). We conclude there is evidence that the relationship between biodiversity and demographic change is much more complex than expected and so far represented in research. Thus, we call for a social–ecological biodiversity research that particularly focusses on the functional relation between biodiversity and human activities, namely the different types, context, and interdependent dynamics (spatial and temporal) of this complex relation.

     

Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate: A Review of Threats and Implications for Conservation Planning in Myanmar

High levels of species richness and endemism make Myanmar a regional priority for conservation. However, decades of economic and political sanctions have resulted in low conservation investment to effectively tackle threats to biodiversity. Recent sweeping political reforms have placed Myanmar on the fast track to economic development—the expectation is increased economic investments focused on the exploitation of the country’s rich, and relatively intact, natural resources. Within a context of weak regulatory capacity and inadequate environmental safeguards, rapid economic development is likely to have far-reaching negative implications for already threatened biodiversity and natural-resource-dependent human communities. Climate change will further exacerbate prevailing threats given Myanmar’s high exposure and vulnerability. The aim of this review is to examine the implications of increased economic growth and a changing climate within the larger context of biodiversity conservation in Myanmar. We summarize conservation challenges, assess direct climatological impacts on biodiversity and conclude with recommendations for long-term adaptation approaches for biodiversity conservation.     

Challenges to saving China’s freshwater biodiversity: Fishery exploitation and landscape pressures

China has over 1320 freshwater fish species, 877 of which are endemic. In recent decades, over-exploitation and landscape pressures have threatened them and led to a severe aquatic biodiversity crisis. In response, large-scale fishing bans have been promulgated to protect freshwater biodiversity in major Chinese rivers since the early 1980s. Here, we present the historical background and current challenges to the fishing bans. Implementing large-scale fishing bans may help improve China’s current freshwater biological resources and biodiversity to some extent. But implementing fishing bans alone is not sufficient to solve the crisis because of shortcomings of the current bans and expanding human pressures in most river basins. Thus, we recommend regulating other anthropogenic pressures, expanding duration and extent of current fishing regulations, establishing a comprehensive monitoring program, and initiating basin-scale ecological rehabilitation. These programs are also needed in other developing countries facing similar biodiversity crises and human pressures.     

Threats to China’s Biodiversity by Contradictions Policy

China has among the highest biodiversities in the world, but faces extreme biodiversity losses due to the country’s huge population and its recent explosive socioeconomic development. Despite huge efforts and investments by the government and Chinese society to conserve biodiversity, especially in recent decades, biodiversity losses may not have been reversed, and may even have been exacerbated by unintended consequences resulting from these projects. China’s centralized approach to biodiversity conservation, with limited local participation, creates an inflexible and inefficient approach because of conflicts between local communities and national administrators over the benefits. Although community-based conservation may be an imperfect approach, it is an essential component of a successful future national conservation plan. Biodiversity conservation should be considered from the perspective of systems engineering and a governance structure that combines centralization with community-level conservation. In this paper, we describe China’s complex challenge: how to manage interactions between humans and nature to find win–win solutions that can ensure long-term biodiversity conservation without sacrificing human concerns.     

Environmental Services Provided from Riparian Forests in the Nordic Countries

Riparian forests (RF) growing along streams, rivers and lakes comprise more than 2% of the forest area in the Nordic countries (considering a 10 m wide zone from the water body). They have special ecological functions in the landscape. They receive water and nutrients from the upslope areas, are important habitats for biodiversity, have large soil carbon stores, but may emit more greenhouse gases (GHG) than the uplands. In this article, we present a review of the environmental services related to water protection, terrestrial biodiversity, carbon storage and greenhouse gas dynamics provided by RF in the Nordic countries. We discuss the benefits and trade-offs when leaving the RF as a buffer against the impacts from upland forest management, in particular the impacts of clear cutting. Forest buffers are effective in protecting water quality and aquatic life, and have positive effects on terrestrial biodiversity, particularly when broader than 40 m, whereas the effect on the greenhouse gas exchange is unclear.     

浙江省生态功能区划研究

在浙江省生态环境现状调查的基础上,运用GIS等先进技术,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,对浙江省生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态服务功能重要性进行评价,形成浙江省生态功能区划方案,将浙江省划分为6个生态区、15个生态亚区、47个生态功能区,并确定了具有重要生态系统服务功能的5个重要生态功能区域.区划成果为浙江生态省建设规划的实施、资源的合理利用和工农业生产合理布局提供了科学依据.     

Recognizing Indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ rights and agency in the post-2020 Biodiversity Agenda

The Convention on Biological Diversity is defining the goals that will frame future global biodiversity policy in a context of rapid biodiversity decline and under pressure to make transformative change. Drawing on the work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars, we argue that transformative change requires the foregrounding of Indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ rights and agency in biodiversity policy. We support this argument with four key points. First, Indigenous peoples and local communities hold knowledge essential for setting realistic and effective biodiversity targets that simultaneously improve local livelihoods. Second, Indigenous peoples’ conceptualizations of nature sustain and manifest CBD’s 2050 vision of “Living in harmony with nature.” Third, Indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ participation in biodiversity policy contributes to the recognition of human and Indigenous peoples’ rights. And fourth, engagement in biodiversity policy is essential for Indigenous peoples and local communities to be able to exercise their recognized rights to territories and resources.