区域环境风险评估研究综述

中国现阶段多数城市环境风险形势严峻,环境污染源和风险源多而复杂,导致区域环境突发事件高发,其范围越来越广,引起人们对区域环境风险的高度重视。概述了区域环境风险评估的基本概念、研究内容及目的,初步分析了国内外的相关研究进展,介绍了环境风险评估程序及评估方法。同时,认为实际应用中,理论方法与实践应紧密联系,才能更好地指导应急预案的编制,加快研究制定区域突发环境事件风险评估方法。     

环境介质中药物和个人护理品的潜在风险研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在环境介质中的残留物作为一种新型污染物在环境介质中的转归,逐渐成为环境工作者和公众密切关注的焦点.这些物质特殊的物化特性及其被大量使用的现状,给生态环境和人类健康带来一定的潜在风险.由PPCPs使用所引发的风险问题正在成为当前学术界所面临的研究方向之一.欧洲和美国已经开始了对PPCPs的风险评估研究,中国研究者仅对某些药物的分析检测方法进行了初步探索,对PPCPs的潜在风险研究还呈空白.从PPCPs的物化特性及其对环境介质的影响入手,对其潜在风险进行了分析,并介绍了目前国外PPCPs风险研究进展,以期为中国开展PPCPs的风险评估提供参考.     

啤酒行业涉氨环境风险特征、评估及防控对策

为了解和掌握啤酒行业涉氨环境风险状况,分析了啤酒行业液氨在运输、贮存和使用过程中的环境风险单元和特征。以典型啤酒厂为例,对其环境风险进行评估,确定环境风险等级,并利用环境风险评价系统(RiskSystem)模型对其在不同风速条件下发生液氨泄漏的环境风险进行了预测分析,进而提出有针对性的环境风险防控对策。研究结果表明:啤酒行业在液氨贮存和运输环节存在较大的环境风险,阀门、法兰、接口等连接部位腐蚀和操作不当是氨泄漏的主要原因。根据典型案例环境风险评估和模拟预测结果,在受体敏感区域环境风险较大,风速对氨泄漏事故的影响范围有较大作用,需要严格预防和加强风险控制。建议国家和地方尽快出台相应的环境风险防范技术规范;涉氨单位应以预防为主,加强环境风险单元和重点环节的隐患排查力度,严格落实风险防控措施和要求。     

中国突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统研究进展

突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统已成为辅助环境管理和应急决策的重要支撑工具,是水环境领域的研究热点。综述了中国突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统的现状及发展趋势。归纳出突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统应具备污染源管理、水环境质量管理、风险评估、风险监控预警以及应急决策响应等一套完整的核心功能模块。通过融合遥感遥测技术、计算机技术、网络技术、地理信息系统(GIS)技术、环境信息技术和云智能等现代技术,中国构建了适用于不同水体、不同资料条件和具有不同功能的突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统,相关技术和系统的应用处于世界先进水平。未来的突发性水污染风险评估与预警系统将进一步拓展风险溯源功能,并全面实现实时化、自动化、智能化和业务化。     

风险交流在污染场地管理中的应用*

根据风险交流理论,引入污染场地的风险交流定义及其特点,在欧美的风险交流研究进展及美国、欧盟的污染场地风险交流经验和国内相关研究的基础上,探讨了风险交流在污染场地管理中的应用,在多利益相关方参与的风险交流框架以及污染场地管理动态性特点的基础上,概括出进行全程风险交流实施流程的思路；通过总结污染场地的利益相关方及其责任关系...     

静态扬尘对呼吸途径健康风险评价的影响

为了解呼吸暴露途径下污染场地静态扬尘对人体健康的影响,以空气动力学气固两相理论为基础,预测露天堆场近地面扬尘中PM10浓度。并以《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2014)推荐的暴露评估模型和美国环保局推荐的人体健康风险评估模型,评估Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Hg对人体健康的危害。结果表明:研究区域重金属的致癌风险和非致癌风险与近地面PM10浓度呈现线性增加的趋势,下风向的居住区、商业区和旅游区PM10浓度达到0.30、0.30和0.15 mg·m-3。健康风险评估结果表明,当PM10浓度0.05 mg·m-3时,As、Cd、Cr暴露致癌发生率(R)均超过10-6,对暴露人群有致癌风险。当PM10浓度0.2 mg·m-3时,Cd和As的非致癌危害商超过阈值1,对人体健康存在威胁。Ni和Hg风险评估结果均低于风险阈值,风险水平较低。     

环境保护部等四部委联合发布《企业环境信用评价办法(试行)》

正环境保护部有关负责人2014年1月2日向媒体通报,环境保护部近日会同国家发改委、人民银行、银监会联合发布了《企业环境信用评价办法(试行)》(以下简称(《办法》),指导各地开展企业环境信用评价,督促企业履行环保法定义务和社会责任,约束和惩戒企业环境失信行为。企业环境信用评价,是指环保部门根据企业环境行为信息,按照规定的指标、方法和程序,对企业遵守环保法律法规、履行环保社会责任等方面的实际表现,进行环境信用评价,确定其信用等级,并向社会公开,供公众监督和有关部门、金融等机构应用的环境管理手段。开展企业环境     

基于随机-模糊耦合的填埋场地下水污染风险评价方法

为分析参数不确定性对填埋场渗漏风险评估结果的影响,构建了填埋场地下水污染风险评价的物理过程模型,在此基础上,分别采用模糊理论和概率理论刻画模糊不确定性参数和随机不确定性参数,同时采用基于随机理论的Monte Carlo方法模拟模糊不确定参数,最终构建了基于模糊随机耦合的填埋场地下水污染风险评价方法。采用该模型对东北某一般工业固废填埋场进行案例研究,结果表明,实测浓度在模型模拟的的浓度区间(10%~90%分位值浓度)之内。说明本模型构建的模糊-随机耦合的地下水污染风险评价模型能较准确地预测地下水中污染物实际浓度,可以用于填埋场地下水污染风险评价.风险评估结果表明,该填埋场地下水的潜在污染物为As和Mn,其中As为主要健康风险物质,其非致癌风险值超过风险可接受水平的概率为22%,致癌风险超过10-4的概率为33%,超过10-5的概率为86%,应该采取措施控制含As填埋废物中As的溶出,降低其环境风险;Mn的非致癌风险值小于风险可接受水平的概率为100%,无风险。     

污染地块再开发利用准入管理机制探讨

为有效降低污染地块的环境风险,各地政府积极探索污染地块再开发利用的准入管理机制。对地方污染地块再开发利用准入管理文件进行全面梳理的基础上,分析了各地准入管理机制的差异性,总结了准入管理在信息共享、联合监管环节以及资金和责任认定等方面的经验,提出地方准入管理机制存在的法律法规要求缺失、信息共享机制不完善、全流程监管尚未打通的问题,指出应尽快制定和出台部门间的联合监管政策、加快完善部门间的信息共享机制和强化保障措施,为国家建立污染地块再开发利用准入管理机制提供参考。     

中国建立环境责任保险制度的路径与选择

随着中国市场经济的发展,环境保护问题愈来愈凸显出其重要性和必要性.由于环境污染具有突发性、累积性、持续性等特定属性,其带来的损害是难以估量的,具有很高的风险.因此,适时地建立环境责任保险制度是解决该冲突的有效途径之一.通过对西方发达国家环境责任保险发展经验的研究,为中国建立环境责任保险制度的路径提供了选择,如建立完善的环境保护法律法规、选择合理的模式、规范承保范围、科学组建承保机构、严格限定责任限额等.     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs

The human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

党的执政能力建设与环境保护——学习十六届四中全会决定的体会

阐述了环境保护与党的执政能力建设的内在联系。论述了加强环境保护是增强“党的领导能力”的题中之意；加强环境保护是“坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力”的重要内容；环境保护关系到社会和谐与国家安全。环境保护工作者应全面分析和妥善应对来自各方面的机遇和挑战，促使环境发展矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。