秸秆还田配施化肥对稻-油轮作土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响

秸秆还田是农业生态系统提高土壤肥力和维持作物生产力的有效管理措施.为了研究秸秆还田配施化肥对巢湖地区稻-油轮作农田土壤养分含量、酶活性和微生物群落的影响,开展连续4 a （2016~2020年）的田间定位试验,设置无秸秆+无施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（SF）和秸秆还田+常规施肥减20%（SDF）这4个处理,探究不同处理下影响土壤酶活性与细菌、真菌群落发生变化的关键环境因子.结果表明,秸秆还田配施化肥较常规施肥处理能够提高土壤养分含量,SF处理的土壤养分含量最高.与F相比,SF处理的水稻季土壤有机质（OM）和全磷（TP）含量显著提高了7.94%和24.07%（P<0.05）,油菜季碱解氮（AN）含量显著提高了13.62%（P<0.05）.SF较F处理的土壤磷酸酶和脲酶在水稻季显著提高了28.54%和24.13%,在油菜季显著提高了38.97%和30.70%,而SDF处理的4种土壤酶中仅脲酶活性较F处理显著提高,水稻季和油菜季分别提高了20.31%和24.33%（P<0.05）.秸秆还田对水稻季土壤细菌的Chao1和Shannon指数有所增加,油菜季则有所减少,而对真菌群落的Chao1和Shannon指数均增加.对于微生物群落结构而言,SF和SDF较F处理的变形菌门相对丰度在水稻季分别增加了8.22%和7.88%,油菜季分别增加了18.53%和5.68%.与F相比,SF和SDF处理的绿弯菌门相对丰度在水稻季分别增加了12.00%和11.25%,油菜季分别增加了15.02%和8.43%.水稻季SF和SDF处理的担子菌门较F相比相对丰度显著提高了70%和43.42%（P<0.05）,油菜季SF和SDF处理的子囊菌门与F相比显著提高了69.79%和43.72%（P<0.05）.综上,秸秆还田配施化肥可提高土壤养分含量,土壤脲酶和磷酸酶对秸秆还田的响应更为敏感,稻-油轮作农田土壤的细菌群落构成发生改变主要受土壤TP和速效磷（AP）影响,而土壤OM、AN和pH则是引起真菌群落构成变化的主要环境因子,因而秸秆还田有利于提高农田土壤肥力和维护生态系统健康.     

土壤改良对豫中烟田甲烷吸收的影响

为探究不同土壤改良措施对豫中烟田甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律的影响,以中烟100为供试品种,利用静态密闭暗箱法对烤烟-土壤生态系统CH₄吸收速率进行了周年测定.采用随机区组试验,共设置5个处理：不施肥（NF）、仅施用氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+种植并翻压黑麦草（NPKG）、氮磷钾+小麦秸秆还田（NPKS）和氮磷钾+施用烟秆生物炭（NPKB）.结果表明,2020年所有处理CH₄排放速率为-98.45~-13.50 μg·m^-2·h^-1,表明试验田是CH₄的吸收汇,CH₄的吸收速率随着温度的升高而增加,呈现明显的季节变化规律.在烤烟生育期,CH₄吸收速率与土壤孔隙含水率（WFPS）和土壤硝态氮含量均呈负相关,与土壤温度呈正相关.在休闲期,影响CH₄吸收速率的主要因素是土壤温度.与NPK相比,生育期NPKB处理的土壤孔隙含水率显著提高13.63%,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理的硝态氮和铵态氮含量均显著升高.所有处理CH₄全年吸收总量为3.25~3.83 kg·hm^-2,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理CH₄吸收总量较NPK处理分别显著降低了6.59%、6.82%、12.49%.添加有机物料能够显著提高 烟叶产量,其中,NPKG处理的烟叶产量最高.综合以上结果,该地区采用种植并翻压黑麦草的土壤改良措施较为合适.     

潮土细菌及真菌群落对化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆的响应

为了研究化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆对华北麦玉轮作田潮土细菌和真菌群落的影响,在天津市宁河区试验基地开展田间定位施肥试验,采用Illumina高通量测序技术比较了5种施肥模式（单施化肥处理,F;化肥减施处理,FR;化肥减量与秸秆配施处理,FRS;化肥减量与有机肥配施处理,FRO;化肥减量与有机肥和秸秆配施处理,FROS）下土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并结合土壤理化性质分析,探究不同施肥处理下驱动细菌和真菌群落变化的关键土壤环境因子.结果表明,FRO处理显著提高了土壤SOM含量.FROS处理的TP含量显著高于FRS处理,增加了13.33%.FRO和FROS处理AP含量较其它处理显著增加,NH₄⁺-N含量显著高于化肥处理（F和FR）.各施肥处理土壤中优势细菌门类均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,优势真菌门类均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）.在化肥减量配施有机肥（FRO）的基础上添加秸秆（FROS）显著降低了放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度.FRS和FROS处理均显著降低了芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）的相对丰度.FROS处理显著提高了浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的相对丰度.对于真菌群落而言,有机肥（FRO和FROS）的施入显著提高了子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度.与FR处理相比,FROS处理显著降低了被孢菌门（Mortierellomycota）和油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度,且FRS处理同样显著降低了油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度.FROS处理的细菌群落Shannon多样性指数显著高于F和FR处理,分别增加了1.26%和1.25%,Chao1指数较F处理显著增加了4.51%,细菌Shannon多样性指数与AP和NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.与FR处理相比,FRS、FRO和FROS处理显著降低了真菌群落Shannon多样性指数,分别达到29.85%、24.94%和25.73%,真菌Shannon多样性指数与AP含量显著负相关（P<0.05）.细菌群落结构在FROS处理下显著区别于F、FR和FRO处理,土壤SM、TP、pH和AP是导致细菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子;真菌群落结构在FRO和FROS处理下显著区别于F和FR处理,真菌群落结构变化主要受土壤TN、AP和TP的驱动.综上所述,添加有机肥和秸秆改变了土壤理化性质,进而改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成,土壤真菌对有机物料的敏感程度高于细菌,细菌和真菌群落结构均受到土壤P的调控,在潮土农业耕作中应引起充分重视.     

秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤养分及冬小麦产量的影响

为探究关中地区秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响,研究采用裂区试验设计,主区为：秸秆不还田（S₀）和秸秆还田（S）;副区为：不施肥（WF）、氮肥（NF）和氮磷肥（NPF）.应用生态化学计量的方法,探究秸秆还田配施化肥下土壤碳氮磷含量变化及其和产量的关系.结果表明,秸秆和施肥互作对表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均产生显著影响（P<0.05）.与S₀WF处理相比,SNPF处理显著提高表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳和全氮含量（P<0.05）.秸秆和年份互作对表层（0~20 cm）土壤全氮含量产生显著影响（P<0.05）,随着秸秆还田时间的增加,在2021年SWF处理下表层（0~20 cm）土壤全氮含量显著高于S₀WF （P<0.05）.秸秆和施肥及其互作对20~40 cm土层有机碳和全氮含量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但对20~40 cm土壤全磷含量产生显著影响（P<0.05）,与SWF处理相比,SNPF处理显著增加了20~40 cm土层全磷含量（P<0.05）.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤化学计量特征也产生显著影响.与S₀WF处理相比,S₀NPF处理能够降低表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：N,提高表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：P和N：P.与SWF处理相比,SNF处理能够降低表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：N.秸秆还田配施化肥对冬小麦产量也产生显著影响,2020年和2021年SNPF处理与S₀WF处理相比分别增产24.23%和28.9%.相关性分析表明,产量与C：N （P<0.05）和C：P （P<0.01）呈显著正相关关系.全氮和N：P与处理年份呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）.综上所述,在关中地区秸秆还田配施氮磷肥处理（SNPF）会改善土壤养分,改变土壤化学计量特征,同时提高产量.因此,本研究结果表明秸秆还田配施氮磷肥（SNPF）是优化区域农田养分管理,提高粮食生产能力的有效途径.     

高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌对沙化土壤细菌群落及肥力的影响

探讨高量秸秆还田模式协同配施芽孢杆菌等功能菌群对沙化土壤的培肥潜能,解析土壤碳氮磷组分和菌群功能活性的变化特征,可为高效提升沙化土壤肥力提供依据.采用随机区组试验,设置秸秆不还田（CK）、高量还田梯度分别为6.00 kg ·m^-2（ST1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2（ST2）、24.00 kg ·m^-2（ST3）、6.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM2）和24.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM3）这7个处理组.利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析细菌多样性和群落结构,土壤农化分析方法测定土壤化学性质.结果发现：①高量秸秆还田协同配施芽孢杆菌显著降低土壤细菌群落α多样性;②高量秸秆还田单一模式显著富集变形菌门,降低放线菌门的相对丰度,配施芽孢杆菌对细菌群落结构变异性的影响更显著,在属水平上表现为假单胞菌、罗河杆菌和芽孢杆菌等有益菌属的相对丰度显著增加;③基于FAPROTAX的功能预测发现：高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提高了土壤菌群对有机物质的分解潜力和氮组分转化潜力;④与对照相比较,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提升了ω（SOM）、ω（TP）和ω（AP）,分别提高了31.20~32.75 g ·kg^-1、0.11~0.18 g ·kg^-1和29.69~35.09 mg ·kg^-1.因此,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌可显著提升沙化土壤有机质与磷组分含量、细菌功能活性与有益菌属丰度,对旱区沙化中低产田地力快速提升具有重要意义.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体与有机碳的影响

明确生物炭和秸秆还田对未利用的新垦紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响,为三峡库区土壤改良提供科学依据.采用田间试验方法,分析不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（NPK）、优化施肥（GNPK）、化肥减量配施秸秆（RSD）和化肥减量配施生物炭（BC）处理对不同粒径土壤团聚体含量及其有机碳贡献率的影响.结果表明,施肥可提高土壤养分含量水平,尤以RSD和BC处理最为显著;各处理以<0.25 mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,施肥能显著增加5~0.5 mm粒级团聚体含量,提高平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和R_0.25（>0.25 mm团聚体含量）值,降低分形维数（D）和土壤结构体破坏率（PAD_0.25）值（P<0.05）;施肥能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其中BC （6.73 g ·kg^-1）和RSD （5.45 g ·kg^-1）效果显著优于NPK （5.05 g ·kg^-1）和GNPK （3.63 g ·kg^-1）;<0.25 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最高（34.92%~59.49%）,>5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最低（1.55%~6.01%）,BC处理显著提高了5~2 mm和2~1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率（P<0.05）,而NPK、RSD和GNPK在0.5~0.25 mm贡献率提升最为显著（P<0.05）;各施肥处理均能提高油菜和玉米产量,年际间差异较大,但处理间差异不显著;土壤团聚体稳定性和作物产量随土壤有机碳的增加呈上升趋势.生物炭和秸秆还田能促进土壤中,大、中团聚体形成,有效提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加土壤有机碳含量,促进作物增产,是改良紫色土土壤结构、提升土壤质量的有效措施.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对微咸水滴灌棉田土壤真菌群落结构多样性的影响

微咸水灌溉增加土壤盐分,改变土壤环境,进而影响土壤真菌的结构和多样性.在长期微咸水灌溉的基础上,分别添加生物炭和秸秆（采用等碳量设计,分别为3.7 t·hm^-2和6 t·hm^-2）,探究生物炭和秸秆对土壤理化性质和真菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明：与不施生物炭和秸秆（对照）相比,生物炭施用显著增加土壤的pH、全碳、速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤电导率,降低幅度为20.71%;秸秆处理显著增加土壤的速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤容重和电导率,降低幅度为4.17%和64.50%.生物炭和秸秆处理对真菌群落Chao1指数和ACE指数有增加趋势,对Shannon指数和Simpson指数有降低趋势.土壤优势真菌门类为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门;优势真菌属为毛壳菌属、赤霉菌属、镰刀菌属、Idriella和被孢霉属.施加生物炭和秸秆提高子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、球囊菌门和毛壳菌属的相对丰度;但降低壶菌门、赤霉菌属和Idriella的相对丰度.LEfSe分析表明,施用生物炭和秸秆还田降低真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量.RDA结果显示,土壤真菌群落结构与EC_1：5和TN显著相关.微咸水灌溉给土壤带来了不利影响,其中EC_1：5和TN是驱动土壤真菌群落结构变化的主要因子,土壤真菌群落通过生物炭和秸秆对土壤的改良作用来适应盐胁迫环境.     

生物质炭施用对再生水灌溉空心菜根际微生物群落结构及多样性的影响

再生水利用是缓解农业灌溉水资源短缺的重要途径之一.生物质炭作为生物质废弃物一种有效的处置方式,已被广泛用于农业环境的改良与修复等方面,但关于施加生物质炭对再生水灌溉根际土壤微生物群落结构及病原菌丰度变化的影响研究较少.基于盆栽试验,采用高通量测序技术和定量PCR方法考察生物质炭种类对再生水灌溉根际土壤微生物群落结构多样性与病原菌丰度特征的影响及差异性.结果表明,不同种类生物质炭对改善土壤养分状况存在差异,稻壳生物质炭和水稻秸秆生物质炭导致再生水灌溉根际土壤pH显著增加,4种生物质炭均显著增加根际土壤的EC值（P<0.05）.水稻秸秆生物质炭处理下根际土壤细菌群落的Sobs指数、Shannon指数和Chao1指数显著增加,而添加花生壳生物质炭、稻壳生物质炭和小麦秸秆生物质炭使Simpson指数均显著降低（P<0.05）.不同处理根际土壤细菌群落相对丰度存在差异,门水平的优势类群主要为Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Chloroflexi、Bacteroidetes和Acidobacteria,优势菌属包括Pseudomonas、Rheinheimera、Arthrobacter、Sphingomonas和Aeromonas（相对丰度>5%）.RDA和相关性Heatmap分析表明,不同处理根际土壤细菌群落多样性和组成与土壤EC值、有机质、总氮和镉含量显著相关（P<0.05）.生物质炭种类对病原菌Aeromonas hydrophila和Bacillus cereus丰度均无显著影响,水稻秸秆生物质炭和花生壳生物质炭能够显著降低γ-Proteobacteria的相对丰度,而稻壳生物质炭和小麦秸秆生物质炭显著降低AOA的相对丰度（P<0.05）.综上所述,再生水灌溉对土壤质量未产生明显的负面效应,添加生物质炭能够显著改善土壤理化性质,生物质炭的种类对根际土壤细菌群落结构和功能菌群丰度会产生一定的影响,并且这种影响与土壤性质密切相关.     

添加有机物料对豫中烟田土壤呼吸的影响

采用田间试验,设置不施肥（NF）、单施化肥（NPK）、化肥+黑麦草（NPKG）、化肥+小麦秸秆（NPKS）和化肥+烟秆生物炭（NPKB）这5个处理,通过测定烤烟生育期土壤总呼吸速率（R_s）及其组分以及环境因子的动态变化,探讨了添加不同有机物料对烟田土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明：（1）与NPK相比,NPKG和NPKS降低了土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸温度敏感性(Q₁₀),NPKB提高了异养呼吸Q₁₀;土壤呼吸与土壤水热因子的双因素拟合模型能解释土壤呼吸变化50%～80%.（2）添加有机物料显著提高了土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量和根系干物质量,土壤异养呼吸（R_h）与DOC含量呈显著线性回归关系,土壤自养呼吸（R_a）与根系生物量呈显著抛物线型关系,R²为0.327～0.634.（3）烤烟生育期土壤呼吸呈先增加后降低趋势.与NF相比,NPK处理显著增加了土壤呼吸及其组分;与NPK相比,NPKG、 NPKS和NPKB处理R_s速率分别显著提高20.08%、...     

秸秆连续还田配施化肥对稻-油轮作土壤碳库及作物产量的影响

依据田间连续7 a秸秆还田定位试验,探讨秸秆还田配施化肥对巢湖地区农田土壤剖面（0~20、20~50和50~80 cm）的土壤总有机碳（TOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、活性有机碳（LOC）、碳库管理指数（CPMI）和作物产量的影响.试验设置无秸秆还田+无施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（SF1）和秸秆还田+80%常规施肥（SF2）这4个处理,分析不同土层土壤总有机碳和组分含量、CPMI和油菜-水稻产量的变化规律.结果表明,以CK为参考,常规施肥和秸秆还田配施化肥均提高了垂直剖面土壤总有机碳和组分的含量,且不同土层土壤总有机碳和组分的含量随土层深度增加而逐渐降低.在0~20 cm土层,与F处理相比,SF1和SF2处理显著提高TOC、DOC、POC和LOC的含量,增幅分别为：14.23%~28.97%、7.86%~27.01%、16.46%~24.24%和5.89%~6.64%（P<0.05）;在20~50 cm土层,SF1较F处理的TOC和LOC的含量显著增加9.43%和8.34%（P<0.05）,SF2较F处理的DOC和POC的含量显著增加17.51%和65.83%（P<0.05）;在50~80 cm土层,各处理间土壤总有机碳和组分的含量均无显著差异.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤碳库管理指数影响显著,SF1较F处理显著提高0~50 cm土层的CPMI,而F处理的CPMI在50~80 cm土层最大,但各处理间均无显著差异.秸秆还田配施化肥对作物产量具有显著提升作用,且SF1处理的产量最高,SF1较F处理的水稻、油菜和周年产量分别显著增加6.19%、7.67%和6.54%（P<0.05）.总的来说,稻-油轮作模式下秸秆还田配施化肥对提高巢湖地区土壤碳库、土壤肥力和作物产量具有重要意义.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.